CN115929445A - 排气后处理系统 - Google Patents

排气后处理系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN115929445A
CN115929445A CN202211207581.7A CN202211207581A CN115929445A CN 115929445 A CN115929445 A CN 115929445A CN 202211207581 A CN202211207581 A CN 202211207581A CN 115929445 A CN115929445 A CN 115929445A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
exhaust
aftertreatment system
urea
exhaust gas
exhaust aftertreatment
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Pending
Application number
CN202211207581.7A
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English (en)
Inventor
伊尔曼·什夫拉卡
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Volvo Truck Corp
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Volvo Truck Corp
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Publication of CN115929445A publication Critical patent/CN115929445A/zh
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9413Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
    • B01D53/9418Processes characterised by a specific catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides by selective catalytic reduction [SCR] using a reducing agent in a lean exhaust gas
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9431Processes characterised by a specific device
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/944Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or carbon making use of oxidation catalysts
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9459Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts
    • B01D53/9477Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts with catalysts positioned on separate bricks, e.g. exhaust systems
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    • B01D53/92Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
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    • B01F23/21Mixing gases with liquids by introducing liquids into gaseous media
    • B01F23/213Mixing gases with liquids by introducing liquids into gaseous media by spraying or atomising of the liquids
    • B01F23/2132Mixing gases with liquids by introducing liquids into gaseous media by spraying or atomising of the liquids using nozzles
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    • B01F25/31Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows
    • B01F25/314Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows wherein additional components are introduced at the circumference of the conduit
    • B01F25/3141Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows wherein additional components are introduced at the circumference of the conduit with additional mixing means other than injector mixers
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    • B01F35/00Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
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    • B01F35/2111Flow rate
    • B01F35/21111Mass flow rate
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    • B01F35/2115Temperature
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B01F35/22Control or regulation
    • B01F35/221Control or regulation of operational parameters, e.g. level of material in the mixer, temperature or pressure
    • B01F35/2214Speed during the operation
    • B01F35/22142Speed of the mixing device during the operation
    • B01F35/221422Speed of rotation of the mixing axis, stirrer or receptacle during the operation
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01F35/00Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
    • B01F35/30Driving arrangements; Transmissions; Couplings; Brakes
    • B01F35/32Driving arrangements
    • B01F35/32005Type of drive
    • B01F35/3204Motor driven, i.e. by means of an electric or IC motor
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B01F35/71Feed mechanisms
    • B01F35/717Feed mechanisms characterised by the means for feeding the components to the mixer
    • B01F35/718Feed mechanisms characterised by the means for feeding the components to the mixer using vacuum, under pressure in a closed receptacle or circuit system
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N13/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F01N13/0097Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are arranged in a single housing
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    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种排气后处理系统,尤其是用于内燃发动机的排气后处理系统(100),其包括:‑外部壳体(101),该外部壳体限定了用于内燃发动机(110)的排气的排气流动路径(104),‑选择性催化还原单元(105),该选择性催化还原单元设置在排气流动路径中,以用于还原氮氧化物,‑尿素计量装置(108),该尿素计量装置用于在选择性催化还原单元的上游将尿素添加到排气流中,以及‑可旋转的混合器装置(109),该混合器装置用于在选择性催化还原单元的上游将尿素与排气混合。该排气后处理系统还包括:进气阀(111),该进气阀设置在混合器装置的上游,以用于将空气引入到排气流动路径中;和电动机(112),该电动机被布置成使混合器装置旋转,以产生空气经由进气阀到排气流动路径中的吸入。

Description

排气后处理系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于内燃发动机的排气后处理系统。本发明还涉及一种用于控制该排气后处理系统的方法、一种排气后处理系统的电子控制单元和一种车辆。
本发明可以应用于重型车辆,例如卡车、公共汽车和建筑设备。虽然将针对卡车来描述本发明,但本发明不限于这种特定车辆,而是还可用在其它车辆中,例如,乘用轿车和工程机械。本发明也可以应用于其中使用了燃烧式发动机和排气后处理系统的船舶和固定式建筑设备。
背景技术
排气后处理系统(EATS)通常用于汽车领域中,以减少来自燃烧式发动机的排放,例如微粒排放和氮氧化物(NOx)排放。为了符合现有的和即将出台的排放法规,特别希望将冷启动排放减到最少。此外,EATS的稳健性和耐久性对于确保符合这些排放法规来说变得越来越重要。
EATS中的NOx转化性能的主要限制因素是尿素计量和氨缓冲在EATS的选择性催化还原(SCR)单元中的可用性。通常,尿素计量系统硬件具有通常受到排气温度和质量流量的限制的最大计量能力(maximum dosing ability)。例如,通常需要某个最低温度和排气质量流量才能完全允许尿素计量,而较高的温度和增大的排气质量流量又将允许来自尿素计量系统的尿素的流量增大,只要温度不是太高。
混合器可以用于有效地将尿素和排气混合,并帮助将来自尿素计量系统的尿素分解成氨,氨在NOx转化成氮气和水的过程中充当还原剂。氨被储存在SCR单元中,并且用于NOx还原。混合器例如可以被设计成产生涡流。它还可以包括涡轮,该涡轮由于来自发动机的排气质量流而旋转,从而导致所喷射的尿素落在涡轮上或涡轮周围而被混合。该混合过程帮助将尿素分解成氨。
为了提高EATS的NOx转化性能并减少燃烧式发动机的排放,通常希望在SCR中储存尽可能多的氨,只要温度不是太高。然而,在高运行温度下,来自SCR单元的氨泄漏(ammoniaslip)的风险增大。通常有必要减少由尿素计量系统添加的尿素的量,以避免这种氨泄漏。
发明内容
本发明的主要目的是提供一种EATS和一种用于控制该EATS的方法,它们至少在某方面相对于已知的EATS和方法有所改进。特别地,一个目的是提供如下一种EATS:其中,相对大量的氨可以储存在SCR中,而氨泄漏的风险降低。另一目的是提供一种具有改进的排放控制的EATS。
根据本发明的第一方面,至少所述主要目的通过根据本发明的用于内燃发动机的排气后处理系统(EATS)来实现。该排气后处理系统包括:
-外部壳体,该外部壳体具有排气入口和排气出口,在该排气入口与排气出口之间设置有用于来自内燃发动机的排气的排气流动路径,
-选择性催化还原(SCR)单元,该选择性催化还原(SCR)单元设置在排气流动路径中,以用于还原氮氧化物,
-尿素计量装置,该尿素计量装置用于在所述选择性催化还原单元的上游将尿素添加到排气流中,以及
-可旋转的混合器装置,该混合器装置用于在所述选择性催化还原单元的上游将尿素与排气混合。
该排气后处理系统还包括:进气阀,该进气阀设置在混合器装置的上游,以用于将空气引入到排气流动路径中;以及电动机,该电动机被布置成使混合器装置旋转,以产生空气经由该进气阀到排气流动路径中的吸入。
通过提供包括处于排气流动路径中的进气阀以及被布置成使混合器装置旋转的电动机的EATS,穿过EATS中的其中尿素被分解的部分的质量流量可以由于所产生的空气吸入而显著增大。这促进了尿素分解成氨和二氧化碳。因此,可以增大尿素剂量,进而增大了能够储存在SCR单元中的氨(即,还原剂)的量。由此,可以提高EATS的NOx转化性能。
由于提供所述进气阀和电动机而获得的额外益处是:它们允许对SCR单元的更通用的温度控制。例如,通过打开进气阀并使电动机运行,SCR单元可以被冷却以降低氨泄漏的风险,而与发动机的温度无关。SCR单元的氨缓冲能力通常随着温度升高到高于特定温度阈值而降低。因此,通过将SCR单元冷却到低于例如300℃的温度,能够在SCR单元中储存更大量的氨,而没有氨泄漏的风险。因此,可以由尿素计量装置添加更大量的尿素。
如本文中所使用的,术语“上游”和“下游”涉及穿过EATS的排气流动路径。
所述混合器装置可以被设计为风扇,该风扇具有固定到由电动机驱动的可旋转轮毂的一个或多个叶片(优选至少两个叶片)。Ss混合器装置可以设置在EATS的混合室或混合管中。
经由进气阀引入的空气优选是环境空气。换句话说,进气阀被布置成在打开时允许环境空气从排气后处理系统的外部流入排气流动路径中。
所提到的SCR单元可以是EATS的主SCR单元,例如EATS的单个SCR单元。该SCR单元也可以是通常小于主SCR单元的、所谓的预SCR单元(pre-SCR unit),即,额外的SCR单元。因此,本发明适用于EATS内的一个或多个SCR单元。可以与SCR单元结合来提供氨泄漏催化剂(ASC)单元。在EATS的普通配置中,两个平行组件设置在混合器装置的下游,每个组件都包括SCR单元,SCR单元之后是ASC单元。
所述排气后处理系统还可以包括被配置成控制进气阀和电动机的电子控制单元。该电子控制单元可以配置成控制进气阀和电动机,使得通过混合器装置的质量流量增大。由此,能够增大由尿素计量装置添加的尿素的量,这提高了SCR单元中的NOx还原的效率。该电子控制单元实现了对EATS内的空气量和温度的改进的控制。通过控制进气阀的位置(也称为状态,例如进气阀的开度)来控制所述进气阀。
该电子控制单元可以配置成控制电动机的转速,而不改变进气阀的位置。例如,如果希望在不添加空气流的情况下改进混合,可以在不打开进气阀的情况下增大电动机的转速。
可选地,该电子控制单元被配置成基于以下项中的至少一个来控制进气阀的位置和电动机的转速:由排气后处理系统中的温度传感器测量的温度;所确定的来自内燃发动机的排气的质量流量;以及由尿素计量装置添加的尿素的量。通过基于所定义的变量来控制进气阀的位置以及所述转速,可以改进SCR单元内的用于催化NOx还原的条件。
该温度传感器例如可以是已设置在EATS内的某位置处的、测量排气或EATS的部件之一的温度的温度传感器。来自内燃发动机的排气的质量流量通常可以是基于发动机运行条件而在例如发动机控制单元中确定的,但也可以使用质量流量传感器以确定该质量流量。
在本文中,该电子控制单元可以配置成从EATS的一个或多个温度传感器、从发动机控制单元、从EATS的质量流量传感器和/或从尿素计量装置接收数据。
通常,该电子控制单元可以配置成:至少基于由排气后处理系统中的温度传感器测量的温度和来自内燃发动机的排气的质量流量来控制进气阀的位置和电动机的转速,其中,可选地,由尿素计量装置添加的尿素的量可以用作额外的控制参数。
可选地,该电子控制单元被配置成响应于以下项中的至少一个来增大进气阀的开度和/或电动机的转速:由排气后处理系统中的温度传感器测量的温度的、所检测到的升高;由尿素计量装置添加的尿素的量的、所检测到的减少;以及所确定的来自内燃发动机的排气的质量流量的、所检测到的减少。在所有这些情况下,都能够实现增大的总质量流量,用于增大由尿素计量装置添加的尿素的量和/或用于冷却SCR单元以降低氨泄漏的风险。
可选地,该电子控制单元可以配置成仅在电动机运行时将进气阀控制到打开位置。由于由电动机驱动的混合器装置导致的压力差,这确保了排气无法经由进气阀从EATS的外部壳体中逸出。
可选地,该进气阀能够在关闭位置与完全打开位置之间被逐渐地控制。这实现了精确的质量流量控制。在其它配置中,进气阀可以被配置为两位阀,它能够设定到一个打开位置和一个关闭位置。
可选地,该进气阀被配置为单向阀。因此,该阀可以被配置成允许空气流入EATS中,而不可能有气体经由该阀从EATS流出。
可选地,该排气后处理系统还包括设置在尿素计量装置上游的微粒过滤器,其中,所述进气阀被定位在该微粒过滤器的上游。该微粒过滤器可以是适于从发动机使用过的已燃烧燃料中去除微粒物质和/或碳烟的微粒过滤器。对于柴油动力燃烧式发动机,该微粒过滤器是柴油微粒过滤器(DPF)。通过将所述进气阀定位在该微粒过滤器的上游,可以增大进入该微粒过滤器的氧气的量。假定温度环境是正确的,这导致该微粒过滤器的改进的被动碳烟再生(passive soot regeneration)。
可选地,该排气后处理系统还包括设置在尿素计量装置上游的氧化催化剂单元,其中,所述进气阀被定位在该氧化催化剂单元的上游。在柴油燃料的情况下,该氧化催化剂单元可以是柴油氧化催化剂(DOC)单元。在所述进气阀定位在该氧化催化剂单元上游的情况下,实现了对该氧化催化剂单元的更好的温度控制。该氧化催化剂单元的温度很大程度上决定了出自该氧化催化剂单元的NO/NO2的比率,该比率对于在设置在氧化催化剂单元下游的SCR单元中实现有效的NOx还原是很重要的。高温可能导致过多的NO2(>50%),这会降低SCR中的NOx转化率。这些高温可以通过使用所添加的环境空气流降低温度来避免。因此,将所述进气阀定位在该氧化催化剂单元的上游允许控制NO/NO2比率,而不改变发动机功能和影响燃料消耗。
可选地,该氧化催化剂单元设置在微粒过滤器的上游,其中,所述进气阀被定位在该氧化催化剂单元的上游。在这种情况下,在主动微粒过滤器再生过程期间,可以将额外的空气提供给该氧化催化剂单元,因此允许增加的碳氢化合物(HC)计量和更有效的再生。
可选地,该EATS可以包括被定位在该氧化催化剂单元上游的额外SCR单元,即,所谓的预SCR单元。这里,所述进气阀可以设置在该预SCR单元的上游。
可选地,该排气后处理系统还包括设置在尿素计量装置上游的微粒过滤器和/或氧化催化剂单元(例如DOC单元),其中,所述进气阀被定位在该微粒过滤器和/或氧化催化剂单元的下游。这允许对所述进气阀下游的部件的选择性的温度控制。
所述进气阀可以设置在外部壳体中,即,所述进气阀在EATS的外部壳体中限定了可选择性打开的开口。在本文中,该外部壳体是壳体或者是彼此密封固定的多个壳体单元的组件,该壳体或组件相对于环境空气界定了排气流动路径。EATS的基底(即,SCR单元的基底和任何其它部件(例如,微粒过滤器和/或氧化催化剂单元)的基底)可以被围封在形成为单件的外部壳体内,或者具有它们自身的独立壳体,这些独立壳体被密封地固定在一起以形成该外部壳体。
根据本发明的第二方面,提供了一种车辆,该车辆包括内燃发动机和根据第一方面的排气后处理系统。该燃烧式发动机适于燃烧燃料,例如柴油、汽油、氢气、气体燃料等。
根据本发明的第三方面,提供了一种用于控制根据第一方面的排气后处理系统的方法。该方法包括以下步骤:
-确定排气后处理系统内的温度和/或由尿素计量装置添加的尿素的量和/或来自内燃发动机的排气的质量流量,
-基于所确定的温度和/或所确定的尿素的量和/或所确定的排气的质量流量,控制电动机的转速和进气阀的位置。
根据第三方面的方法提供了对通过EATS的质量流量和EATS内的温度的、改进的控制。通过控制电动机的转速和进气阀的位置,能够控制该质量流量和温度,而不影响发动机运行条件。
可选地,执行控制电动机的转速和进气阀的位置的步骤,使得在以下情况时所述电动机的转速增大和/或所述进气阀的开度增大:
-所确定的尿素的量满足预定的第一条件,和/或
-所确定的排气的质量流量满足预定的第二条件,和/或
-所确定的温度满足预定的第三条件。
由此,当满足这些预定条件中的任一个时,通过混合器装置的总气体质量流量可以增大。这也将导致EATS内的温度的降低。第一条件可以被设定成在所确定的尿素的量低于阈值水平时得到满足,在这种情况下,假定超过了所定义的最低温度,增大的质量流量使得可以增大所能添加的尿素的量。第二条件可以被设定成在来自燃烧式发动机的排气的质量流量低于阈值水平时得到满足,因为这限制了可以被计量供应的尿素的量。第三条件可以被设定成在超过阈值温度时得到满足,例如,这是因为过高的温度可能增大氨泄漏的风险。该第一条件、第二条件和第三条件可以组合,并且还可以定义若干个不同的预定的第一条件、第二条件和第三条件。
优选地,电动机的转速增大和进气阀的打开被协调,例如使得进气阀的开度仅在所述转速增大时增大。
根据本发明的第四方面,提供了一种用于控制排气后处理系统的电子控制单元,其中,该电子控制单元被配置成执行根据第三方面的方法的步骤。
该电子控制单元可以形成EATS的控制系统(例如,计算机化控制系统)的一部分。这种控制系统可以包括一个或多个控制单元,例如一个或多个电子控制单元。该控制系统可以包括至少一个通信接口,该至少一个通信接口用于接收从车辆内的其它单元(例如从各种传感器、系统和控制单元,特别是从发动机控制单元以及从EATS内的传感器)传达的数据。该控制系统可以配置成以无线方式通信或经由硬连线系统通信。该电子控制单元也可以与EATS分开设置,例如,设置在另一控制系统中或者形成车辆的另一电子控制单元的一部分。在这种情况下,该电子控制单元被配置成直接或经由EATS控制单元而与EATS的各种传感器和装置通信,例如与所述尿素计量装置、温度传感器、进气阀及电动机通信。
还可以提供一种计算机程序,该计算机程序包括程序代码组件,该程序代码组件用于当该程序在根据第四方面的控制单元的计算单元上运行时执行根据第一方面的方法步骤。此外,可以提供一种计算机可读介质,该计算机可读介质携载计算机程序,该计算机程序包括程序代码组件,该程序代码组件用于当所述程序在控制单元的计算单元上运行时执行根据第一方面的方法的步骤。
在以下描述中公开了本发明的其它优点和有利特征。
附图说明
参照附图,下文是作为示例引用的本发明的实施例的更详细描述。
在附图中:
图1是车辆的示意性侧视图;
图2是根据本公开的第一实施例的排气后处理系统的示意图;
图3是根据第二实施例的替代性的排气后处理系统的示意图;并且
图4是示出了根据本公开的方法的流程图。
附图示出了本发明的示意性示范性实施例,因此不必按比例绘制。应当理解,所示出和描述的实施例是示范性的,且本发明不限于这些实施例。还应注意,为了更好地描述和图示本发明,可能夸大了附图中的某些细节。在整个说明书中,相同的附图标记指代相同的元件,除非另有表述。
具体实施方式
图1中示意性地示出了卡车形式的车辆1。车辆1包括:内燃发动机(未示出),该内燃发动机用于推进车辆1;以及排气系统,该排气系统包括用于引导和处置由内燃发动机产生的排气的排气后处理系统(EATS)100。
可以应用在车辆1中的、根据第一实施例的排气后处理系统100被示意性地示出在图2中,示出了在车辆1的运行期间的EATS 100。外部壳体101界定排气系统100的排气流动路径104,该排气流动路径104从内燃发动机110经由排气入口102延伸到排气EATS 100中,并经由排气出口103离开EATS 100。在所示出的实施例中,EATS 100沿着排气流动路径104包括用于处理排气的三个部件105、106、113。在所示出的实施例中,部件105、106、113分别是选择性催化还原(SCR)单元105、微粒过滤器106(例如柴油微粒过滤器(DPF)单元106)以及氧化催化剂单元113(例如柴油氧化催化剂(DOC)单元113)。SCR单元105位于最下游,微粒过滤器106位于SCR单元105的上游,并且氧化催化剂单元113位于微粒过滤器106的上游。
EATS 100还包括:尿素计量装置108,该尿素计量装置108用于在SCR单元105的上游将尿素添加到排气流中;以及可旋转的混合器装置109,该可旋转的混合器装置109用于在SCR单元105的上游将由尿素计量装置108添加的尿素与排气混合。尿素计量装置108与可旋转的混合器装置109二者位于微粒过滤器106与SCR单元105之间,使得尿素紧邻SCR单元105的上游被添加并与排气混合。
由尿素计量装置108添加的尿素的量通常被调节以在SCR单元105中实现所期望的氨(NH3)缓冲。NH3的缓冲目标水平被设定,并且,要被添加以实现该缓冲目标水平的尿素的量是根据来自发动机110的排气质量流量和SCR单元温度(它又取决于发动机运行温度)设定的。可以使用模型根据SCR单元温度和排气质量流量来确定要被计量供应以针对当前运行条件实现所述缓冲目标水平的尿素量。
可打开且可关闭的进气阀(air inlet valve)111进一步设置在混合器装置109的上游,用于将空气引入到排气流动路径104中,如图2中的箭头所示。还设置有电动机112,该电动机112被布置成用于使混合器装置109旋转,以产生空气经由进气阀111到排气流动路径104中的吸入。可旋转的混合器装置109可以被设计为风扇,其中,电动机112被布置成使混合器装置109的可旋转轮毂旋转以产生吸力。
EATS 100还包括被配置成控制进气阀111和电动机112的电子控制单元120。
此外,还设置有一个或多个温度传感器,该一个或多个温度传感器在这里被示出为单个温度传感器107。在所示出的实施例中,温度传感器107被布置成测量微粒过滤器106的温度,但是替代地,温度传感器107可以被布置成测量排气的温度或者EATS 100的另一部件的温度,例如SCR单元105的温度。
电子控制单元120可以被配置成控制进气阀111的位置(即,进气阀111的开度)以及电动机112的转速。为此目的,该电子控制单元可以使用如下的量作为输入:由温度传感器107(或由另一温度传感器)测量的温度,来自内燃发动机110的排气的质量流量(例如,由质量流量传感器(未示出)测量到的或者使用发动机运行条件作为输入而确定并从发动机控制单元接收的),以及由尿素计量装置108添加的尿素的量。尿素计量装置108因此被配置成与电子控制单元120通信,并且电子控制单元120进一步被配置成与例如发动机控制单元(未示出)通信。温度传感器107还被布置成与电子控制单元120通信,并向其提供温度测量数据。
在本文中,发动机运行条件应被理解为对来自发动机110的排气有影响的发动机110的运行条件,例如排气温度、排气流量和排气成分。发动机运行条件例如可以由发动机速度、发动机负荷、一个或多个燃料喷射参数、燃料类型、燃料混合物、燃料-空气混合物、环境条件等中的一个或多个来定义。
在发动机110的运行期间,可以通过电子控制单元120控制进气阀111和电动机112,以增大通过混合器装置109的质量流量和/或降低SCR单元105内的温度。电子控制单元120可以被配置成使得它仅在电动机112已启动时将进气阀111控制到打开位置,从而防止了排气通过进气阀111的逸出。
在一个示例中,发动机110在相对低的温度下运行以减少燃料消耗,从而产生低温排气。该低温可能导致SCR单元105中的尿素沉积的形成,因此,由尿素计量装置108添加的尿素的量通常受到限制。通过启动电动机112并打开进气阀111,混合器装置109开始旋转并产生空气质量流,该空气质量流被添加到排气质量流并增大通过混合器装置109和SCR单元105的总质量流量。假定温度不低于所定义的最低温度阈值,增大的质量流量实现了增大的尿素剂量。在最低温度阈值之上,当质量流量增大时,SCR单元105内的尿素沉积的形成的条件恶化。
在另一示例中,发动机在高温下运行,从而导致EATS 100内的温度高于300℃,但是产生相对小的排气质量流量。可以启动电动机112并打开进气阀111以增大质量流量,并且同时降低温度。这可以允许较大的尿素剂量,这是因为:一方面质量流量增大了,另一方面温度能够降低到低于300℃,从而降低了来自SCR单元105的氨泄漏的风险。
图3中示意性地示出了根据第二实施例的排气后处理系统100。根据本实施例的EATS 100与第一实施例的不同之处在于进气阀111设置在氧化催化剂单元113的上游。因此,通过启动电动机112并打开进气阀111而产生的空气质量流经过氧化催化剂单元113、微粒过滤器106以及混合器装置109和SCR单元105。这意味着不仅SCR单元105的温度,而且氧化催化剂单元113和微粒过滤器106的温度都可以独立于发动机运行条件而降低。
在第二实施例中,所引入的空气质量流可以用于微粒过滤器106的改进的被动碳烟再生(passive soot regeneration)。此外,可以降低氧化催化剂单元113的温度,以便提高出自氧化催化剂单元113的NO/NO2比率。此外,在主动微粒过滤器再生过程期间,可以将增大的空气质量流量提供给氧化催化剂单元113,从而允许对氧化催化剂单元113的增加的碳氢化合物(HC)计量,并由此实现微粒过滤器106的更有效的再生。
在未示出的替代实施例中,进气阀111可以在排气流动路径104中布置在氧化催化剂单元113与微粒过滤器106之间。
图4中示出了根据本公开的实施例的用于控制EATS 100的方法。该方法包括如下文中的所述的步骤S1和S2,并且可以由控制单元120执行。
S1:确定EATS 100内的温度和/或由尿素计量装置108添加的尿素的量和/或来自内燃发动机110的排气的质量流量。可以使用传感器(例如,温度传感器107)以及从发动机控制单元和尿素计量装置108提供的信息来执行该步骤。
S2:基于所确定的温度和/或所确定的尿素的量和/或所确定的排气的质量流量,控制电动机112的转速和进气阀111的位置(即,开度)。可以执行该步骤,使得在以下情况时电动机112的转速增大和/或进气阀111的开度增大:
-所确定的尿素的量满足预定第一条件,例如低于预定的尿素剂量阈值水平,和/或
-所确定的排气的质量流量满足预定第二条件,例如,排气的质量流量低于预定的质量流量阈值水平,和/或
-所确定的温度满足预定第三条件,例如高于预定的温度阈值。
可以根据EATS 100和/或发动机110的操作模式以及进行温度和/或质量流量控制的目的来定义所述第一条件、第二条件和第三条件。例如,对于主动微粒过滤器再生过程,可以定义与EATS 100的正常运行期间的尿素剂量控制不同的预定条件。还可以针对NO/NO2比率控制来定义其它预定条件。
EATS 100可以包括用于测量EATS 100内的不同位置处的温度的若干个温度传感器。取决于使用哪个温度传感器来测量温度,可以定义不同的温度阈值。
电动机112可以由电池(例如可充电电池)供电。
进气阀111可以优选是可逐渐控制的阀,即,具有可调整的可变孔口的阀。仅举例来说,可逐渐控制的阀可以是瓣阀、止回阀或旋塞阀,但也可以使用任何合适的阀。
该EATS可以包括不止一个SCR单元,其中,可以为这些SCR单元中的每一个SCR单元提供尿素计量装置。可选地,可以在这些SCR单元中的每一个SCR单元的上游分别设置有由电动机驱动的可旋转的混合器装置。例如,在包括两个SCR单元(例如,如上所述的主SCR单元以及定位在氧化催化剂单元上游的预SCR单元)的EATS中,可以设置有两个可旋转的混合器装置和两个独立的电动机,可选地,还可以设置有分别定位在所述预SCR单元的上游和下游的两个进气阀。此外,在一些实施例中,该进气阀、可旋转的混合器装置和电动机可以仅设置在所述预SCR单元处。
电子控制单元120可以包括微处理器、微控制器、可编程数字信号处理器或另一可编程设备。因此,电子控制单元120包括电子电路和连接件(未示出)以及处理电路(未示出),使得电子控制单元120能够与车辆1的不同部分或与车辆1的不同控制单元通信,例如与各种传感器、系统和控制单元通信,特别是与车辆100的一个或多个发动机控制单元(未示出)通信。电子控制单元120可以包括硬件或软件的模块,或者部分硬件或软件的模块,并且使用已知的传输总线(例如CAN总线)和/或无线通信能力进行通信。所述处理电路可以是通用处理器或专用处理器。电子控制单元120可以包括用于存储计算机程序代码和数据的非暂时性存储器。因此,本领域的技术人员会意识到,可以通过许多不同的构造来实施电子控制单元120。虽然在此被示出为单个单元,但电子控制单元120可以由被配置成彼此通信的若干个不同的控制单元(例如,用于控制尿素计量装置108和用于控制电动机112和进气阀111的独立控制单元)形成。
应当理解,本发明不限于上文所述和附图中示出的实施例;相反,本领域技术人员将认识到,可以在所附权利要求书的范围内进行许多修改和变型。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于内燃发动机(110)的排气后处理系统(100),所述排气后处理系统包括:
外部壳体(101),所述外部壳体具有排气入口(102)和排气出口(103),在所述排气入口与所述排气出口之间设置有用于来自所述内燃发动机(110)的排气的排气流动路径(104),
选择性催化还原单元(105),所述选择性催化还原单元设置在所述排气流动路径(104)中,以用于还原氮氧化物,
尿素计量装置(108),所述尿素计量装置用于在所述选择性催化还原单元(105)的上游将尿素添加到排气流中,以及
可旋转的混合器装置(109),所述混合器装置用于在所述选择性催化还原单元(105)的上游将所述尿素与排气混合,
特征在于
所述排气后处理系统(100)还包括:进气阀(111),所述进气阀设置在所述混合器装置(109)的上游,以用于将空气引入到所述排气流动路径(104)中;以及电动机(112),所述电动机被布置成使所述混合器装置(109)旋转,以产生空气经由所述进气阀(111)到所述排气流动路径中的吸入。
2.根据权利要求1所述的排气后处理系统,还包括被配置成控制所述进气阀(111)和所述电动机(112)的电子控制单元(120)。
3.根据权利要求2所述的排气后处理系统,其中,所述电子控制单元(120)被配置成基于以下项中的至少一个来控制所述进气阀(111)的位置和所述电动机(112)的转速:由所述排气后处理系统(100)中的温度传感器(107)测量的温度;所确定的来自所述内燃发动机(110)的排气的质量流量;以及由所述尿素计量装置(108)添加的尿素的量。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的排气后处理系统,其中,所述电子控制单元(120)被配置成响应于以下项中的至少一个来增大所述进气阀(111)的开度和/或所述电动机(112)的转速:由所述排气后处理系统(100)中的温度传感器(107)测量的温度的、所检测到的升高;由所述尿素计量装置(108)添加的尿素的量的、所检测到的减少;以及所确定的来自所述内燃发动机(110)的排气的质量流量的、所检测到的减少。
5.根据权利要求2-3中的任一项的排气后处理系统,其中,所述电子控制单元(120)被配置成仅在所述电动机(112)运行时将所述进气阀(111)控制到打开位置。
6.根据权利要求1-3中的任一项所述的排气后处理系统,其中,所述进气阀(111)能够在关闭位置与完全打开位置之间被逐渐地控制。
7.根据权利要求1-3中的任一项所述的排气后处理系统,其中,所述进气阀(111)被配置为单向阀。
8.根据权利要求1-3中的任一项所述的排气后处理系统,还包括设置在所述尿素计量装置(108)上游的微粒过滤器(106),其中,所述进气阀(111)被定位在所述微粒过滤器(106)的上游。
9.根据权利要求8所述的排气后处理系统,还包括设置在所述微粒过滤器(106)上游的氧化催化剂单元(113),其中,所述进气阀(111)被定位在所述氧化催化剂单元(113)的上游。
10.根据权利要求1到3中的任一项所述的排气后处理系统,还包括设置在所述尿素计量装置上游的微粒过滤器(106)和/或氧化催化剂单元(113),其中,所述进气阀(111)被定位在所述微粒过滤器(106)和/或所述氧化催化剂单元(113)的下游。
11.根据权利要求1-3中的任一项所述的排气后处理系统,其中,所述进气阀(111)设置在所述外部壳体(101)中。
12.一种车辆(1),所述车辆包括内燃发动机(110)和根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的排气后处理系统(100)。
13.一种用于控制根据权利要求1到11中的任一项所述的排气后处理系统(100)的方法,包括以下步骤:
确定所述排气后处理系统(100)内的温度和/或由所述尿素计量装置(108)添加的尿素的量和/或来自所述内燃发动机(110)的排气的质量流量,
基于所确定的温度和/或所确定的尿素的量和/或所确定的排气的质量流量,控制所述电动机(112)的转速和所述进气阀(111)的位置。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中,执行控制所述电动机(112)的转速和所述进气阀(111)的位置的步骤,使得在以下情况时所述电动机(112)的转速增大和/或所述进气阀(111)的开度增大:
-所确定的尿素的量满足预定的第一条件,和/或
-所确定的排气的质量流量满足预定的第二条件,和/或
-所确定的温度满足预定的第三条件。
15.一种用于控制排气后处理系统(100)的电子控制单元(120),其中,所述电子控制单元(120)被配置成执行根据权利要求13或14所述的方法的步骤。
CN202211207581.7A 2021-10-05 2022-09-30 排气后处理系统 Pending CN115929445A (zh)

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JP2023055208A (ja) 2023-04-17
EP4163477C0 (en) 2024-04-17
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EP4163477A1 (en) 2023-04-12
US20230105660A1 (en) 2023-04-06
US11674426B2 (en) 2023-06-13

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