CN115895039B - A triazine-based organic covalent skeleton-modified hydrotalcite-based flame retardant and its preparation method - Google Patents
A triazine-based organic covalent skeleton-modified hydrotalcite-based flame retardant and its preparation method Download PDFInfo
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- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- GDVKFRBCXAPAQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-A dialuminum;hexamagnesium;carbonate;hexadecahydroxide Chemical class [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]C([O-])=O GDVKFRBCXAPAQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-A 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-triazine Chemical compound C1=CN=NN=C1 JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N melamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000004306 triazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- MGNCLNQXLYJVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyanuric chloride Chemical compound ClC1=NC(Cl)=NC(Cl)=N1 MGNCLNQXLYJVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229960001545 hydrotalcite Drugs 0.000 abstract description 21
- 229910001701 hydrotalcite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 21
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 14
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 8
- SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum magnesium Chemical compound [Mg].[Al] SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000967 suction filtration Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 4
- -1 magnesium-aluminum cations Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 3
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GANNOFFDYMSBSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [AlH3].[Mg] Chemical class [AlH3].[Mg] GANNOFFDYMSBSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HPJKLCJJNFVOEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 HPJKLCJJNFVOEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001157 Fourier transform infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001051 Magnalium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001027 hydrothermal synthesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006113 non-polar polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- DXZMANYCMVCPIM-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;diethylphosphinate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCP([O-])(=O)CC.CCP([O-])(=O)CC DXZMANYCMVCPIM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts
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- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种三嗪基有机共价骨架修饰的水滑石基阻燃剂及其制备方法，将三聚氰胺和MgAl‑LDH置于DMF中，超声搅拌得到浆液A；将三聚氯氢置于DMF中，超声搅拌得到浆液B；搅拌条件下，将浆液B缓慢滴加至浆液A中，再加入三乙胺，得浆液C；浆液C经加热反应，即得三嗪基有机共价骨架修饰的水滑石基阻燃剂。本发明通过在MgAl‑LDH表面原位聚合反应生成三嗪基有机共价骨架，在提高水滑石稳定性和疏水性的同时，改善了水滑石自身的团聚性能以及与聚合物基体之间的兼容性，明显提升了复合材料的机械性能和阻燃性能。
The invention discloses a triazine-based organic covalent skeleton-modified hydrotalcite-based flame retardant and its preparation method. Melamine and MgAl-LDH are placed in DMF, and ultrasonically stirred to obtain slurry A; Tripolyhydrogen chloride is placed in In DMF, ultrasonic stirring is performed to obtain slurry B; under stirring conditions, slurry B is slowly added dropwise to slurry A, and then triethylamine is added to obtain slurry C; slurry C is heated and reacted to obtain a triazine-based organic covalent skeleton modification of hydrotalcite-based flame retardants. The present invention generates a triazine-based organic covalent skeleton through an in-situ polymerization reaction on the MgAl-LDH surface, which not only improves the stability and hydrophobicity of the hydrotalcite, but also improves the agglomeration performance of the hydrotalcite itself and its compatibility with the polymer matrix. properties, significantly improving the mechanical properties and flame retardant properties of composite materials.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of hydrotalcite flame retardance, and particularly relates to a triazine-based organic covalent skeleton modified hydrotalcite-based flame retardant and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) are layered anionic clays consisting of positively charged metal cation platelets and negatively charged interlayer anions. Because of their unique structure and properties, LDHs are widely used in the fields of catalysts, adsorbents, biological medicine, flame retardants, and the like. Among them, magnesium aluminum hydrotalcite (MgAl-LDH) is used as the most typical layered double hydroxide, and is used as a flame retardant for various polymers due to the characteristics of no halogen, low smoke, easy preparation, low price, etc.
However, as a halogen-free flame retardant, mgAl-LDH laminates contain a large number of hydroxyl groups, which are extremely prone to form hydrogen bonds to cause agglomeration of MgAl-LDH. In addition, mgAl-LDH has a problem of poor compatibility with a nonpolar polymer matrix as an inorganic clay-based material, thereby easily causing the mechanical properties of the composite material to be damaged.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention aims to provide the triazine-based organic covalent skeleton modified hydrotalcite-based flame retardant and the preparation method thereof, wherein the triazine-based organic covalent skeleton is generated by in-situ polymerization reaction on the surface of MgAl-LDH, so that the stability and hydrophobicity of hydrotalcite are improved, the agglomeration performance of hydrotalcite and the compatibility with a polymer matrix are improved, and the mechanical performance and the flame retardant performance of a composite material are obviously improved.
In order to achieve the technical purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a preparation method of a triazine-based organic covalent skeleton modified hydrotalcite-based flame retardant comprises the following steps:
(1) Placing melamine and MgAl-LDH in DMF, and carrying out ultrasonic stirring to obtain slurry A; placing the trichlorohydrogen in DMF, and carrying out ultrasonic stirring to obtain slurry B;
(2) Slowly dripping the slurry B into the slurry A under the stirring condition, and then adding triethylamine to obtain slurry C; and (3) carrying out heating reaction on the slurry C to obtain the triazinyl organic covalent skeleton modified hydrotalcite-based flame retardant.
According to the invention, the triazinyl organic covalent skeleton is generated by in-situ polymerization reaction on the MgAl-LDH surface, and the surface morphology of the MgAl-LDH is obviously changed while nitrogen element is introduced, so that the stability and hydrophobicity of hydrotalcite are improved, and meanwhile, the agglomeration performance of hydrotalcite and the compatibility with a polymer matrix are improved. Moreover, the inventor also unexpectedly found that in the reaction process, the addition sequence and the mixing process of raw materials can obviously influence the surface morphology and the performance of the finally generated triazine-based organic covalent skeleton modified hydrotalcite-based flame retardant. Only when the method is adopted to firstly mix MgAl-LDH with melamine and then add the addition sequence and the mixing mode of the melamine, the MgAl-LDH is easier to surface modify, and the self-stacking condition of the MgAl-LDH is obviously improved. And other methods are adopted, such as mixing melamine and melamine chloride, and then adding MgAl-LDH; or the three are directly mixed, the surface of the obtained hydrotalcite-based flame retardant is relatively smooth, and the self-stacking condition is not improved. This is also evident in the mechanical properties and flame retardant properties of the finally obtained flame retardant composite.
Further, in the step (1), the mass ratio of MgAl-LDH to melamine is 2-3:1, a step of; in the slurry A, the concentration of MgAl-LDH is 10-20g/L; in the slurry B, the concentration of the trichlorohydrogen is 20-30g/L.
Further, in the step (2), in the slurry C, the mass ratio of MgAl-LDH to trichlorohydrogen is 3-5:1, the mass volume ratio of MgAl-LDH to triethylamine is 0.3-0.6g:1ml.
Further, in the step (2), the temperature of the heating reaction is 70-90 ℃ and the time is 8-12h.
The invention also provides the triazine-based organic covalent skeleton modified hydrotalcite-based flame retardant prepared by the preparation method.
The invention has the advantages that:
according to the invention, by strictly controlling the adding sequence and mixing process of the reaction raw materials, the triazinyl organic covalent skeleton is generated by in-situ polymerization reaction on the surface of MgAl-LDH, and the surface morphology of the MgAl-LDH is obviously changed while nitrogen element is introduced, so that the stability and hydrophobicity of hydrotalcite are improved, the agglomeration performance of hydrotalcite and the compatibility with a polymer matrix are improved, and the mechanical performance and flame retardant performance of the composite material are obviously improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an XRD pattern of LDH@TOF prepared in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a FTIR plot of LDH@TOF prepared in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an SEM image of LDH@TOF and LDH (MgAl-LDH) prepared in example 1 of the invention;
FIG. 4 is an SEM image of the LDH@TOF prepared in example 1, the D1 prepared in comparative example 1 and the D2 prepared in comparative example 2 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further described with reference to the drawings and examples.
In the invention, mgAl-LDH is conventional magnesium-aluminum hydrotalcite and is prepared by the existing method, for example:
firstly, the molar ratio of magnesium-aluminum cations is 3:1 weighing 0.03mol of Mg (NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O and 0.01mol of Al (NO) 3 ) 3 ·6H 2 O, dissolving the two into 200ml deionized water, and ultrasonically forming a mixed salt solution for standby. Accurately weighing urea with the total molar number of metal cations being 3.3 times, placing the urea into 200ml of deionized water, and performing ultrasonic dissolution for later use. The two materials are transferred into a 500ml hydrothermal reaction kettle with a polytetrafluoroethylene lining, fully mixed and transferred into an electric heating constant temperature drying oven for reaction for 24 hours at 110 ℃. Finally, carrying out suction filtration, washing, drying and grinding on the obtained product, and obtaining the product, namely the magnesium aluminum hydrotalcite (MgAl-LDH).
Example 1
(1) 3g of magnesium aluminum hydrotalcite (MgAl-LDH) and 1.11g of melamine are weighed and ultrasonically dispersed in 200ml of DMF to obtain slurry A, and the slurry A is transferred into a 500ml three-necked flask;
(3) And (3) weighing 0.75g of trichlorohydrogen, ultrasonically dispersing the trichlorohydrogen in 30ml of DMF to obtain slurry B, slowly dripping the slurry B into a three-necked flask, finally dripping 6ml of triethylamine to obtain slurry C, reacting at 90 ℃ for 12 hours, stirring the reaction process, and carrying out suction filtration, washing, drying and grinding on the obtained target product after the reaction is finished to obtain the triazinyl organic covalent skeleton modified magnesium aluminum hydrotalcite-based flame retardant, namely LDH@TOF.
As shown in fig. 1, ldh@tof showed characteristic diffraction peaks of (003), (006), (009), (015), (018) unique to the hydrotalcite material, indicating that it still retains the layered structure of LDH. Compared with the diffraction peak of LDH, the LDH@TOF presents a plurality of new diffraction peaks, all characteristic diffraction peaks of the new diffraction peaks can simultaneously correspond to the diffraction peaks of the LDH and the TOF (triazinyl organic covalent skeleton), and the peak shape is still sharp and strong, which indicates that the LDH still maintains a good crystal form after modification.
As shown in FIG. 2, not only the vibration peak of LDH but also 1664cm appears in the FT-IR spectrum of LDH@TOF -1 And 1536cm -1 The oscillation peak of TOF triazine ring appears nearby, further demonstrating the successful synthesis of LDH@TOF.
As shown in fig. 3, both LDH (upper) and ldh@tof (lower) exhibit a sheet structure, typically a magnesium aluminum hydrotalcite structure. The LDH surface is smooth, the particle size is uniform, the edge is smooth, the LDH@TOF surface is rough and covered by a layer of substance, which shows that the triazinyl organic covalent skeleton generated by in-situ reaction of melamine and cyanuric chloride is successfully modified and acted on the LDH surface.
Comparative example 1
(1) 3g of magnesium aluminum hydrotalcite (MgAl-LDH) is weighed and ultrasonically dispersed in 200ml of DMF and transferred into a 500ml three-necked flask;
(2) 1.11g of melamine and 0.75g of melamine are weighed and dispersed in 30ml of DMF together by ultrasonic, then slowly added dropwise into a three-necked flask, finally 6ml of triethylamine is added dropwise, the reaction is carried out at 90 ℃ for 12 hours, stirring is kept in the reaction process, and after the reaction is finished, the obtained target product is subjected to suction filtration, washing, drying and grinding to obtain the triazinyl organic covalent skeleton modified magnesium aluminum hydrotalcite-based flame retardant, which is marked as D1.
Comparative example 2
(1) 3g of magnesium aluminum hydrotalcite (MgAl-LDH), 1.11g of melamine and 0.75g of trichlorohydrogen are weighed and dispersed in 200ml of DMF together by ultrasonic, and then transferred into a 500ml three-necked flask;
(2) 6ml of triethylamine is measured and dripped into a three-necked flask, the reaction is carried out for 12 hours at 90 ℃, stirring is kept in the reaction process, and after the reaction is finished, the obtained target product is subjected to suction filtration, washing, drying and grinding to obtain the triazinyl organic covalent skeleton modified magnalium hydrotalcite-based flame retardant, which is marked as D2.
As shown in fig. 4, the ldh@tof prepared in example 1 had significantly higher surface modification rate than D1 prepared in comparative example 1 and D2 prepared in comparative example 2, and D1 and D2 had smooth surface morphology and severe self-stacking.
The LDH, the ldh@tof prepared in example 1, the D1 prepared in comparative example 1, and the D2 prepared in comparative example 2 were melt-blended with polypropylene (PP) in a mass fraction of 20wt% of a flame retardant by a melt blending method to prepare PP composite materials, and flame retardant and mechanical properties were tested, and the results are shown in table 1:
TABLE 1 flame retardant and mechanical Property test results for different PP composites
From table 1, after adding the flame retardants LDH and ldh@tof, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the PP/LDH and PP/ldh@tof composite materials all show a tendency to decrease, and compared with the aggregation phenomenon of pure LDH in the PP matrix, after adding ldh@tof, the compatibility of ldh@tof and the PP matrix is greatly improved, and the decrease of mechanical performance parameters is obviously relieved. Pure PP is a material which is quite flammable, and after the flame retardant is added, the LOI value and the UL-94 grade of the PP composite material show rising trend, and the peak heat release rate and the total heat release rate are correspondingly reduced. And under the same load, the LOI value and the UL-94 grade of the PP/LDH@TOF are obviously better than those of the PP/LDH, which shows that the flame retardant property of the LDH@TOF is obviously stronger than that of the LDH, namely, after being modified by a triazinyl organic covalent skeleton, the flame retardant property of the LDH is obviously improved.
Further, as is clear from a comparison of the flame retardant properties and mechanical properties of the PP composite material obtained by adding the ldh@tof prepared in example 1, the D1 prepared in comparative example 1, and the D2 prepared in comparative example 2 as flame retardants, the order and mixing manner of raw materials used in example 1 (i.e., mgAl-LDH is mixed with melamine before adding melamine), and the order and mixing manner of raw materials used in comparative example 1 and comparative example 2 (i.e., melamine and melamine are mixed before adding MgAl-LDH or directly mixing the three) are significantly better than those of the PP composite material obtained by adding the ldh@tof prepared in example 1 as flame retardant.
Claims (5)
1. A preparation method of a triazine-based organic covalent skeleton modified hydrotalcite-based flame retardant, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Placing melamine and MgAl-LDH in DMF, and carrying out ultrasonic stirring to obtain slurry A; placing cyanuric chloride in DMF (dimethyl formamide), and carrying out ultrasonic stirring to obtain slurry B;
(2) Slowly dripping the slurry B into the slurry A under the stirring condition, and then adding triethylamine to obtain slurry C; and (3) carrying out heating reaction on the slurry C to obtain the triazinyl organic covalent skeleton modified hydrotalcite-based flame retardant.
2. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the mass ratio of MgAl-LDH to melamine is 2 to 3:1, a step of; in the slurry A, the concentration of MgAl-LDH is 10-20g/L; in the slurry B, the concentration of cyanuric chloride is 20-30g/L.
3. The production method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the mass ratio of MgAl-LDH to cyanuric chloride in the slurry C is 3 to 5:1, the mass volume ratio of MgAl-LDH to triethylamine is 0.3-0.6g:1ml.
4. The process according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the heating reaction is carried out at a temperature of 70 to 90℃for a period of 8 to 12 hours.
5. A triazinyl organic covalent backbone modified hydrotalcite-based flame retardant prepared by the method of any one of claims 1 to 4.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6617379B2 (en) * | 2001-12-04 | 2003-09-09 | Albemarle Corporation | Flame retardant polymer compositions |
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