CN115867633A - Lubricating oil compositions comprising bio-based base oils - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention generally relates to a lubricating oil composition comprising a bio-based base oil, a method of lubricating an engine with said lubricating oil composition. The use of the lubricating oil composition in an engine is also disclosed.

Description

Lubricating oil composition comprising a bio-based base oil

Background Art

As the demand for high performance lubricant base stocks continues to increase, there is a continuing need for improved lubricating oils containing improved hydrocarbon mixtures. The industry requires these hydrocarbon mixtures to have excellent Noack volatility and low temperature viscosity properties that can meet more stringent engine oil requirements, preferably from renewable resources.

Summary of the invention

According to one embodiment of the present invention, a lubricating oil composition comprising a bio-based base oil is provided. According to another embodiment of the present invention, a method for lubricating an engine with the lubricating oil composition is provided. According to another embodiment of the present invention, use of the lubricating oil composition in an engine is provided.

definition

As used herein, the following terms have the following meanings, unless expressly stated to the contrary. In this specification, the following words and expressions, if and when used, have the meanings given below.

"Major amount" means greater than 50% by weight of the composition.

"Minor amounts" means less than 50% by weight of the composition, expressed both for the additive stated and for the total mass of all additives present in the composition, considered as the active ingredient of this additive or these additives.

"Active ingredient" or "actives" or "oil-free" refers to additive materials that are not diluents or solvents.

All percentages reported are % by weight of active ingredient (ie, without taking into account carrier or diluent oil) unless otherwise indicated.

Process oils are special oils used in various chemical and technical industries both as raw material components and as processing aids.

Diluent oil (also called carrier oil) is a diluent. Some fluids are too viscous to be pumped easily or too thick to flow from one specific point to another. This improves handling, reduces the viscosity of the fluid, and thus also reduces pumping/delivery costs.

The abbreviation "ppm" means parts per million by weight, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

High temperature high shear (HTHS) viscosity at 150°C was measured according to ASTM D4683.

The kinematic viscosity at 100° C. (KV ₁₀₀ ) was measured according to ASTM D445.

Metal—The term "metal" refers to an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or mixtures thereof.

Automotive engine refers to "internal combustion engine" and can be spark ignited, combustion ignited, direct/indirect injection or port flow injection, turbocharged with or without intercooling or naturally aspirated, with or without EGR or exhaust aftertreatment system, suitable for passenger cars, off-road trucks, etc.

A hybrid engine is an engine coupled to an electric motor/battery system in a hybrid vehicle.

Oil mist separator cleanliness (OMS) refers to the type of deposits such as sludge, varnish, carbonaceous, ash type, etc. These vary by location such as piston, liner, valve stem, exhaust port, rocker cover, oil pan, oil filter (plugged), cylinder head, oil hole, etc.

"Additive package" means lubricant additives, which are chemical components or blends that, when used at specific treat rates, provide one or more functions in a lubricant fluid.

The expressions oil soluble or oil dispersible are used throughout the specification and claims. Oil soluble or oil dispersible means that the amount required to provide the desired activity or performance level can be incorporated by dissolving, dispersing or suspending in an oil of lubricating viscosity. Generally, this means that at least about 0.001% by weight of the material can be incorporated into the lubricating oil composition. For further discussion of the terms oil soluble and oil dispersible, particularly "stable dispersibility", see U.S. Pat. No. 4,320,019, which is expressly incorporated herein by reference for its relevant teachings in this regard.

As used herein, the term "sulfated ash" refers to the incombustible residue in lubricating oil resulting from detergents and metal additives. Sulfated ash can be determined using ASTM Test D874.

As used herein, the term "total base number" or "TBN" refers to the amount of base equivalent to milligrams of KOH in one gram of sample. Thus, a higher TBN value reflects a product that is more alkaline and therefore has a higher basicity. TBN is determined using the ASTM D 2896 test.

Boron, calcium, magnesium, molybdenum, phosphorus, sulfur and zinc contents were determined according to ASTM D5185.

Nitrogen content was determined according to ASTM D4629.

Nock volatility is determined by either ASTM D5800A-D or ASTM D6417.

All ASTM standards referenced herein are current as of the filing date of this application.

Unless otherwise indicated, all percentages are by weight.

Although the present disclosure is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are described in detail herein. However, it should be understood that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the present disclosure to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, it is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents and substitutes falling within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims.

Note that not all activities described in the general description or the examples are required, some specific activities may not be required, and one or more additional activities in addition to the described activities may be performed. In addition, the order in which the activities are listed is not necessarily the order in which they are performed.

Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described herein with reference to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any features that may make any benefit, advantage, or solution appear or become more apparent, should not be construed as key, required, or essential features of any or all of the claims.

The description and illustrations of the embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of the various embodiments.

As used herein, the terms "comprises/comprising", "includes/including", "has/having" or any other variations thereof are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that includes a list of features is not necessarily limited to only those features, but may include features not expressly listed or other features inherent to such processes, methods, articles, or apparatuses. In addition, unless expressly stated to the contrary, "or" refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, condition A or condition B is satisfied by any of the following: A is true (or exists) and B is false (or does not exist), A is false (or does not exist) and B is true (or exists), and both A and B are true (or exists).

The use of "a/an" is used to describe the elements and components described herein. This is done only for convenience and to give the scope of the embodiments of the present disclosure in a general sense. This description is understood to include one or at least one, and the singular also includes the plural, and vice versa, unless otherwise clearly indicated. The term "average" is intended to represent the mean value, geometric mean, or median when referring to a value. The group numbering corresponding to the columns in the periodic table uses the "new symbol" convention, as seen in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 81st edition (2000-2001).

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present disclosure belongs. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting. To the extent not described herein, many details regarding specific materials and processing actions are conventional and can be found in textbooks and other materials within the lubricant and oil and gas industries.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This specification and illustration are not intended to be used to exhaustively and extensively describe all elements and features of the preparations, compositions, devices and systems using the structures or methods described herein. Individual embodiments may also be provided in a single embodiment in a combined form, and conversely, the various features described in the context of a single embodiment for the sake of brevity may also be provided individually or in the form of any sub-combination. In addition, reference to the values stated in the range includes each and every value within the range. Many other embodiments may be apparent only to the technician after reading this specification. Other embodiments may be used and derived from the present disclosure so that structural replacement, logical replacement or another change may be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the present disclosure should be considered illustrative rather than restrictive.

Aspects of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, the following claims:

1. A lubricating oil composition comprising a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil has the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

in,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeating unit;

[P] is a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1, and m is less than 4; the stereo arrangement of [B] and [P] is linear, branched or cyclic; the sequential arrangement of [B] and [P] is block, alternating or random; the molecular weight of the bio-based base oil is in the range of 300 g/mol to 1500 g/mol.

2. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises a wear inhibitor, a detergent, a dispersant, a friction modifier, a viscosity index improver, a pour point depressant, a thickener or an antioxidant.

3. A lubricating oil composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the composition further comprises a calcium detergent.

4. The lubricating oil composition of claim 3, wherein the calcium detergent is a calcium sulfonate, calcium salicylate, calcium carboxylate or calcium phenate detergent.

5. The lubricating oil composition of claim 3, wherein the calcium detergent is one or more of a neutral, low overbased, medium overbased, high overbased or high overbased calcium sulfonate, calcium salicylate, calcium carboxylate or calcium phenate detergent.

6. A lubricating oil composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the composition further comprises a magnesium detergent.

7. The lubricating oil composition of claim 6, wherein the magnesium detergent is a magnesium sulfonate or magnesium salicylate detergent.

8. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the composition further comprises a detergent derived from isomerised normal alpha olefins.

9. The lubricating oil composition of claim 8, wherein the alkyl substituent of the calcium detergent is derived from an alpha olefin having from 12 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule.

10. The lubricating oil composition of claim 8, wherein the alkyl substituent of the calcium detergent is a residue derived from an isomerized normal alpha olefin having from 14 to 28 carbon atoms per molecule.

11. The lubricating oil composition of claim 8, wherein the isomerized normal alpha olefin has a normal alpha olefin isomerization level (I) of about 0.1 to about 0.4, wherein the olefin isomerization level (I) is determined by hydrogen-1 (1H) NMR obtained on a Bruker Ultrashield Plus 400 at 400 MHz in chloroform-d1 using TopSpin 3.2 spectral processing software, and the isomerization level (I) is:

I＝m/(m+n),

Where m is the NMR integral of methyl groups with chemical shifts between 0.3±0.03 and 1.01±0.03 ppm, and n is the NMR integral of methylene groups with chemical shifts between 1.01±0.03 and 1.38±0.10 ppm.

12. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the composition further comprises an ashless detergent.

13. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises both a magnesium sulfonate detergent and a calcium salicylate detergent.

14. A lubricating oil composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises a magnesium sulfonate detergent and a calcium detergent selected from calcium phenate and calcium sulfonate.

15. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises from about 200 to about 3000 ppm calcium, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition.

16. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises from about 100 to about 2000 ppm magnesium, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition.

17. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises an organic friction modifier derived from a fatty acid source.

18. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises greater than 1.0 wt. % of an antioxidant, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

19. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises greater than 2.0 wt. % of an antioxidant, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

20. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises greater than 3.0 wt. % of an antioxidant, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

21. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises an antiwear additive selected from the group consisting of _C4 / _C6 secondary ZnDTP, C3/C6 primary, C12 aryl, C4/C8 primary, C3/C6 secondary, C3/C8 secondary and _C8 primary ZnDTP.

22. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises a molybdenum compound in an amount of 50 to 2000 ppm molybdenum based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, and wherein the organomolybdenum compound is a sulfur-containing organomolybdenum compound or a sulfur-free organomolybdenum compound.

23. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises a molybdenum compound in an amount of 50 to 2000 ppm molybdenum based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, and wherein the molybdenum compound is a molybdenum-succinimide complex.

24. The lubricating oil composition of claim 23, wherein the molybdenum succinimide complex is derived from a _C24 to _C350 alkyl or alkenyl succinimide.

25. The lubricating oil composition of claim 23 or 24, wherein the succinimide is a polyisobutylene succinimide derived from the reaction of a _C70 to _C128 polyisobutylene succinic anhydride and a polyalkylene polyamine selected from the group consisting of triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, and combinations thereof.

26. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises a molybdenum compound in an amount of 50 to 2000 ppm of molybdenum based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, and wherein the molybdenum compound is selected from the group consisting of molybdenum dithiocarbamates, molybdenum dithiophosphates, molybdenum carboxylates, molybdenum esters, molybdenum amines, molybdenum amides, and combinations thereof.

27. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition has a viscosity index greater than 200 and a Nock volatility less than 15%.

28. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition has a viscosity index greater than 250 and a Nock volatility less than 15%.

29. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil is an automotive engine oil (spark ignition or compression ignition, direct or port injection), a hybrid engine oil, an engine oil for a hybrid vehicle coupled to an electric motor/battery system, a marine oil, a gear oil, an agricultural machinery oil, a continuously variable transmission oil, a manual transmission oil, an automatic transmission oil, an electric vehicle transmission oil, a mobile natural gas oil, a stationary natural gas oil, an electric railway engine oil, a power generation oil, a hydraulic oil, a dual fuel oil, a tractor hydraulic fluid oil, an anti-wear hydraulic fluid oil, a hybrid powertrain oil, a motorcycle oil, a grease, a grease for use under reduced pressure or high vacuum, a reduction gear, a hydraulic device, a bearing used in an aircraft, a rocket, a space engineering machine, a robot joint or a vacuum pump lubricating oil composition.

30. The lubricating oil composition of claim 29, wherein the lubricating oil composition is used in an engine that is partially or fully fueled by bio-derived fuel, ethanol or methanol.

31. A 0W-4, 0W-8, 0W-12, 0W-16, 0W-20, 0W-30, 0W-40, 5W-20 or 5W-30 heavy-duty or passenger car lubricant composition comprising: (a) 1 to 99% by weight of a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil has the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

in,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeating unit;

[P] is a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1, and m is less than 4; the stereo arrangement of [B] and [P] is linear, branched or cyclic; the sequential arrangement of [B] and [P] is block, alternating or random; the molecular weight of the bio-based base oil is in the range of 300 g/mol to 1500 g/mol; (b) 1 to 99 weight percent of a secondary base oil, and (c) a small amount of a dispersant inhibitor additive package.

32. The lubricating oil composition of claim 31, wherein the secondary base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), aromatic, Group I, Group II, Group III, ester base oil or mixtures thereof having a KV 100 of about 2 cSt to about 30 cSt.

33. The lubricating oil composition of claim 31, wherein the secondary base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), aromatic, Group I, Group II, Group III, ester base oil or mixtures thereof having a KV 100 of about 2 cSt to about 10 cSt.

34. The lubricating oil composition of claim 31, wherein the secondary base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), aromatic, Group I, Group II, Group III, ester base oil or mixtures thereof having a KV 100 of about 2 cSt to about 6 cSt.

35. The lubricating oil composition of claim 31, wherein the secondary base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), aromatic, Group I, Group II, Group III, ester base oil or mixtures thereof having a KV 100 of about 2 cSt to about 4 cSt.

36. The lubricating oil composition of claim 31, wherein the secondary base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), aromatic, Group I, Group II, Group III, ester base oil or mixtures thereof having a KV 100 of about 2 cSt to about 3 cSt.

37. A lubricating oil composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil is an automotive lubricant wherein the sulfated ash is less than 0.8, less than 0.7, less than 0.6, less than 0.5, less than 0.4, less than 0.3, less than 0.2 weight percent based on the lubricating oil composition.

38. A lubricating oil composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil is an automotive lubricant wherein the phosphorus content is less than 0.08, less than 0.07, less than 0.06, less than 0.05, less than 0.04, less than 0.03, less than 0.02 wt % based on the lubricating oil composition.

39. The lubricating oil composition of claim 29, wherein the vacuum pump oil is ISO VG 32, 46 or 68.

40. A process oil comprising a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil has the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

in,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeating unit;

[P] is a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1, and m is less than 4; the stereo arrangement of [B] and [P] is linear, branched or cyclic; the sequential arrangement of [B] and [P] is block, alternating or random; the molecular weight of the bio-based base oil is in the range of 300 g/mol to 1500 g/mol.

41. Use of the process oil of claim 40 in the manufacture of a cleaning agent.

42. A diluent oil comprising a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil has the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

in,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeating unit;

[P] is a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1, and m is less than 4; the stereo arrangement of [B] and [P] is linear, branched or cyclic; the sequential arrangement of [B] and [P] is block, alternating or random; the molecular weight of the bio-based base oil is in the range of 300 g/mol to 1500 g/mol.

43. Use of the diluent oil according to claim 42 in the manufacture of a cleaning agent.

44. An additive concentrate comprising (a) a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil has the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

in,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeating unit;

[P] is a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1, and m is less than 4; the stereo arrangement of [B] and [P] is linear, branched or cyclic; the sequential arrangement of [B] and [P] is block, alternating or random; the molecular weight of the bio-based base oil is in the range of 300 g/mol to 1500 g/mol, and (b) a small amount of lubricant additives.

45. A viscosity index improver concentrate comprising (a) a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil has the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

in,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeating unit;

[P] is a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1, and m is less than 4; the stereo arrangement of [B] and [P] is linear, branched or cyclic; the sequential arrangement of [B] and [P] is block, alternating or random; the molecular weight of the bio-based base oil is in the range of 300 g/mol to 1500 g/mol, and (b) a small amount of a viscosity index improver selected from the following: olefin copolymers, diene-based copolymers, poly(meth)acrylate copolymers, all of which can be star-shaped, comb-shaped or linear, as well as block, diblock or triblock copolymers.

46. The viscosity index improver concentrate of claim 45, wherein the viscosity index improver is a dispersant viscosity index improver.

47. A solvent comprising a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil has the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

in,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeating unit;

[P] is a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1, and m is less than 4; the stereo arrangement of [B] and [P] is linear, branched or cyclic; the sequential arrangement of [B] and [P] is block, alternating or random; the molecular weight of the bio-based base oil is in the range of 300 g/mol to 1500 g/mol.

48. A method for reducing timing chain stretch in an engine comprising the step of lubricating the timing chain with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38.

49. A method for improving low speed pre-ignition (LSPI) of waste oil in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition according to any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) running the engine for a period of time.

50. A method for reducing and/or inhibiting oxidation in the presence of biodiesel in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

51. A method for inhibiting or reducing the Knock volatility of a lubricating oil composition, comprising formulating the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38.

52. A method for improving piston cleanliness in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: (a) lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

53. A method for reducing piston deposits in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: (a) lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

54. A method for reducing turbocharger deposits in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: (a) lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

55. A method for reducing deposits in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: (a) lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

56. A method for improving oil mist separator cleanliness (OMS) in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

57. A method for improving fresh oil heavy duty (HD) or passenger car (PC) fuel economy in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

58. A method as claimed in any one of claims 53 to 57 wherein deposits in the intercooler system and its piping are reduced.

59. A method for improving fuel economy retention in a heavy duty (HD) or passenger car (PC) engine comprising the steps of: (a) lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

60. A method for improving the compatibility of a sealing elastomer in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

61. A method for improving oxidation stability in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

62. A method for improving the stability of an additive package comprising adding to the package a bio-based base oil having the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

in,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeating unit;

[P] is a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1, and m is less than 4; the stereo arrangement of [B] and [P] is linear, branched or cyclic; the sequential arrangement of [B] and [P] is block, alternating or random; the molecular weight of the bio-based base oil is in the range of 300 g/mol to 1500 g/mol.

63. A method for improving the solubility of an additive package comprising adding to the package a bio-based base oil having the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

in,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeating unit;

[P] is a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1, and m is less than 4; the stereo arrangement of [B] and [P] is linear, branched or cyclic; the sequential arrangement of [B] and [P] is block, alternating or random; the molecular weight of the bio-based base oil is in the range of 300 g/mol to 1500 g/mol.

64. A method for improving the low temperature properties of a lubricating oil composition in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine, wherein the properties of both new and used oils are determined by pour point, CCS, MRV, gel index, ROBO, Mack T10A/T11A/T12A tests.

65. A method for inhibiting corrosion in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine.

66. A method for inhibiting foam formation in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine.

67. A method for improving aeration control in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine.

68. A method for stabilizing an emulsion contaminated with fuel and/or water in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine.

69. A method for reducing friction in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine.

70. A method for reducing sludge formation in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine.

71. A method of improving the wear properties of new oil in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine for a period of time.

72. A method of improving the wear properties of waste oil in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine for a period of time.

73. A method of reducing oil consumption in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine for a period of time.

74. A method for extending the oil change interval comprising the steps of lubricating an internal combustion engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine for a period of time.

75. A method for improving compatibility with an aftertreatment device selected from the group consisting of a gasoline particulate filter (GPF), a diesel particulate filter (DPF), an EGR system, a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), a lean NOx trap (LNT) or a selective catalytic reduction system (SCR), comprising the steps of lubricating an internal combustion engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine for a period of time.

76. A method for improving biodiesel compatibility as measured in the CEC L-109-16 and/or L105-12 test, comprising the steps of lubricating an internal combustion engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine for a period of time.

77. A method for preventing or inhibiting deposit formation in a natural gas engine containing one or more steel pistons comprising the step of operating the natural gas engine with a natural gas engine lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 29.

78. A method of improving brake and clutch capacity at low speeds in a tractor hydraulic system while maintaining low torque variation, the method comprising lubricating the hydraulic system with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 29.

79. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the lubricating oil composition is a marine lubricating oil composition, wherein the marine lubricating oil composition is a system oil, a marine cylinder lubricant (MCL), or a trunk piston engine oil (TPEO) composition.

80. The lubricating oil composition of claim 79, wherein the lubricating oil composition is a monograde lubricant meeting the requirements of the SAE J300 specification revised January 2015 for SAE 20, 30, 40, 50 or 60 monograde engine oils and has a TBN of 5 to 200 mg KOH/g as determined by ASTM D2896.

81. The lubricating oil composition of claim 79 or 80, wherein the TBN of the lubricating oil composition is within one of the following ranges: 5 to 200 mg KOH/g, 5 to 150 mg KOH/g, 5 to 100 mg KOH/g, 15 to 150 mg KOH/g, 20 to 80 mg KOH/g, 30 to 100 mg KOH/g, 30 to 80 mg KOH/g, 60 to 100 mg KOH/g, 60 to 150 mg KOH/g, 20 to 70 mg KOH/g, 15 to 55 mg KOH/g, and 5 to 15 mg KOH/g.

82. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 79 to 81 wherein the composition is for use in an engine fuelled partly or wholly by bio-derived fuels, ethanol or methanol, ammonia, gaseous fuels, residual fuels, marine residual fuels, low sulphur marine residual fuels, marine distillate fuels, low sulphur marine distillate fuels or high sulphur fuels.

83. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 79 to 82, wherein the composition is for use in a compression ignition four stroke internal combustion engine operating at 250 to 1100 rpm.

84. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 79 to 82, wherein the lubricant is for use in a compression ignition two-stroke internal combustion engine operating at 200 rpm or less.

85. A method for improving the fuel economy of a diesel internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

86. A method for improving oil consumption of a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

87. A method for improving the low temperature properties of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

88. A method for improving the neutralising capacity of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

89. A method for improving the wear properties of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

90. A method for improving the oxidation stability of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

91. A method for reducing sludge formation in a diesel internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

92. A method for improving viscosity build-up control in a diesel internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

93. A method for reducing scoring in a diesel internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

94. A method for reducing deposits in a diesel internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

95. A method for reducing the rate of alkalinity loss of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

96. A method for inhibiting foam formation in a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

97. A method for improving the asphaltene dispersancy of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

98. A method for thickening a lubricating oil composition comprising adding to the lubricating oil composition a bio-based base oil having the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

in,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeating unit;

[P] is a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1, and m is less than 4; the stereo arrangement of [B] and [P] is linear, branched or cyclic; the sequential arrangement of [B] and [P] is block, alternating or random; the molecular weight of the bio-based base oil is in the range of 300 g/mol to 1500 g/mol.

99. A method for improving the storage stability of a lubricating oil composition, comprising adding to the lubricating oil composition a bio-based base oil having the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

in,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeating unit;

[P] is a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1, and m is less than 4; the stereo arrangement of [B] and [P] is linear, branched or cyclic; the sequential arrangement of [B] and [P] is block, alternating or random; the molecular weight of the bio-based base oil is in the range of 300 g/mol to 1500 g/mol.

100. A lubricating oil composition comprising a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil is described by a hydrocarbon mixture, wherein:

a. According to FIMS, the percentage of molecules with even carbon numbers is ≥ 80%;

b. BP/BI≥-0.6037 (internal alkyl branching per molecule) + 2.0;

c. There are an average of 0.3 to 1.5 5+ methyl groups per molecule.

101. The lubricating oil composition of claim 100, wherein the composition further comprises a wear inhibitor, a detergent, a dispersant, a friction modifier, a viscosity index improver, a pour point depressant, a thickener, or an antioxidant.

102. The lubricating oil composition of claim 100 or 101, wherein the composition further comprises a calcium detergent.

103. The lubricating oil composition of claim 102, wherein the calcium detergent is a calcium sulfonate, calcium salicylate, calcium carboxylate or calcium phenate detergent.

104. The lubricating oil composition of claim 102, wherein the calcium detergent is one or more of a neutral, low overbased, medium overbased, high overbased, or highly overbased calcium sulfonate, calcium salicylate, calcium carboxylate, or calcium phenate detergent.

105. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 104, wherein the composition further comprises a magnesium detergent.

106. The lubricating oil composition of claim 105, wherein the magnesium detergent is a magnesium sulfonate or magnesium salicylate detergent.

107. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 106, wherein the composition further comprises a detergent derived from isomerized normal alpha olefins.

108. The lubricating oil composition of claim 107, wherein the alkyl substituent of the calcium detergent is derived from an alpha olefin having from 12 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule.

109. The lubricating oil composition of claim 107, wherein the alkyl substituent of the calcium detergent is a residue derived from an isomerized normal alpha olefin having from 14 to 28 carbon atoms per molecule.

110. The lubricating oil composition of claim 107, wherein the isomerized normal alpha olefin has a normal alpha olefin isomerization level (I) of about 0.1 to about 0.4, wherein the olefin isomerization level (I) is determined by hydrogen-1 (1H) NMR obtained on a Bruker UltrashieldPlus 400 at 400 MHz in chloroform-d1 using TopSpin 3.2 spectral processing software, and the isomerization level (I) is:

I＝m/(m+n),

wherein m is the NMR integral of methyl groups with chemical shifts between 0.3±0.03 and 1.01±0.03 ppm, and n is the NMR integral of methylene groups with chemical shifts between 1.01±0.03 and 1.38±0.10 ppm.

111. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 110, wherein the composition further comprises an ashless detergent.

112. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 111, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises both a magnesium sulfonate detergent and a calcium salicylate detergent.

113. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 112, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises a magnesium sulfonate detergent and a calcium detergent selected from calcium phenate and calcium sulfonate.

114. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 113, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises from about 200 to about 3000 ppm calcium, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition.

115. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 114, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises from about 100 to about 2000 ppm magnesium, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition.

116. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 115, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises an organic friction modifier derived from a fatty acid source.

117. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 116, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises greater than 1.0 wt. % of an antioxidant based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

118. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 117, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises greater than 2.0 wt. % of an antioxidant based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

119. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 118, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises greater than 3.0 wt. % of an antioxidant based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

120. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 119, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises an antiwear additive selected from the group consisting of _C4 / _C6 secondary ZnDTP, C3/C6 primary, C12 aryl, C4/C8 primary, C3/C6 secondary, C3/C8 secondary, and _C8 primary ZnDTP.

121. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 120, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises a molybdenum compound in an amount of 50 to 2000 ppm of molybdenum based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, and wherein the organo-molybdenum compound is a sulfur-containing organo-molybdenum compound or a sulfur-free organo-molybdenum compound.

122. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 121, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises a molybdenum compound in an amount of 50 to 2000 ppm of molybdenum based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, and wherein the molybdenum compound is a molybdenum-succinimide complex.

123. The lubricating oil composition of claim 122, wherein the molybdenum succinimide complex is derived from a _C24 to _C350 alkyl or alkenyl succinimide.

124. The lubricating oil composition of claim 122, wherein the succinimide is a polyisobutylene succinimide derived from the reaction of a _C70 to _C128 polyisobutylene succinic anhydride and a polyalkylene polyamine selected from the group consisting of triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, and combinations thereof.

125. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-121, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises a molybdenum compound in an amount of 50 to 2000 ppm of molybdenum, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, and wherein the molybdenum compound is selected from the group consisting of molybdenum dithiocarbamates, molybdenum dithiophosphates, molybdenum carboxylates, molybdenum esters, molybdenum amines, molybdenum amides, and combinations thereof.

126. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 125, wherein the lubricating oil composition has a viscosity index greater than 200 and a Nock volatility less than 15%.

127. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 126, wherein the lubricating oil composition has a viscosity index greater than 250 and a Nock volatility less than 15%.

128. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 127, wherein the lubricating oil is an automotive engine oil (spark ignition or compression ignition, direct or port injection), a hybrid engine oil, an engine oil for a hybrid vehicle coupled to an electric motor/battery system, a marine oil, a gear oil, an agricultural machinery oil, a continuously variable transmission oil, a manual transmission oil, an automatic transmission oil, an electric vehicle transmission oil, a mobile natural gas oil, a stationary natural gas oil, an electric railway engine oil, a power generation oil, a hydraulic oil, a dual fuel oil, a tractor hydraulic fluid oil, an anti-wear hydraulic fluid oil, a hybrid powertrain oil, a motorcycle oil, a grease, a grease for use under reduced pressure or high vacuum, a reduction gear, a hydraulic device, a bearing used in an aircraft, a rocket, a space engineering machine, a robot joint or a vacuum pump lubricating oil composition.

129. The lubricating oil composition of claim 128, wherein the lubricating oil composition is for use in an engine that is partially or fully fueled by bio-derived fuel, ethanol or methanol.

130. A 0W-4, 0W-8, 0W-12, 0W-16, 0W-20, 0W-30, 0W-40, 5W-20 or 5W-30 heavy duty or passenger car lubricant composition comprising: (a) 1 to 99% by weight of a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil is described by a hydrocarbon mixture, wherein:

i. The percentage of molecules with even carbon numbers according to FIMS is ≥ 80%;

ii. BP/BI≥-0.6037 (internal alkyl branching per molecule) + 2.0;

iii. An average of 0.3 to 1.5 5+ methyl groups per molecule;

(b) 1 to 99 weight percent of a secondary base oil, and (c) a small amount of a dispersant and inhibitor additive package.

131. The lubricating oil composition of claim 130, wherein the secondary base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), aromatic, Group I, Group II, Group III, ester base oil or mixtures thereof having a KV 100 of about 2 cSt to about 30 cSt.

132. The lubricating oil composition of claim 130, wherein the secondary base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), aromatic, Group I, Group II, Group III, ester base oil or mixtures thereof having a KV 100 of about 2 cSt to about 10 cSt.

133. The lubricating oil composition of claim 130, wherein the secondary base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), aromatic, Group I, Group II, Group III, ester base oil or mixtures thereof having a KV 100 of about 2 cSt to about 6 cSt.

134. The lubricating oil composition of claim 130, wherein the secondary base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), aromatic, Group I, Group II, Group III, ester base oil or mixtures thereof having a KV 100 of about 2 cSt to about 4 cSt.

135. The lubricating oil composition of claim 130, wherein the secondary base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), aromatic, Group I, Group II, Group III, ester base oil or mixtures thereof having a KV 100 of about 2 cSt to about 3 cSt.

136. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 135, wherein the lubricating oil is an automotive lubricant, wherein the sulfated ash is less than 0.8, less than 0.7, less than 0.6, less than 0.5, less than 0.4, less than 0.3, less than 0.2 weight percent based on the lubricating oil composition.

137. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-136, wherein the lubricating oil is an automotive lubricant, wherein the phosphorus content is less than 0.08, less than 0.07, less than 0.06, less than 0.05, less than 0.04, less than 0.03, less than 0.02 weight percent based on the lubricating oil composition.

138. The lubricating oil composition of claim 128, wherein the vacuum pump oil is ISO VG 32, 46 or 68.

139. A process oil comprising a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil is described by a hydrocarbon mixture, wherein:

a. According to FIMS, the percentage of molecules with even carbon numbers is ≥ 80%;

b. BP/BI≥-0.6037 (internal alkyl branching per molecule) + 2.0;

c. There are an average of 0.3 to 1.5 5+ methyl groups per molecule.

140. Use of the process oil of claim 139 in the manufacture of a cleaning agent.

141. A diluent oil comprising a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil is described by a hydrocarbon mixture, wherein:

a. According to FIMS, the percentage of molecules with even carbon numbers is ≥ 80%;

b. BP/BI≥-0.6037 (internal alkyl branching per molecule) + 2.0;

c. There are an average of 0.3 to 1.5 5+ methyl groups per molecule.

142. Use of the diluent oil of claim 141 in the manufacture of a cleaning agent.

143. An additive concentrate comprising: (a) a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil is described by a hydrocarbon mixture, wherein:

i. The percentage of molecules with even carbon numbers according to FIMS is ≥ 80%;

ii. BP/BI≥-0.6037 (internal alkyl branching per molecule) + 2.0;

iii. an average of 0.3 to 1.5 5+ methyl groups per molecule; and

(b) Small amounts of lubricant additives.

144. A viscosity index improver concentrate comprising: (a) a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil is described by a hydrocarbon mixture wherein:

i. The percentage of molecules with even carbon numbers according to FIMS is ≥ 80%;

ii. BP/BI≥-0.6037 (internal alkyl branching per molecule) + 2.0;

iii. an average of 0.3 to 1.5 5+ methyl groups per molecule; and

(b) A small amount of a viscosity index improver selected from the group consisting of olefin copolymers, diene-based copolymers, poly(meth)acrylate copolymers, all of which may be star-shaped, comb-shaped or linear, and block, diblock or triblock copolymers.

145. The viscosity index improver concentrate of claim 144, wherein the viscosity index improver is a dispersant viscosity index improver.

146. A solvent comprising a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil is described by a hydrocarbon mixture, wherein:

a. According to FIMS, the percentage of molecules with even carbon numbers is ≥ 80%;

b. BP/BI≥-0.6037 (internal alkyl branching per molecule) + 2.0;

c. There are an average of 0.3 to 1.5 5+ methyl groups per molecule.

147. A method for reducing timing chain stretch in an engine comprising the step of lubricating the timing chain with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137.

148. A method for improving low speed pre-ignition (LSPI) of waste oil in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

149. A method for reducing and/or inhibiting oxidation in the presence of biodiesel in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

150. A method for inhibiting or reducing the Knock volatility of a lubricating oil composition comprising formulating the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 137.

151. A method for improving piston cleanliness in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: (a) lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

152. A method for reducing piston deposits in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: (a) lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

153. A method for reducing turbocharger deposits in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

154. A method for reducing deposits in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: (a) lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

155. A method for improving oil mist separator cleanliness (OMS) in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

156. A method for improving fresh oil heavy duty (HD) or passenger car (PC) fuel economy in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

157. The method of any one of claims 152 to 156, wherein deposits in the intercooler system and its piping are reduced.

158. A method for improving fuel economy retention in a heavy duty (HD) or passenger car (PC) engine comprising the steps of: (a) lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as described in any one of claims 100 to 137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

159. A method for improving the compatibility of a sealing elastomer in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

160. A method for improving oxidation stability in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

161. A method for improving the stability of an additive package comprising adding a bio-based base oil, the bio-based base oil being described by a hydrocarbon mixture wherein:

a. According to FIMS, the percentage of molecules with even carbon numbers is ≥ 80%;

b. BP/BI≥-0.6037 (internal alkyl branching per molecule) + 2.0;

c. There are an average of 0.3 to 1.5 5+ methyl groups per molecule.

162. A method for improving the solubility of an additive package comprising adding a bio-based base oil, the bio-based base oil being described by a hydrocarbon mixture wherein:

a. According to FIMS, the percentage of molecules with even carbon numbers is ≥ 80%;

b. BP/BI≥-0.6037 (internal alkyl branching per molecule) + 2.0;

c. There are an average of 0.3 to 1.5 5+ methyl groups per molecule.

163. A method for improving the low temperature properties of a lubricating oil composition in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and operating the engine.

164. A method for inhibiting corrosion in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and operating the engine.

165. A method for inhibiting foam formation in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and operating the engine.

166. A method for improving aeration control in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and operating the engine.

167. A method for stabilizing an emulsion contaminated with fuel and/or water in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and operating the engine.

168. A method for reducing friction in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and operating the engine.

169. A method for reducing sludge formation in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and operating the engine.

170. A method of improving the wear properties of new oil in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and operating the engine for a period of time.

171. A method of improving the wear properties of waste oil in an engine, comprising the steps of lubricating an internal combustion engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and operating the engine for a period of time.

172. A method of improving oil consumption in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and operating the engine for a period of time.

173. A method for extending the oil change interval comprising the steps of lubricating an internal combustion engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and operating the engine for a period of time.

174. A method for improving compatibility with an aftertreatment device selected from the group consisting of a gasoline particulate filter (GPF), a diesel particulate filter (DPF), an EGR system, a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), a lean NOx trap (LNT) or a selective catalytic reduction system (SCR), comprising the steps of lubricating an engine with a lubricating oil composition as described in any one of claims 100 to 137, and operating the engine for a period of time.

175. A method for improving biodiesel compatibility as measured in the CEC L-109-16 and/or L105-12 test, comprising the steps of lubricating an internal combustion engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 137, and operating the engine for a period of time.

176. A method for preventing or inhibiting deposit formation in a natural gas engine containing one or more steel pistons or one or more aluminum pistons, comprising the step of operating the natural gas engine with a natural gas engine lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 128.

177. A method of improving brake and clutch capacity at low speeds in a tractor hydraulic system while maintaining low torque variation, the method comprising lubricating the hydraulic system with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 100 to 128.

178. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 127, wherein the lubricating oil composition is a marine lubricating oil composition, wherein the marine lubricating oil composition is a system oil, a marine cylinder lubricant (MCL), or a trunk piston engine oil (TPEO) composition.

179. The lubricating oil composition of claim 178, wherein the lubricating oil composition is a monograde lubricant that meets the requirements of the SAE J300 specification revised January 2015 for SAE 20, 30, 40, 50 or 60 monograde engine oils and has a TBN of 5 to 200 mg KOH/g as determined by ASTM D2896.

180. The lubricating oil composition of claim 178 or 179, wherein the TBN of the lubricating oil composition is within one of the following ranges: 5 to 200 mg KOH/g, 5 to 150 mg KOH/g, 5 to 100 mg KOH/g, 15 to 150 mg KOH/g, 20 to 80 mg KOH/g, 30 to 100 mg KOH/g, 30 to 80 mg KOH/g, 60 to 100 mg KOH/g, 60 to 150 mg KOH/g, 20 to 70 mg KOH/g, 15 to 55 mg KOH/g, and 5 to 15 mg KOH/g.

181. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 178 to 180, wherein the composition is for use in an engine fuelled partly or wholly by bio-derived fuels, ethanol or methanol, ammonia, gaseous fuels, residual fuels, marine residual fuels, low sulphur marine residual fuels, marine distillate fuels, low sulphur marine distillate fuels or high sulphur fuels.

182. A lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 178 to 181 wherein the composition is for use in a compression ignition four stroke internal combustion engine operating at 250 to 1100 rpm.

183. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 178-181, wherein the lubricant is for use in a compression ignition two-stroke internal combustion engine operating at 200 rpm or less.

184. A method for improving the fuel economy of a diesel internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 178 to 183, and operating the engine.

185. A method for improving oil consumption of a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 178 to 183, and operating the engine.

186. A method for improving the low temperature properties of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 178 to 183, and operating the engine.

187. A method for improving the neutralising capacity of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 178 to 183, and operating the engine.

188. A method for improving the wear properties of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 178 to 183, and operating the engine.

189. A method for improving the oxidation stability of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 178 to 183, and operating the engine.

190. A method for reducing sludge formation in a diesel internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 178 to 183, and operating the engine.

191. A method for improving viscosity build-up control in a diesel internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 178 to 183, and operating the engine.

192. A method for reducing scoring in a diesel internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 178 to 183, and operating the engine.

193. A method for reducing deposits in a diesel internal combustion engine comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 178 to 183, and operating the engine.

194. A method for reducing the rate of alkalinity loss of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 178 to 183, and operating the engine.

195. A method for inhibiting foam formation in a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 178 to 183, and operating the engine.

196. A method for improving the asphaltene dispersancy of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 178 to 183, and operating the engine.

197. A method for thickening a lubricating oil composition for a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising adding to the lubricating oil composition a bio-based base oil, the bio-based base oil being described by a hydrocarbon mixture, wherein:

a. According to FIMS, the percentage of molecules with even carbon numbers is ≥ 80%;

b. BP/BI≥-0.6037 (internal alkyl branching per molecule) + 2.0;

c. There are an average of 0.3 to 1.5 5+ methyl groups per molecule.

198. A method for improving the storage stability of a lubricating oil composition comprising adding a bio-based base oil, the bio-based base oil being described by a hydrocarbon mixture, wherein:

a. According to FIMS, the percentage of molecules with even carbon numbers is ≥ 80%;

b. BP/BI≥-0.6037 (internal alkyl branching per molecule) + 2.0;

c. There are an average of 0.3 to 1.5 5+ methyl groups per molecule.

Bio-based base oil

In one aspect, bio-based oils can be described as follows. Base oils derived from bio-based hydrocarbon terpenes such as myrcene, ocimene and farnesene, more particularly isoparaffins have been described in PCT patent application number PCT/US2012/024926, entitled "Base Oils and Methods for Making the Same", filed by Nicholas Ohler et al. on February 13, 2012 and published as WO2012/141784 on October 18, 2012 and assigned to Amyris, Inc. of Emeryville, California. WO2012/141784 discloses that terpenes can be derived from isopentyl pyrophosphate or dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, and the term "terpene" encompasses hemiterpenes, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, dipterpenes, triterpenes, tetraterpenes and polyterpenes. Hydrocarbon terpenes contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms, no heteroatoms such as oxygen, and in some embodiments have _the general formula ( _C5H8 ) _n , where n is 1 or greater. "Conjugated terpenes" or "conjugated hydrocarbon terpenes" refer to terpenes that contain at least one conjugated diene portion. The conjugated diene portion of the conjugated terpene can have any stereochemistry (e.g., cis or trans) and can be part of a longer conjugated segment of the terpene, for example, the conjugated diene portion can be part of a conjugated triene portion. Hydrocarbon terpenes also encompass monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, tetraterpenoids, and polyterpenoids that exhibit the same carbon skeleton as the corresponding terpene, but have a lesser or greater number of hydrogen atoms than the corresponding terpene, for example, a terpene having 2, 4, or 6 fewer hydrogen atoms than the corresponding terpene, or a terpene having 2, 4, or 6 more hydrogen atoms than the corresponding terpene. Some non-limiting examples of conjugated hydrocarbon terpenes include isoprene, myrcene, α-ocimene, β-ocimene, α-farnesene, β-farnesene, β-springene, geranylfarnesene, neophytadiene, c/s-phyt-1,3-diene, trans-phyt-1,3-diene, isodehydrosqualene, isosqualane precursor I and isosqualane precursor II. The terms terpene and isoprenoid can be used interchangeably and are a large class of organic molecules that can be produced by a variety of plants and some insects. Some terpenes or isoprenoid compounds can also be made from organic compounds such as sugars by microorganisms (including bioengineered microorganisms such as yeast). Because terpenes or isoprenoid compounds can be obtained from various renewable resources, they are useful monomers for preparing environmentally friendly and renewable base oils. In some embodiments, conjugated hydrocarbon terpenes are derived from microorganisms that use renewable carbon sources such as sugars. It has been found that further processing of certain such bio-based base oil stocks can produce very useful and high-quality engine oils. For example, a _C15 hydrocarbon containing four double bonds, such as Biofene ^™ β-farnesene, which is commercially available from Amyris, Inc. (Emeryville, California), can be pretreated to eliminate impurities and then hydrogenated to reduce three of the four double bonds to single bonds. The partially hydrogenated intermediate product is then oligomerized with a linear alpha olefin (LAO) using a catalyst such as _BF3 or a _BF3 complex. Another intermediate product consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons ranging from _C10 to about _C75 is obtained. The oligomeric mixture of hydrocarbons is then hydrogenated to reduce unsaturation. The saturated hydrocarbon mixture is then distilled to obtain the target composition and finally blended to meet the base oil product specifications (such as kinematic viscosity at 40°C) required for engine oils. An ideal example of bio-based base oil specifications that can be used to produce a blend suitable for an engine oil formulation of an embodiment is listed in Table 1. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a commercially available bio-based hydrocarbon base oil (the hydrogenation reaction product between partially hydrogenated p-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-1,3,6,10-tetraene and a hydrogenated linear _C8 - _C16 alpha olefin) sold under the trade name NOVASPEC (Novvi LLC, Emeryville, CA, United States; (REACH registration number 01-2120031429-59-0000) is used.

Table 1

Exemplary Bio-Based Base Oil Specifications

Advantageously, in certain embodiments, at least about 20% of the carbon atoms in the base oil contained in the engine oil are derived from a renewable carbon source. For example, in one such embodiment, at least about 30% of the carbon atoms in the base oil contained in the engine oil are derived from a renewable carbon source. As another example, in one such embodiment, at least about 40% of the carbon atoms in the base oil contained in the engine oil are derived from a renewable carbon source. As another example, in one such embodiment, at least about 50% of the carbon atoms in the base oil contained in the engine oil are derived from a renewable carbon source. As another example, in one such embodiment, at least about 60% of the carbon atoms in the base oil contained in the engine oil are derived from a renewable carbon source. As another example, in one such embodiment, at least about 70% of the carbon atoms in the base oil contained in the engine oil are derived from a renewable carbon source. As another example, in one such embodiment, at least about 80% of the carbon atoms in the base oil contained in the engine oil are derived from a renewable carbon source. As another example, in one such embodiment, at least about 90% of the carbon atoms in the base oil contained in the engine oil are derived from a renewable carbon source. In some variants, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, at least about 99% or about 100% of the carbon atoms in the base oil component included in the engine oil are derived from a renewable carbon source. The source of the carbon atoms in the reaction product adduct can be determined by any suitable method, including but not limited to the reaction mechanism combined with the analysis results that prove the structure and/or molecular weight of the adduct, or by carbon dating (for example, according to ASTM D6866-12 "Standard Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content of Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Samples Using Radiocarbon Analysis", the reference is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). For example, using ASTM D6866-12 or another suitable technique, the amount of modern carbon content in the sample can be determined by measuring the ratio of carbon 14 isotopes to carbon 12 isotopes in the bio-based base oil by liquid scintillation counting and/or isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The measurement value without modern carbon content indicates that all carbon is derived from fossil fuels. Samples derived from renewable carbon sources will show the amount of accompanying modern carbon content, which can be as high as 100%.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, one or more repeating units of the bio-based hydrocarbon base oil are a specific species of partially hydrogenated conjugated hydrocarbon terpenes. Such specific species of partially hydrogenated conjugated terpenes may or may not be produced by a hydrogenation process. In certain variations, the partially hydrogenated hydrocarbon terpene species are prepared by a method that includes one or more steps as a supplement to or in addition to catalytic hydrogenation.

Non-limiting examples of specific classes of partially hydrogenated conjugated hydrocarbon terpenes include any of the structures provided herein for dihydrofarnesene, tetrahydrofarnesene, and hexahydrofarnesene; any of the structures provided herein for dihydromyrcene and tetrahydromyrcene; and any of the structures provided herein for dihydroocimene and tetrahydroocimene.

An example of a specific class of partially hydrogenated conjugated hydrocarbon terpenes that can be used as starting materials is a terminal olefin with a saturated hydrocarbon tail having the structure (A11):

Wherein n=1, 2, 3 or 4.

In some variants, the monoolefin alpha-olefin with structure A11 can be derived from a conjugated hydrocarbon terpene, wherein the conjugated diene is at the 1,3-position of the terpene. Examples include alpha-olefins derived from 1,3-diene conjugated hydrocarbon terpenes (e.g., C ₁₀ -C ₃₀ conjugated hydrocarbon terpenes, such as farnesene, myrcene, ocimene, spriene, geranyl farnesene, neophytadiene, trans-phyt-1,3-diene or cis-phyt-1,3-diene). Another non-limiting example of an alpha-olefin with general formula A11 includes 3,7,11-trimethyldodecene with structure A12.

Monoolefin alpha-olefins having structure A11 can be prepared from appropriate conjugated hydrocarbon terpenes using any suitable method. In some variants, monoolefin alpha-olefins having structure A11 are produced from primary alcohols corresponding to hydrocarbon terpenes (e.g., farnesol in the case of farnesene, or geraniol in the case of myrcene). The method includes hydrogenating primary alcohols, forming carboxylic acid esters or carbamates from hydrogenated alcohols, and pyrolyzing esters (or heating esters to drive elimination reactions) to form alpha-olefins with saturated hydrocarbon tails, such as Smith, L.E. for the preparation of 3,7-dimethyloctene; Rouault, G.F., J.Am.Chem.Soc.1943,65,745-750, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Any suitable method can be used to obtain the primary alcohols corresponding to hydrocarbon terpenes.

Other examples of specific types of partially hydrogenated conjugated hydrocarbon terpenes that can be used as starting materials are monoolefins with saturated hydrocarbon tails having structure (A13) or structure (A15):

Wherein n=1, 2, 3 or 4. Monoolefins with the general formula A13, A15 or A11 can be derived from conjugated hydrocarbon terpenes with a 1,3-diene portion in some cases, such as myrcene, farnesene, spriene, geranylfarnesene, neophytadiene, trans-phyt-1,3-diene or c/Sup'/Sups-phyt-1,3-diene. Here again, the conjugation can be functionalized with a protecting group (e.g., via a Diels-Alder reaction) in a first step, the exocyclic olefinic bond is hydrogenated in a second step, and the protecting group is eliminated in a third step. In a non-limiting example of a method for preparing a monoolefin with structure A13, A15 or A11, a conjugated hydrocarbon terpene with a 1,3-diene is reacted with _SO2 in the presence of a catalyst to form a Diels-Alder adduct. The Diels-Alder adduct can be hydrogenated with an appropriate hydrogenation catalyst to saturate the exocyclic olefinic bond. The hydrogenated adduct can be subjected to a retro-Diels-Alder reaction (e.g., by heating, and in some cases in the presence of an appropriate catalyst) to eliminate the sulfone to form a 1,3-diene. The 1,3-diene can then be selectively hydrogenated using catalysts known in the art to produce a monoolefin having structure A11, A13 or A15, or a mixture of two or more thereof. Non-limiting examples of regioselective hydrogenation catalysts for 1,3-dienes are described in Jong Tae Lee et al., "Regioselective hydrogenation of conjugated dienes catalyzed by hydridopentacyanocobaltateanion using β-cyclodextrin as the phase transfer agent and lanthanide halides as promoters," J. Org. Chem., 1990, 55(6), pp. 1854-1856, in VM Frolov et al., "Highly active supported palladium catalysts for selective hydrogenation of conjugated dienes into olefins," Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters, 1984, Vol. 25, No. 3-4, pp. 319-322, in Tungler, A., Hegedus, L., Fodor, K., Farkas, G., Furcht, A. and Karancsi, Z. P. (2003) "Reduction of Dienes and Polyenes," in The Chemistry of Dienes and Polyenes, Vol. 2 (Z. Rappoport, ed.), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK., and in Tungler, A., Hegedus, L., Fodor, K., Farkas, G., Furcht, A. and Karancsi, ZP, "Reduction of Dienes and Polyenes" in Patai's Chemistry of Functional Groups (John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, published online on December 15, 2009), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. For example, catalysts known in the art for 1,4 hydroaddition to 1,3-dienes produce monoolefins having structure A13. In one non-limiting example, β-farnesene can be reacted with _SO2 in the presence of a catalyst to form a Diels-Alder adduct, which is then hydrogenated with elimination of the sulfone to form a 1,3-diene, which is then selectively hydrogenated using a catalyst known in the art for regioselective hydrogenation to 1,3-diene to form 3,7,11-trimethyldodec-2-ene, 3,7,11-trimethyldodec-1-ene, or 3-methylene-7,11-dimethyldodecane, or a mixture of any two or more of the foregoing.

In yet another example of a particular class of partially hydrogenated hydrocarbon terpenes that can be used as starting materials, terminal olefins having the general formula A14 can be prepared from conjugated hydrocarbon terpenes having a 1,3-conjugated diene and at least one additional olefinic bond, such as myrcene, farnesene, spriene or geranylfarnesene:

Where n = 1, 2, 3 or 4. In one non-limiting variation, compounds having structure A14 can be derived from an unsaturated primary alcohol corresponding to the relevant hydrocarbon terpene (e.g., farnesol in the case of farnesene, or geraniol in the case of myrcene). The unsaturated primary alcohol can be exposed to a suitable catalyst under suitable reaction conditions to dehydrate the primary alcohol to form the terminal olefin A14.

The olefin feedstock as described herein may contain any useful amount of a particular species (e.g., an alpha-olefin species having structure A11, A12, or A15, a monoolefin species having structure A13, or an unsaturated terminal olefin species having structure A14) prepared by a partial hydrogenation route or by another route such as described herein. In certain variations, the olefin feedstock contains at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90% of a species having structure A11, A12, A13, A14, or A15. In certain variations, the olefin feedstock comprises at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90% 3,7,11-trimethyldodec-1-ene. In certain variations, the olefin feedstock comprises at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90% 3,7,11-trimethyldodec-1-ene. In certain variations, the olefin feedstock comprises at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90% 3,7,11-trimethyldodec-2-ene. In certain variations, the olefin feedstock comprises at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90% 3,7,11-trimethyldodec-1,6,10-triene. In certain variations, the olefin feedstock comprises at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90% 3,7-dimethyloct-1-ene. In certain variations, the olefin feedstock comprises at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90% 3,7-dimethyloct-2-ene. In certain variations, the olefin feedstock comprises at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90% 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-diene.

As described herein, in some variations, a hydrocarbon terpene feedstock comprising partially hydrogenated hydrocarbon terpenes of alpha-olefin species or internal olefin species is suitable for catalytic reaction with one or more alpha-olefins to form a mixture of isoparaffins comprising adducts of terpenes and one or more alpha-olefins. In some variations, at least a portion of the mixture of isoparaffins so produced can be used as a base oil.

In one embodiment, the biobased oil contains at least about 25% of the carbon atoms in the biobased base oil that are derived from a renewable carbon source, as measured by ASTM-D6866-12; at least about 40% of the carbon atoms in the biobased base oil that are derived from a renewable carbon source, as measured by ASTM-D6866-12; at least about 50% of the carbon atoms in the biobased base oil that are derived from a renewable carbon source, as measured by ASTM-D6866-12; at least about 60% of the carbon atoms in the biobased base oil that are derived from a renewable carbon source, as measured by ASTM-D6866-12; carbon atoms derived from a renewable carbon source as measured by ASTM-D6866-12; containing at least about 70% of the carbon atoms derived from a renewable carbon source in a bio-based base oil as measured by ASTM-D6866-12; containing at least about 80% of the carbon atoms derived from a renewable carbon source in a bio-based base oil as measured by ASTM-D6866-12; or containing at least about 90% of the carbon atoms derived from a renewable carbon source in a bio-based base oil as measured by ASTM-D6866-12.

In one embodiment, the bio-based base oil also has an average methyl branching index (methyl branches per 100 carbons) of at least 7, an average methyl branching index (methyl branches per 100 carbons) of at least 8, an average methyl branching index (methyl branches per 100 carbons) of at least 9, an average methyl branching index (methyl branches per 100 carbons) of at least 10, an average methyl branching index (methyl branches per 100 carbons) of at least 11, an average methyl branching index (methyl branches per 100 carbons) of at least 15. An average methyl branching index (number of methyl branches per 100 carbons), an average methyl branching index (number of methyl branches per 100 carbons) of at least 20, an average methyl branching index (number of methyl branches per 100 carbons) of at least 22, an average methyl branching index (number of methyl branches per 100 carbons) of at least 24, an average methyl branching index (number of methyl branches per 100 carbons) of at least 26, and an average methyl branching index (number of methyl branches per 100 carbons) of at least 27.

In one embodiment, the molecular weight of the bio-based base oil is in the range of 300 g/mol to 800 g/mol, and the molecular weight of the bio-based base oil is in the range of 390 g/mol to 510 g/mol.

The bio-based base oil contains at least 95% non-cyclic isoparaffins having a molecular structure in which 25-34% of the total carbon atoms are contained in branches and less than half of the total isoparaffin branches contain two or more carbon atoms, and the engine oil has a renewable hydrocarbon content greater than 25% as measured by the ASTM-D6866 method.

In one embodiment, at least 95 wt% of the bio-based base oil comprises acyclic isoparaffins, and at least 25 wt% of the acyclic isoparaffins are hydrogenated sesquiterpenoid monomer units, at least 30 wt% of the acyclic isoparaffins are hydrogenated sesquiterpenoid monomer units, at least 35 wt% of the acyclic isoparaffins are hydrogenated sesquiterpenoid monomer units, or at least 45 wt% of the acyclic isoparaffins are hydrogenated sesquiterpenoid monomer units.

In one embodiment, the bio-based base oil has greater than 50% biodegradation in 28 days according to the OECD 301B test method, the bio-based base oil has greater than 60% biodegradation in 28 days according to the OECD 301B test method, and the bio-based base oil has greater than 70% biodegradation in 28 days according to the OECD 301B test method.

In one embodiment, the bio-based base oil is characterized by a viscosity index (VI) greater than 120, as measured according to ASTM D2270-10, and has a branching ratio less than 0.41.

In one embodiment, the bio-based base oil is characterized by a viscosity index (VI) greater than 120 as measured according to ASTM D2270-10, and greater than 40% of the bio-based base oil molecules have more than 3 methyl branches per molecule, at least 50% of the bio-based base oil molecules have more than 3 methyl branches per molecule, at least 60% of the bio-based base oil molecules have more than 3 methyl branches per molecule,

In one embodiment, the bio-based base oil is characterized by a viscosity index (VI) greater than 120 as measured according to ASTM D2270-10, and greater than 25% of the bio-based base oil molecules have more than 6 methyl branches per molecule, at least 30% of the bio-based base oil molecules have more than 3 methyl branches per molecule, at least 40% of the bio-based base oil molecules have more than 3 methyl branches per molecule, at least 50% of the bio-based base oil molecules have more than 3 methyl branches per molecule, and at least 60% of the bio-based base oil molecules have more than 3 methyl branches per molecule.

In one embodiment, the biobased base oil is characterized as having a renewable carbon content greater than 60% as measured by ASTM-D6866-12, greater than 70% as measured by ASTM-D6866-12, greater than 80% as measured by ASTM-D6866-12, greater than 90% as measured by ASTM-D6866-12.

The base oil has a saturates content of at least 90% as determined by ASTM-D2007-1.

In one embodiment, at least 50% of the hydrocarbon molecules contained in the base oil contain an odd number of carbon atoms per molecule, at least 60% of the hydrocarbon molecules contained in the base oil contain an odd number of carbon atoms per molecule, at least 70% of the hydrocarbon molecules contained in the base oil contain an odd number of carbon atoms per molecule, at least 80% of the hydrocarbon molecules contained in the base oil contain an odd number of carbon atoms per molecule.

In one embodiment, the bio-based base oil has greater than 60% biodegradation in 28 days according to the OECD 301B test method, the bio-based base oil has greater than 70% biodegradation in 28 days according to the OECD 301B test method.

The base oil comprises a bio-based terpene selected from the group consisting of myrcene, ocimene, farnesene, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the base oil comprises farnesene. In one embodiment, the bio-based base oil is derived from farnesene. In one embodiment, the bio-based base oil is derived from sugar.

In one aspect, bio-based base oil is a saturated hydrocarbon mixture, which has a unique branching structure, as characterized by NMR, which makes it suitable for use as a high-quality synthetic base oil. Hydrocarbon mixtures have outstanding properties, including extremely low volatility, good low temperature properties, etc., which are important performance attributes of high-quality base oils. Specifically, according to FIMS, the mixture contains more than 80% molecules with even carbon numbers. The branching characteristics of the hydrocarbon mixture obtained by NMR include BP/BI in the range of ≥-0.6037 (internal alkyl branching per molecule) + 2.0. In addition, on average, at least 0.3 to 1.5 internal methyl branches are located at a position more than four carbons away from the terminal carbon. Saturated hydrocarbons with this unique branching structure show a surprising cold start simulation viscosity (CCS) and Nock volatility relationship, which is conducive to blending low viscosity automotive engine oils.

In one embodiment, the hydrocarbon mixture described herein is the product of olefin oligomerization and subsequent hydroisomerization. _C14 to _C20 olefins are oligomerized to form an oligomer distribution consisting of unreacted monomers, dimers ( _C28 - _C40 ) and trimers and higher oligomers ( _≥C42 ). Unreacted monomers are distilled off so that they may be reused in subsequent oligomerization. The remaining oligomers are then hydroisomerized to obtain the final branched structure described herein, which always gives a surprising cold start simulated viscosity (CCS) and Nock volatility relationship.

Definition of hydrocarbon properties

The following properties are used to describe mixtures of saturated hydrocarbons:

Viscosity is a physical property that measures the flow properties of a base oil. Viscosity is a strong function of temperature. Two commonly used viscosity measurements are dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity. Dynamic viscosity measures the internal resistance of a fluid to flow. The cold cranking simulator (CCS) viscosity of an engine oil at -35°C is an example of a dynamic viscosity measurement. The SI unit for dynamic viscosity is Pa·s. The traditional unit used is centipoise (cP), which is equal to 0.001 Pa·s (or 1 m Pa·s). The industry is slowly moving towards SI units. Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density. The SI unit for kinematic viscosity is mm2 ^/s . Other commonly used units in the industry are centistokes (cSt) at 40°C (KV40) and 100°C (KV100) and Sybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) at 100°F and 210°F. Conveniently, 1 mm2 ^/s is equal to 1 cSt. ASTM D5293 and D445 are the methods used for CCS and kinematic viscosity measurements, respectively.

The viscosity index (VI) is an empirical number that measures the change in kinematic viscosity of a base stock with temperature. The higher the VI, the smaller the relative change in viscosity with temperature. Most lubricant applications require high VI base stocks, particularly in multigrade automotive engine oils and other automotive lubricants that are subject to large operating temperature variations. ASTM D2270 is a generally accepted method for determining VI.

Pour point is the lowest temperature at which movement of the test sample is observed. It is one of the most important properties of base oils, since most lubricants are designed to operate in the liquid phase. Low pour points are often desired, especially in cold weather lubrication. ASTM D97 is a standard manual method for measuring pour point. It is gradually being replaced by automated methods such as ASTM D5950 and ASTM D6749. ASTM D5950 with a 1°C test interval is used for pour point measurements in the examples of this patent.

Volatility is a measure of the oil lost by evaporation at high temperatures. It has become a very important specification, especially for lighter grade base stocks, due to emissions and operating life issues. Volatility is dependent on the molecular composition of the oil, especially at the front end of the boiling point curve. The Nock (ASTM D5800) is a generally accepted method for measuring volatility of automotive lubricants. The Nock test method itself simulates evaporation losses in high temperature uses such as in a running internal combustion engine.

The boiling point distribution is the boiling point range at which 5% to 95% of a material evaporates, as defined by the true boiling point (TBP). It is measured here by ASTM D2887.

NMR branching analysis

Branching parameters used for hydrocarbon characterization measured by NMR spectroscopy include:

Branching Index (BI): The percentage of methyl hydrogens that appear in the chemical shift range of 0.5 to 1.05 ppm among all hydrogens that appear in the ¹ H NMR chemical range of 0.5 to 2.1 ppm in isoparaffins.

Branching proximity (BP): The percentage of repeating methylene carbons with four or more carbon atoms removed from a terminal group or a branch chain that appears at ^the13C NMR chemical shift of 29.8 ppm.

Internal alkyl carbons: The number of methyl, ethyl or propyl carbons with three or more carbons removed from the terminal methyl carbon appearing between ¹³ C NMR chemical shifts of 0.5 ppm and 22.0 ppm, including 3-methyl, 4-methyl, 5+methyl, adjacent methyl, internal ethyl, n-propyl and unknown methyl groups, but excluding the terminal methyl carbon appearing at 13.8 ppm.

5+ methyl carbons: The number of methyl carbons attached to a methine carbon more than four carbons away from the terminal carbon that appear at ^the13C NMR chemical shift of 19.6 ppm in the average isoparaffin molecule.

NMR spectra were obtained using a 5 mm BBI probe using a Bruker AVANCE 500 spectrometer. Each sample was mixed with CDCl3 1:1 (weight:weight). ¹ H NMR was recorded at 500.11 MHz and applied at 4 s intervals using 9.0 μs (30 °) pulses, adding 64 scans to each spectrum. ¹³ C NMR was recorded at 125.75 MHz using 7.0 μs pulses and reverse gated decoupling, applied at 6 s intervals, adding 4096 scans to each spectrum. A small amount of 0.1 M Cr(acac) ₃ was added as a relaxant, and TMS was used as an internal standard.

The branching properties of the lubricant basestock samples of the present invention were determined according to the following six-step process. The procedure is provided in detail in US20050077208 A1, which reference is incorporated herein in its entirety. The following procedure was slightly modified to characterize the current sample set:

(1) Use the DEPT pulse sequence to identify the CH branch center and CH ₃ branch termination point (Doddrell, DT; DT Pegg; MR Bendall, Journal of Magnetic Resonance 1982, 48, 323ff.).

(2) The APT pulse sequence was used to verify the absence of carbon that causes multiple branching (quaternary carbon) (Patt, S.L.; J.N. Shoolery, Journal of Magnetic Resonance 1982, 46, 535ff.).

(3) The various branch carbon resonances were assigned to specific branch positions and lengths using tabulated and calculated values (Lindeman, L.P., Journal of Qualitative Analytical Chemistry 43, 1971 1245ff.; Netzel, D.A., et al., Fuel, 60, 1981, 307ff.). Branch NMR Chemical Shift (ppm)

Table 2

Description of ppm shifts of alkyl branching by carbon NMR

The relative frequency (total carbon integral/total carbon number per molecule in the mixture) of branching at different carbon positions is quantified by comparing the integral intensity of its terminal methyl carbon and the intensity of a single carbon. For example, the number of 5+ methyl branches per molecule is calculated based on the signal intensity at the 19.6ppm chemical shift relative to the intensity of a single carbon. For the unique case of the 2-methyl branching at the same resonance position where both the terminal and the branched methyl groups appear, before calculating the frequency of branching, the intensity is divided by two. If the 4-methyl branching fraction is calculated and tabulated, its contribution to the 5+ methyl must be subtracted to avoid duplication. Unknown methyl branches are calculated based on the contribution of the signal that appears between 5.0ppm and 22.5ppm, but do not include any branching reported in Table 2.

(5) Calculate the branching index (BI) and branch proximity (BP) using the calculation method described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,090,989, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 6) Calculate the total internal alkyl branches per molecule by adding the branches (excluding 2-methyl branches) found in steps 3 and 4. These branches will include 3-methyl, 4-methyl, 5+ methyl, internal ethyl, n-propyl, adjacent methyl, and unknown methyl.

FIMS Analysis: The hydrocarbon distribution of the present invention is determined by FIMS (field ionization mass spectrometry). FIMS spectra are obtained on a Waters GCT-TOF mass spectrometer. The sample is introduced via a solid probe, which is heated from about 40°C to 500°C at a rate of 50°C/minute. The mass spectrometer scans from m/z 40 to m/z 1000 at a rate of 5 seconds/decade. The mass spectra obtained are summed to produce an average spectrum that provides the carbon number distribution of paraffins and cycloalkanes containing up to six rings.

Hydrocarbon structure and properties

The structures of the hydrocarbon mixture disclosed herein were characterized by FIMS and NMR. FIMS analysis showed that more than 80% of the molecules in the hydrocarbon mixture had even carbon numbers.

The unique branched structure of the hydrocarbon mixture disclosed herein is characterized by NMR parameters such as BP, BI, internal alkyl branching and 5+ methyl. The BP/BI of the hydrocarbon mixture is in the range of >-0.6037 (internal alkyl branching per molecule) + 2.0. The 5+ methyl of the hydrocarbon mixture is 0.3 to 1.5 per molecule on average.

Based on the carbon number distribution, hydrocarbon mixtures can be divided into two carbon ranges: _C28 to _C40 carbon, and greater than or equal to _C42 . Generally, about or greater than 95% of the molecules present in each hydrocarbon mixture have carbon numbers within the specified range. Representative molecular structures for the _C28 to _C40 range can be proposed based on NMR and FIMS analysis. Without wishing to be bound by any one particular theory, it is believed that the structures made by oligomerization and hydroisomerization of olefins have methyl, ethyl, butyl branches distributed throughout the structure, and the branching index and branch proximity contribute to the unexpectedly good low temperature properties of the product. Exemplary structures in the hydrocarbon mixtures of the present invention are as follows:

The unique branching structure and narrow carbon distribution of the hydrocarbon mixture make it suitable for use as a high quality synthetic base oil, especially for low viscosity engine oil applications. The hydrocarbon mixture exhibits: KV100 in the range of 3.0-10.0 cSt; Pour point in the range of -20 to -55°C; A relationship between the Nock and CCS at -35°C such that the Nock is between 2750 (CCS at -35°C) ^(-0.8)/ ±2;

The hydrocarbon mixtures according to the present invention having a carbon number in the range of _C28 to _C40 , and in another embodiment, a carbon number in the range of _C28 to _C36 , or in another embodiment, a molecule with a carbon number of _32, in addition to the above-mentioned characteristics of BP/BI, internal alkyl branches per molecule, 5+ methyl branches per molecule and Nock/CCS relationship, will generally exhibit the following characteristics: KV100 in the range of 3.0-6.0 cSt; VI in the range of 11ln(BP/BI)+135 to 11ln(BP/BI)+145; and a pour point in the range of 33ln(BP/BI)-45 to 33ln(BP/BI)-35.

In one embodiment, the _C28 - _C40 hydrocarbon mixture has a KV100 ranging from 3.2 to 5.5 cSt; in another embodiment, the KV100 ranges from 4.0 to 5.2 cSt; and in another embodiment, from 4.1 to 4.5 cSt.

The VI of the C28-C40 hydrocarbon mixture ranges from 125 to 155 in one embodiment, and from 135 to 145 in another embodiment.

The pour point of the hydrocarbon mixture ranges from 25 to -55°C in one embodiment, and from 35 to -45°C in another embodiment.

The boiling point range of the C28-C40 hydrocarbon mixture is in one embodiment no greater than 125° C. (TBP 95%-TBP5%), as measured by ASTM D2887; in another embodiment no greater than 100° C.; in one embodiment no greater than 75° C.; in another embodiment no greater than 50° C.; and in one embodiment no greater than 30° C. In preferred embodiments, boiling point ranges no greater than 50° C., and even more preferably those no greater than 30° C., give surprisingly low Nock volatility (ASTM D5800) for a given KV100.

The _C28 - _C40 hydrocarbon mixture has a branching proximity (BP) ranging from 14-30 and a branching index (BI) ranging from 15-25 in one embodiment; and a BP ranging from 15-28 and a BI ranging from 16-24 in another embodiment.

The Knok volatility (ASTM D5800) of the _C28 - _C40 hydrocarbon mixture is less than 16 wt% in one embodiment; less than 12 wt% in one embodiment; less than 10 wt% in one embodiment; less than 8 wt% in one embodiment; and less than 7 wt% in one embodiment. The C28-C40 hydrocarbon mixture also has a CCS viscosity at -35°C of less than 2700 cP in one embodiment; less than 2000 cP in another embodiment; less than 1700 cP in one embodiment; and less than 1500 cP in one embodiment.

Hydrocarbon mixtures with carbon numbers in the range of C ₄₂ and above will typically exhibit the following properties in addition to the above-mentioned properties of BP/BI, internal alkyl branches per molecule, 5+ methyl branches per molecule and Nock's relationship to CCS at -35°C: KV100 in the range of 6.0-10.0 cSt; VI in the range of 11ln(BP/BI)+145 to 11ln(BP/BI)+160; and pour point in the range of 33ln(BP/BI)-40 to 33ln(BP/BI)-25.

The hydrocarbon mixture comprising _C42 carbons or more has a KV100 in the range of 8.0 to 10.0 cSt in one embodiment, and in the range of 8.5 to 9.5 cSt in another embodiment.

The VI of the hydrocarbon mixture having ≥ 42 carbons is 140-170 in one embodiment; and 150-160 in another embodiment.

The pour point ranges from -15 to -50°C in one embodiment; and from -20 to -40°C in another embodiment.

In one embodiment, the hydrocarbon mixture containing ≥ 42 carbons has a BP in the range of 18-28 and a BI in the range of 17-23. In another embodiment, the hydrocarbon mixture has a BP in the range of 18-28 and a BI in the range of 17-23.

In general, both hydrocarbon mixtures disclosed above exhibit the following properties: at least 80% of the molecules have an even carbon number according to FIMS; a KV100 in the range of 3.0-10.0 cSt; a pour point in the range of -20 to -55°C; a Nock vs. CCS at -35°C relationship such that the Nock is between 2750 (CCS at -35°C) ^(-0.8) ±2; a BP/BI in the range of ≥-0.6037 (internal alkyl branching) + 2.0 per molecule; and an average of 0.3 to 1.5 5+ methyl branches per molecule.

The hydroisomerized hydrocarbon mixture is composed of a mixture of dimers with carbon numbers in the range of _C28 - _C40 and trimers+ with carbon numbers of _C42 and above. Each hydrocarbon mixture will exhibit a BP/BI in the range of ≥-0.6037 (internal alkyl branching) ±2.0 per molecule, and an average of 0.3 to 1.5 methyl branches per molecule at the fifth or greater position. Importantly, at least 80% of the molecules in each composition also have an even carbon number, as determined by FIMS. In another embodiment, each hydrocarbon composition will also exhibit a Nock to CCS relationship at -35°C that makes Nock between 2750 (CCS at -35°C) ^(-0.8) ±2. These properties allow the formulation of low viscosity engine oils and many other high performance lubricant products.

In one embodiment, _C16 olefins are used as feedstocks for the oligomerization reaction. When using _C16 olefins as feedstocks, the dimer product of hydroisomerization typically exhibits a KV100 of 4.3 cSt, a Nock loss of <8%, and a CCS at -35°C of approximately 1,700 cP. When compared to other 3.9 to 4.4 cSt synthetic base stocks, the extremely low Nock volatility is due to the high initial boiling point and narrow boiling point distribution. This makes it suitable for low viscosity engine oils with strict volatility requirements. The excellent CCS and pour point properties are due to the branching properties discussed above. In one embodiment, the material has a pour point of ≤-40°C. This requires passing the key engine oil formulation requirements for 0W formulations, including micro-rotational viscosity (ASTM D4684) and scanning Brookfield viscosity (ASTM D2983) specifications.

Secondary base oil

The lubricating oil composition disclosed herein generally comprises at least one oil of lubricating viscosity. Any base oil known to the skilled person can be used as the oil of lubricating viscosity disclosed herein. Some base oils suitable for preparing lubricating oil compositions are described in the following references: Mortier et al., "Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants," 3rd Edition, London, Springer, Chapters 1 and 2 (2011); and A. Sequeria, Jr., "Lubricant Base Oil and Wax Processing," New York, Marcel Decker, Chapter 6, (1994); and DV Rock, Lubrication Engineering , Vol. 43, pp. 184-5, (1987), all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Typically, the amount of base oil in the lubricating oil composition may be about 60 to about 99.5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. In some embodiments, the amount of base oil in the lubricating oil composition is about 75 to about 99 wt%, about 80 to about 98.5 wt%, or about 80 to about 98 wt%, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

In addition to the bio-based base oils outlined above, in certain embodiments, the base oil is or comprises any natural or synthetic lubricating base oil fraction. Some non-limiting examples of synthetic oils include oils prepared by the polymerization of at least one alpha-olefin (such as ethylene), such as poly-alpha-olefins or PAOs; and oils prepared by hydrocarbon synthesis procedures (such as the Fisher-Tropsch process) using carbon monoxide and hydrogen. In certain embodiments, based on the gross weight of the base oil, the base oil comprises one or more heavy fractions less than about 10% by weight. A heavy fraction refers to a lubricating oil fraction having a viscosity of at least about 20 cSt at 100°C. In certain embodiments, a heavy fraction has a viscosity of at least about 25 cSt or at least about 30 cSt at 100°C. In other embodiments, based on the gross weight of the base oil, the amount of one or more heavy fractions in the base oil is less than about 10% by weight, less than about 5% by weight, less than about 2.5% by weight, less than about 1% by weight, or less than about 0.1% by weight. In yet other embodiments, the base oil does not comprise a heavy fraction.

In certain embodiments, the lubricating oil composition comprises a large amount of a base oil having a lubricating viscosity. In some embodiments, the base oil has a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of about 2.5 centistokes (cSt) to about 20 cSt. The kinematic viscosity of the base oil or lubricating oil composition disclosed herein can be measured according to ASTM D 445, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In other embodiments, the base oil is or comprises a base stock or a blend of base stocks. In other embodiments, the base stock is manufactured using various methods including, but not limited to, distillation, solvent refining, hydroprocessing, oligomerization, esterification, and re-refining. In some embodiments, the base stock comprises a re-refined stock. In other embodiments, the re-refined stock should be substantially free of materials introduced by manufacture, contamination, or previous use.

In some embodiments, the base oil comprises one or more of the base stocks in one or more of the Class I-Class V as specified in the following: American Petroleum Institute (API) Publication 1509, 17th Edition, September 2012 (i.e., API Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines for Passenger Car Motor Oils and Diesel Engine Oils), which is incorporated herein by reference. The API Guide defines base stocks as lubricant components that can be manufactured using various different methods. Class I, Class II, and Class III base stocks are mineral oils, each with a specific range of saturates, sulfur content, and viscosity index. Suitable Class I base oils include any light overhead cuts from a vacuum distillation tower, such as any light neutral, medium neutral, and heavy neutral base stocks. The base oil may also include residual base stocks or bottoms, such as bright stock. Bright stock is a high viscosity base oil that is conventionally produced from residual oil or bottoms and is highly refined and dewaxed. Group IV base stocks are polyalphaolefins (PAOs). Group V base stocks include all other base stocks not included in Group I, Group II, Group III or Group IV.

The saturate levels, sulfur content and viscosity index of Group I, Group II and Group III base stocks are listed in Table 3 below.

Table 3

In some embodiments, the base oil comprises one or more of a base stock in Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV, Group V, or a combination thereof. In other embodiments, the base oil comprises one or more of a base stock in Group II, Group III, Group IV, or a combination thereof.

Base oil can be selected from the group consisting of natural oil with lubricating viscosity, synthetic oil with lubricating viscosity and mixture thereof. In some embodiments, base oil includes base oil stock obtained by isomerization of synthetic wax and slack wax, and hydrocracking base oil stock produced by hydrocracking (except solvent extraction or alternative solvent extraction) to aromatic and polar components of crude oil. In other embodiments, base oil with lubricating viscosity includes natural oil, such as animal oil, vegetable oil, mineral oil, oil derived from coal or shale and combination thereof. Some non-limiting examples of animal oil include bone oil, lanolin, fish oil, lard, dolphin oil, seal oil, shark oil, tallow and whale oil. Some non-limiting examples of vegetable oil include castor oil, olive oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, hemp oil, linseed oil, tung oil, oiticica oil, jojoba oil and meadowfoam seed oil. Such oil can be partially or completely hydrogenated. Some non-limiting examples of mineral oils include Group I, Group II and Group III base stocks of paraffinic, cycloparaffinic or mixed paraffinic-cycloparaffinic types, liquid petroleum oils, and solvent-treated or acid-treated mineral oils. In some embodiments, the mineral oil is pure mineral oil or low viscosity mineral oil.

In some embodiments, the synthetic oil with lubricating viscosity comprises hydrocarbon oil and halogen-substituted hydrocarbon oil, such as polymerization and interpolymerized (inter-polymerized) olefins, alkylbenzenes, polyphenyls, alkylated diphenyl ethers, alkylated diphenyl sulfides, and their derivatives, analogs and homologues etc. In other embodiments, synthetic oil comprises alkylene oxide polymers, interpolymers, copolymers and derivatives thereof, wherein the terminal hydroxyl group can be modified by esterification, etherification etc. In other embodiments, synthetic oil comprises the ester of dicarboxylic acid and various alcohols. In certain embodiments, synthetic oil comprises the ester prepared by C ₅ to C ₁₂ monocarboxylic acids and polyols and polyol ethers. In other embodiments, synthetic oil comprises trialkyl phosphate oil, such as tri-n-butyl phosphate and triisobutyl phosphate.

In some embodiments, synthetic oils of lubricating viscosity include silicon-based oils (such as polyalkyl-, polyaryl-, polyalkoxy-, polyaryloxy-siloxane oils and silicate oils). In other embodiments, synthetic oils include liquid esters of phosphoric acid, polymerized tetrahydrofuran, polyalphaolefins, and the like.

Base oils derived from wax hydroisomerization may also be used alone or in combination with the above-mentioned natural and/or synthetic base oils. Such wax isomerized oils are produced by hydroisomerizing natural or synthetic waxes or mixtures thereof over a hydroisomerization catalyst.

In other embodiments, the base oil comprises poly-alpha-olefin (PAO). Generally speaking, poly-alpha-olefin can be derived from alpha-olefin with about 2 to about 30, about 4 to about 20 or about 6 to about 16 carbon atoms. The non-limiting examples of suitable poly-alpha-olefin include those derived from octene, decene, mixtures thereof, etc. The viscosity of these poly-alpha-olefins at 100° C. can be about 2 to about 15, about 3 to about 12 or about 4 to about 8 centistokes. In some cases, poly-alpha-olefin can be used together with other base oils (such as mineral oil).

In other embodiments, base oil comprises polyalkylene glycol or polyalkylene glycol derivative, and wherein the terminal hydroxyl group of polyalkylene glycol can be modified by esterification, etherification, acetylation etc.The limiting examples of suitable polyalkylene glycol comprises polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyisopropylene glycol and combination thereof.The limiting examples of suitable polyalkylene glycol derivative comprises the ether of polyalkylene glycol (for example, the diphenyl ether of the methyl ether of polyisopropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, the diethyl ether of polypropylene glycol etc.), monocarboxylic acid ester and polycarboxylic acid ester and combination thereof of polyalkylene glycol.In some cases, polyalkylene glycol or polyalkylene glycol derivative can be used together with other base oils (such as poly-alpha-olefin and mineral oil).

In other embodiments, the base oil comprises any of the esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acid, alkenyl succinic acid, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acid, alkenyl malonic acid, etc.) and various alcohols (e.g., butanol, hexanol, dodecanol, 2-ethylhexanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether, propylene glycol, etc.). Non-limiting examples of these esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, etc.

In other embodiments, the base oil comprises hydrocarbons prepared by the Fischer-Tropsch process. The Fischer-Tropsch process uses a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst to prepare hydrocarbons from a gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide. These hydrocarbons may require further processing in order to be useful as a base oil. For example, the hydrocarbons may be dewaxed, hydroisomerized and/or hydrocracking using methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

In other embodiments, base oil comprises unrefined oil, refined oil, re-refined oil or its mixture.Unrefined oil is the oil obtained directly from natural or synthetic source without further purification treatment.Non-limiting examples of unrefined oil include shale oil directly obtained by retorting operation, petroleum oil directly obtained by primary distillation, and ester oil directly obtained by esterification process and used without further treatment.Refined oil is similar to unrefined oil, except that the former has been further processed by one or more purification methods to improve one or more properties.Many such purification methods are known to those skilled in the art, such as solvent extraction, secondary distillation, acid or alkali extraction, filtration, percolation, etc.Re-refined oil is obtained by applying a method similar to that used to obtain refined oil to refined oil.Such re-refined oil is also referred to as regenerated oil or reprocessed oil, and is usually additionally treated by a method intended to remove waste additives and oil decomposition products.

Industrial Applications

Marine

The lubricating oil composition of the present invention can be used as a marine lubricant. Marine diesel internal combustion engines can generally be divided into low-speed, medium-speed or high-speed engines. Low-speed diesel engines generally operate in the range of about 60 to 200 revolutions per minute (rpm). Low-speed diesel engines operate in a two-stroke cycle and are generally direct-coupled and direct-reverse engines of a "crosshead" configuration, with a diaphragm and one or more stuffing boxes separating the power cylinder from the crankcase to prevent combustion products from entering the crankcase and mixing with the crankcase oil. The complete separation of the crankcase from the combustion zone allows those skilled in the art to lubricate the combustion chamber and crankcase with different lubricants, namely, cylinder lubricants and system oils, respectively. Marine cylinder lubricants are generally manufactured according to SAE 40, SAE 50 or SAE60 single-grade specifications. Typically, the TBN range of marine diesel cylinder lubricants is 5 to 200 mg KOH/g (e.g., 5 to 150 mg KOH/g, 10 to 100 mg KOH/g, 15 to 150 mg KOH/g, 20 to 80 mg KOH/g, 30 to 80 mg KOH/g, 30 to 60 mg KOH/g, and 30 to 50 mg KOH/g). Marine system oil lubricants are typically manufactured to SAE 20 or SAE 30 single grade specifications. Typically, the TBN range of marine system oil lubricants is 5 to 15 mg KOH/g.

Medium speed engines are usually operated in the range of about 250 to 1100 rpm and are operated in a four-stroke cycle. These engines are usually designed with a trunk piston. In a trunk piston engine, a single lubricant is used to lubricate all areas of the engine. Marine trunk piston engine oil lubricants are usually manufactured according to SAE 30 or SAE 40 single-grade specifications. Usually, the TBN range of marine trunk piston engine oil lubricants is 10 to 70 mg KOH/g (e.g., 10 to 60 mg KOH/g, 15 to 55 mg KOH/g, and 15 to 60 mg KOH/g).

The term "marine" does not limit the engine to those used on watercraft; as understood in the art, it also includes those used in other industrial applications, such as auxiliary power generation for main propulsion and stationary land-based engines for power generation. The lubricating oil composition of the present invention can also be used in a shipboard blending system, such as a system designed for blending oil for delivery to the main engine cylinder on a ship equipped with the main engine.

NGEO

The lubricating oil composition of the present invention can be used as a natural gas engine lubricant. The natural gas engines to which the present disclosure is applicable can be characterized as running on natural gas, i.e., those engines fueled by natural gas, and include internal combustion engines. The natural gas engine can be a stationary natural gas engine, a stationary biogas engine, a stationary landfill gas engine, a stationary unconventional (including mine gas or coal bed gas, landfill gas, biogas, wellhead or raw unprocessed natural gas) natural gas engine, or a dual fuel engine. In one embodiment, the internal combustion engine is a stationary engine used, for example, for wellhead gas collection, compression and other gas pipeline services; power generation (including cogeneration); and irrigation.

The lubricating oil compositions disclosed herein can be used to control deposits in engines operating under high sustained load conditions, such as a brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of at least 20 bar (2.0 MPa), for example, at least 22 bar (2.2 MPa), at least 24 bar (2.4 MPa), at least 26 bar (2.6 MPa), 20 to 30 bar (2.0 to 3.0 MPa), 22 to 30 bar (2.2 to 3.0 MPa), 24 to 30 bar (2.4 to 3.0 MPa), or 22 to 28 bar (2.2 to 2.8 MPa).

The lubricating oil compositions of the present disclosure can provide favorable deposit control performance in any of a number of mechanical parts of an engine. The mechanical part can be a piston, a piston ring, a cylinder liner, a cylinder, a cam, a tappet, a jack, a gear, a valve, or a bearing (including a journal bearing, a roller bearing, a tapered bearing, a needle bearing, or a ball bearing). In some aspects, the mechanical part comprises steel.

The lubricating oil composition of the present disclosure may be a single-grade engine oil, such as a SAE 20, SAE 30, SAE 40, SAE 50 or SAE 60 viscosity grade engine oil. The lubricating oil composition of the present disclosure may also be a multi-grade engine oil.

Railway engine oil

The lubricating oil composition of the present invention can be used as a railway engine lubricant. The lubricating oil composition of the present disclosure can be a multi-grade engine oil for medium-speed or low-speed diesel engines, such as an engine oil having an SAE viscosity grade of 15W-x, 20W-x or 25W-x, where x can be selected from 30, 40, 50 or 60. The lubricating oil composition of the present disclosure can also be a single-grade engine oil.

Here, "low-speed" diesel engine means a compression-ignition internal combustion engine driven at a speed of less than 500 revolutions per minute (rpm), such as a marine crosshead diesel engine; "medium-speed" diesel engine means a compression-ignition internal combustion engine driven at a speed of 500 to 1800 rpm, such as a locomotive diesel engine, a marine trunk piston diesel engine, a locomotive dual-fuel engine, or a land-based stationary power diesel engine.

Functional Fluids

The lubricating oil composition of the present invention can be used as a functional fluid lubricant. Functional fluid is a term that covers a variety of fluids, including but not limited to tractor hydraulic fluids, power transmission fluids (including automatic transmission fluids, continuously variable transmission fluids and manual transmission fluids), hydraulic fluids, gear oils, power steering fluids, fluids for wind turbines and fluids associated with powertrain components. It should be noted that in each of these fluids, such as automatic transmission fluids, there are a variety of different types of fluids due to the need for fluids with significantly different functional characteristics due to the various transmissions with different designs.

About tractor hydraulic fluid, these fluids are general products for all lubricant applications (except lubricating engine) in tractors.For the purpose of the present invention, also include so-called super tractor oil universal fluid or "STOU" fluid as tractor hydraulic fluid, they also lubricate engine.These lubricating applications can include the lubrication of gearbox, power take-off and clutch, rear axle, reduction gear, wet brake and hydraulic attachment.Must carefully select the components contained in tractor fluid, so that the fluid composition finally produced will provide all necessary characteristics required for different applications.Such characteristics can include providing suitable friction properties to prevent the ability of wet brake tremor of oil-immersed brake, providing the ability of actuating wet brake and providing power take-off (PTO) clutch performance at the same time.Tractor fluid must provide enough anti-wear and extreme pressure properties and water resistance/filterability capabilities.The extreme pressure (EP) property of tractor fluid is very important in gear transmission applications, and can be proved by the ability of fluid to pass spiral bevel gear test (spiral bevel test) and straight spur gear test (straight spur geartest). Tractor fluids may be required to pass wet brake judder testing while providing adequate wet braking capability when used in oil immersed disc brakes composed of bronze, graphite components and asbestos. Tractor fluids may be required to demonstrate their ability to provide friction holding for power shift transmission clutches such as those including graphite and bronze clutches.

When the functional fluid is an automatic transmission fluid, the automatic transmission fluid must have sufficient friction to enable the clutch plates to transfer power. However, the coefficient of friction of the fluid has a tendency to decrease as the fluid heats up during operation due to temperature effects. It is important that the tractor hydraulic fluid or automatic transmission fluid maintain its high coefficient of friction at high temperatures, otherwise the brake system or automatic transmission may malfunction.

The lubricating oil composition of the present invention can be applied to electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles equipped with a motor and/or generator built into a transmission. The lubricant is substantially free of metal compounds (e.g., Ca, Mo or Zn) and exhibits high volume resistivity, wear protection and copper corrosion resistance.

Additional lubricant additives

The lubricating oil composition of the present invention may also contain other conventional additives that may impart or improve any desired properties of the lubricating oil composition in which these additives are dispersed or dissolved. Any additive known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be used in the lubricating oil composition disclosed herein. Some suitable additives are described in Mortier et al., "Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants", 2nd edition, London, Springer, (1996); and Leslie R. Rudnick, "Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications", New York, Marcel Dekker (2003), both of which are incorporated herein by reference. For example, the lubricating oil composition may be blended with antioxidants, antiwear agents, detergents (such as metal detergents), rust inhibitors, demisters, demulsifiers, metal passivators, friction modifiers, pour point depressants, defoamers, co-solvents, compatibilizers, corrosion inhibitors, ashless dispersants, dyes, extreme pressure agents, and the like, and mixtures thereof. A variety of additives are known and commercially available. These additives or their similar compounds can be used to prepare the lubricating oil composition of the present invention by conventional blending procedures.

Generally, when used, the concentration of each additive in the lubricating oil composition can range from about 0.001 wt % to about 50.0 wt %, from about 0.001 wt % to about 40.0 wt %, from about 0.001 wt % to about 30.0 wt %, from about 0.001 wt % to about 20 wt %, from about 0.01 wt % to about 15 wt %, or from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

Ashless dispersant

The lubricating oil composition may contain one or more ashless dispersants containing one or more basic nitrogen atoms. When a dispersant is used to formulate a lubricating oil composition, the dispersant is understood in the art to mean a "dispersant inhibitor additive package". The basic nitrogen compound used herein must contain basic nitrogen, such as measured by ASTM D664 test or D2896. The basic nitrogen compound is selected from the group consisting of: succinimides, polysuccinimides, carboxylic acid amides, hydrocarbon monoamines, hydrocarbon polyamines, Mannich bases, phosphoramides, thiophosphoramides, phosphonamides, dispersant viscosity index improvers and mixtures thereof. These basic nitrogen-containing compounds are described below (remember that each compound must have at least one basic nitrogen). Any nitrogen-containing composition can be post-treated with, for example, boron or ethylene carbonate using procedures well known in the art, as long as the composition continues to contain basic nitrogen.

Another class of nitrogen-containing compositions that can be used to prepare the dispersants used in the present invention includes so-called dispersant viscosity index improvers (VI improvers). These VI improvers are usually prepared by functionalizing hydrocarbon polymers, especially polymers derived from ethylene and/or propylene (optionally containing additional units derived from one or more comonomers such as alicyclic or aliphatic olefins or dienes). Functionalization can be carried out by a variety of methods, which introduce one or more reaction sites that usually have at least one oxygen atom on the polymer. The polymer is then contacted with a nitrogen-containing source to introduce nitrogen-containing functional groups on the polymer backbone. Commonly used nitrogen sources include any basic nitrogen compounds, especially those nitrogen-containing compounds and compositions described herein. Preferred nitrogen sources are alkyleneamines, such as ethyleneamines, alkylamines and Mannich bases.

In one embodiment, the basic nitrogen compound used to prepare the dispersant is succinimide, carboxylic acid amide and Mannich base. In another preferred embodiment, the basic nitrogen compound used to prepare the dispersant is succinimide and mixtures thereof having an average molecular weight of about 1000, about 1300 or about 2300. Such succinimide can be post-treated with boron or ethylene carbonate as known in the art.

Typically, the amount of one or more dispersants in the lubricating oil composition will vary from about 0.05 to about 15 weight percent based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. In another embodiment, the amount of one or more dispersants will vary from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

Antioxidants

The lubricating oil composition of the present invention may contain one or more antioxidants capable of reducing or preventing oxidation of the base oil. Any antioxidant known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be used in the lubricating oil composition. Non-limiting examples of suitable antioxidants include amine-based antioxidants (e.g., alkyl diphenylamines (such as bis-nonylated diphenylamine, bis-octylated diphenylamine, and octylated/butylated diphenylamine), phenyl-α-naphthylamine, alkyl or aralkyl substituted phenyl-α-naphthylamine, alkylated p-phenylenediamine, tetramethyl-diaminodiphenylamine, etc.), phenolic antioxidants (e.g., 2-tert-butylphenol, 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,4,6-tri-butylphenol, 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert ... The antioxidant may be tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4,4′-methylenebis-(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 4,4′-thiobis(6-di-tert-butyl-o-cresol), etc.), sulfur-based antioxidants (e.g., dilauryl-3,3′-thiodipropionate, sulfurized phenolic antioxidants, etc.), phosphorus-based antioxidants (e.g., phosphites, etc.), zinc dithiophosphates, oil-soluble copper compounds, and combinations thereof. The amount of the antioxidant may vary from about 0.01 wt % to about 10 wt %, from about 0.05 wt % to about 5 wt %, or from about 0.1 wt % to about 3 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

Cleaners

The lubricating oil composition of the present invention may contain one or more detergents. Metal-containing or ash-forming detergents can act as both detergents that reduce or remove deposits and acid neutralizers or rust inhibitors, thereby reducing wear and corrosion and extending engine life. Detergents generally contain a polar head with a long hydrophobic tail. The polar head contains a metal salt of an acidic organic compound. The salt may contain a substantially stoichiometric amount of metal, in which case they are generally described as normal salts, neutral salts, or low-overbasic and will generally have a TBN of 100% effective mass of 0 to <150 mg KOH/g. A large amount of metal base can be incorporated by reacting an excess of a metal compound (e.g., an oxide or hydroxide) with an acidic gas (e.g., carbon dioxide). The resulting high-alkalinity detergent contains a neutralizing detergent as the outer layer of a metal base (e.g., carbonate) micelle. Such high-alkalinity detergents may have a TBN of 100% effective mass of 100 mg KOH/g or greater to 250 mg KOH/g and are considered to be medium-overbasic. High overbased detergents may have a TBN of 100% effective mass of greater than 250 mg KOH/g. Detergents that may be used include oil-soluble neutral, low overbased, medium overbased and high overbased sulfonates, borated sulfonates, phenates, sulphurized phenates, thiophosphonates, salicylates and naphthenates and other oil-soluble carboxylates of metals (particularly alkali or alkaline earth metals, such as barium, sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium and magnesium). The most commonly used metals are calcium and magnesium, and mixtures of calcium and/or magnesium with sodium, which may all be present in detergents used in lubricants. The detergent may also be a composite or hybrid detergent, which is known in the art as a surfactant system comprising a surfactant derived from at least two of the above surfactants.

The alkyl substituent of the overbased detergent can be a residue derived from an alpha-olefin having 12 to 40 carbon atoms. The alkyl substituent can be a residue derived from an alpha-olefin having 14 to 28 carbon atoms per molecule. The alkyl substituent can be a residue derived from an olefin comprising a C ₁₂ to C ₄₀ oligomer of a monomer selected from propylene, butene or a mixture thereof. The olefin used can be a straight chain, an isomerized straight chain, a branched or partially branched straight chain. The olefin can be a mixture of straight chain olefins, a mixture of isomerized straight chain olefins, a mixture of branched olefins, a mixture of partially branched straight chains or a mixture of any of the foregoing. The alpha-olefin can be a normal alpha-olefin, an isomerized normal alpha-olefin or a mixture thereof.

Typically, the amount of additional detergent may be from about 0.001 wt % to about 45.0 wt %, from about 0.001 wt % to about 40.0 wt %, from about 0.001 wt % to about 25 wt %, from about 0.05 wt % to about 20 wt %, or from about 0.1 wt % to about 15 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

Friction modifiers

In addition to the friction modifier of the present invention, the lubricating oil composition of the present invention may also contain an additional friction modifier capable of reducing friction between moving parts. Any friction modifier known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be used in the lubricating oil composition. Non-limiting examples of suitable friction modifiers include fatty carboxylic acids; derivatives of fatty carboxylic acids (e.g., alcohols, esters, borated esters, amides, metal salts, etc.); mono-, di- or tri-alkyl-substituted phosphoric or phosphonic acids; derivatives of mono-, di- or tri-alkyl-substituted phosphoric or phosphonic acids (e.g., esters, amides, metal salts, etc.); mono-, di- or tri-alkyl-substituted amines; mono- or di-alkyl-substituted amides and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, examples of friction modifiers include, but are not limited to, alkoxylated fatty amines; borated fatty epoxides; fatty phosphites, fatty epoxides, fatty amines, borated alkoxylated fatty amines, fatty acid metal salts, fatty acid amides, glycerides, borated glycerides; and fatty imidazolines, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,696, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference; friction modifiers obtained from the reaction products of C ₄ to C ₇₅ or C ₆ to C ₂₄ or C ₆ to C ₂₀ fatty acid esters and nitrogen-containing compounds selected from the group consisting of ammonia and alkanolamines, etc. and mixtures thereof. Based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, the amount of friction modifier can vary from about 0.01 wt % to about 10 wt %, about 0.05 wt % to about 5 wt %, or about 0.1 wt % to about 3 wt %.

Anti-wear compounds

The lubricating oil composition of the present invention may contain one or more anti-wear agents that can reduce friction and excessive wear. Any anti-wear agent known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be used in the lubricating oil composition. The non-limiting examples of suitable anti-wear agents include zinc dithiophosphate, metal (e.g., Pb, Sb, Mo, etc.) salts of dithiophosphoric acid, metal (e.g., Zn, Pb, Sb, Mo, etc.) salts of dithiocarbamic acid, metal (e.g., Zn, Pb, Sb, Mo, etc.) salts of fatty acids, boron compounds, phosphates, phosphites, amine salts of phosphates or thiophosphoric acid esters, reaction products of dicyclopentadiene and thiophosphoric acid and combinations thereof. Based on the gross weight of the lubricating oil composition, the amount of the anti-wear agent may vary from about 0.01 wt % to about 5 wt %, from about 0.05 wt % to about 3 wt % or from about 0.1 wt % to about 1 wt %.

In certain embodiments, the antiwear agent is or comprises a dialkyl dithiophosphate metal salt, such as a dialkyl dithiophosphate zinc compound. The metal of the dialkyl dithiophosphate metal salt can be an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal, or aluminum, lead, tin, molybdenum, manganese, nickel or copper. In some embodiments, the metal is zinc. In other embodiments, the alkyl of the dialkyl dithiophosphate metal salt has about 3 to about 22 carbon atoms, about 3 to about 18 carbon atoms, about 3 to about 12 carbon atoms or about 3 to about 8 carbon atoms. In other embodiments, the alkyl is straight chain or branched.

The amount of metal dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate salt including zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate salt in the lubricating oil composition disclosed herein is measured by its phosphorus content. In some embodiments, the phosphorus content of the lubricating oil composition disclosed herein is from about 0.01 wt % to about 0.14 wt % based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

Foam Inhibitor

The lubricating oil composition of the present invention may contain one or more foam inhibitors or anti-foam inhibitors that can destroy the foam in the oil. Any foam inhibitor or anti-foam agent known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be used for lubricating oil composition. Non-limiting examples of suitable foam inhibitors or anti-foam inhibitors include silicone oil or polydimethylsiloxane, fluorosilicone, alkoxylated aliphatic acid, polyether (e.g., polyethylene glycol), branched polyethylene ether, alkyl acrylate polymer, alkyl methacrylate polymer, polyalkoxyamine and combination thereof. In some embodiments, foam inhibitors or anti-foam inhibitors include glyceryl monostearate, polyethylene glycol palmitate, trialkyl monothiophosphate, sulfonated ricinoleate, benzoyl acetone, methyl salicylate, glyceryl monooleate or glyceryl dioleate. Based on the gross weight of the lubricating oil composition, the amount of foam inhibitors or anti-foam inhibitors may vary from about 0.001 wt % to about 5 wt %, about 0.05 wt % to about 3 wt % or about 0.1 wt % to about 1 wt %.

Pour point depressants

The lubricating oil composition of the present invention may contain one or more pour point depressants capable of reducing the pour point of the lubricating oil composition. Any pour point depressant known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be used in the lubricating oil composition. Non-limiting examples of suitable pour point depressants include polymethacrylates, alkyl acrylate polymers, alkyl methacrylate polymers, di(tetraalkanephenol)phthalates, condensates of tetraalkanephenols, condensates of chlorinated paraffins and naphthalene, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the pour point depressant includes ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, condensates of chlorinated paraffins and phenol, polyalkylstyrenes, and the like. The amount of the pour point depressant may vary from about 0.01 wt % to about 10 wt %, from about 0.05 wt % to about 5 wt %, or from about 0.1 wt % to about 3 wt %, based on the gross weight of the lubricating oil composition.

Demulsifier

In one embodiment, the lubricating oil composition of the present invention does not contain one or more demulsifiers. In another embodiment, the lubricating oil composition of the present invention may contain one or more demulsifiers that can promote oil-water separation in the lubricating oil composition exposed to water or steam. Any demulsifier known to those of ordinary skill in the art can be used in the lubricating oil composition. Non-limiting examples of suitable demulsifiers include anionic surfactants (e.g., alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, alkylbenzene sulfonates, etc.), nonionic alkoxylated alkylphenol resins, alkylene oxide polymers (e.g., polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, ethylene oxide, block copolymers of propylene oxide, etc.), esters of oil-soluble acids, polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters, and combinations thereof. Based on the gross weight of the lubricating oil composition, the amount of demulsifier can vary from about 0.01 wt % to about 10 wt %, about 0.05 wt % to about 5 wt %, or about 0.1 wt % to about 3 wt %.

Corrosion Inhibitors

The lubricating oil composition of the present invention may contain one or more corrosion inhibitors capable of reducing corrosion. Any corrosion inhibitor known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be used in the lubricating oil composition. Non-limiting examples of suitable corrosion inhibitors include half esters or amides of dodecyl succinic acid, phosphates, thiophosphates, alkyl imidazolines, sarcosine, and combinations thereof. Based on the gross weight of the lubricating oil composition, the amount of the corrosion inhibitor may vary from about 0.01 wt % to about 5 wt %, from about 0.05 wt % to about 3 wt %, or from about 0.1 wt % to about 1 wt %.

Extreme Pressure Agents

The lubricating oil composition of the present invention may contain one or more extreme pressure (EP) agents that can prevent the sliding metal surface from seizing under extreme pressure conditions. Any extreme pressure agent known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be used in the lubricating oil composition. Typically, an extreme pressure agent is a compound that can chemically bond with a metal to form a surface film that prevents welding of concave and convex portions in opposing metal surfaces under high loads. Non-limiting examples of suitable extreme pressure agents include sulfurized animal or vegetable fats or oils; sulfurized animal or vegetable fatty acid esters; esters of trivalent or pentavalent phosphoric acid that are completely or partially esterified; sulfurized olefins; dialkyl polysulfides; sulfurized Diels-Alder adducts; sulfurized dicyclopentadiene; sulfurized or co-sulfurized mixtures of fatty acid esters and monounsaturated olefins; co-sulfurized blends of fatty acids, fatty acid esters and α-olefins; functionally-substituted dihydrocarbyl polysulfides; thioaldehydes; thioketones; cyclic sulfur compounds; sulfur-containing acetal derivatives; co-sulfurized blends of terpenes and acyclic olefins and polysulfide olefin products; amine salts of phosphates or thiophosphates; and combinations thereof. Based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, the amount of the extreme pressure agent can vary from about 0.01% by weight to about 5% by weight, about 0.05% by weight to about 3% by weight, or about 0.1% by weight to about 1% by weight.

Rust inhibitor

The lubricating oil composition of the present invention may contain one or more rust inhibitors capable of inhibiting corrosion of ferrous metal surfaces. Any rust inhibitor known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be used in the lubricating oil composition. Non-limiting examples of suitable rust inhibitors include nonionic polyoxyalkylene agents, such as polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene higher alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether, polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether, polyoxyethylene octylstearyl ether, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitol monostearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, and polyethylene glycol monooleate; stearic acid and other fatty acids; dicarboxylic acids; metal soaps; fatty acid amine salts; heavy sulfonic acid metal salts; partial carboxylic acid esters of polyols; phosphate esters; (short-chain) alkenyl succinic acid; partial esters thereof and nitrogen-containing derivatives thereof; synthetic alkyl aryl sulfonates, such as dinonylnaphthalenesulfonic acid metal salts; and the like and mixtures thereof. The amount of the rust inhibitor may vary from about 0.01 wt % to about 10 wt %, about 0.05 wt % to about 5 wt %, or about 0.1 wt % to about 3 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

Multifunctional Additives

The lubricating oil composition of the present invention may contain one or more multifunctional additives. Non-limiting examples of suitable multifunctional additives include sulfurized oxymolybdenum dithiocarbamates, sulfurized oxymolybdenum dithiophosphates, oxymolybdenum monoglycerides, oxymolybdenum diethylate amides, amine-molybdenum complexes, and sulfur-containing molybdenum complexes.

Viscosity Index Improver

The lubricating oil composition of the present invention may contain one or more viscosity index improvers. Non-limiting examples of suitable viscosity index improvers include, but are not limited to, olefin copolymers such as ethylene-propylene copolymers, styrene-isoprene copolymers, hydrated styrene-isoprene copolymers, polybutene, polyisobutylene, polymethacrylates, vinyl pyrrolidone and methacrylate copolymers, and dispersant-type viscosity index improvers. These viscosity modifiers may optionally be grafted with grafted materials such as, for example, maleic anhydride, and the grafted materials may be reacted with, for example, amines, amides, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, or alcohols to form multifunctional viscosity modifiers (dispersant-viscosity modifiers). Other examples of viscosity modifiers include star polymers (e.g., star polymers comprising isoprene/styrene/isoprene triblocks). Still other examples of viscosity modifiers include polyalkyl (meth) acrylates having low Brookfield viscosity and high shear stability, functionalized polyalkyl (meth) acrylates having dispersant properties of high Brookfield viscosity and high shear stability, polyisobutylene having a weight average molecular weight in the range of 700 to 2,500 Daltons, and mixtures thereof. The amount of viscosity index improver may vary from about 0.01 wt % to about 25 wt %, from about 0.05 wt % to about 20 wt %, or from about 0.3 wt % to about 15 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

Thickener

The lubricating oil composition of the present invention may contain one or more thickeners. Thickeners such as polyisobutylene (PIB) and polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) may be used to thicken the lubricant. PIB and PIBSA are commercially available materials from multiple manufacturers. PIB may be used to make PIBSA, and is typically a viscous oil-miscible liquid with a weight average molecular weight in the range of 1000 to 8000 Daltons (e.g., 1500 to 6000 Daltons) and a kinematic viscosity at 100°C in the range of 2000 to 6,000 ^mm2 /s. It may be present in 1 to 20% by weight of the lubricating oil composition.

Metal passivator

The lubricating oil composition of the present invention may contain one or more metal deactivators. Non-limiting examples of suitable metal deactivators include disalicylidenepropylenediamine, triazole derivatives, thiadiazole derivatives and mercaptobenzimidazole.

Each of the above-mentioned additives is used in a functionally effective amount when used to impart the desired properties to the lubricant. Thus, for example, if the additive is a friction modifier, the functionally effective amount of this friction modifier will be an amount sufficient to impart the desired friction modification properties to the lubricant. Typically, unless otherwise specified, when used, the concentration of each of these additives may be in the range of about 0.001 wt % to about 10 wt %, in one embodiment about 0.005 wt % to about 5 wt %, or in one embodiment about 0.1 wt % to about 2.5 wt %, based on the gross weight of the lubricating oil composition. In addition, the total amount of additives in the lubricating oil composition may be in the range of about 0.001 wt % to about 20 wt %, about 0.01 wt % to about 10 wt %, or about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt %, based on the gross weight of the lubricating oil composition.

In the preparation of lubricating oil formulations, it is common practice to incorporate the additives in the form of a 10 to 100% by weight active ingredient concentrate in a hydrocarbon oil (eg mineral lubricating oil) or other suitable solvent.

Typically, these concentrates are diluted at 3 to 100, e.g., 5 to 40, parts by weight of lubricating oil per part by weight of the additive package when forming a finished lubricant, such as a crankcase oil. The purpose of the concentrate, of course, is to make the handling of the various materials less difficult and awkward, as well as to facilitate dissolution or dispersion in the final blend.

The following examples are presented to illustrate embodiments of the present invention, but are not intended to limit the present invention to the specific embodiments described. Unless otherwise stated, all parts and percentages are by weight. All numerical values are approximate. When a numerical range is given, it should be understood that embodiments outside the stated range may still fall within the scope of the present invention. The specific details described in each example should not be interpreted as essential features of the present invention.

It should be understood that various modifications may be made to the embodiments disclosed herein. Therefore, the above description should not be interpreted as limiting, but merely as an example of a preferred embodiment. For example, the functions described above and implemented as the best mode for operating the present invention are only for illustrative purposes. Without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention, those skilled in the art may implement other arrangements and methods. In addition, those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of the appended claims.

Example

The following examples are intended for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way.

Automotive Preparations

When the lubricating composition contains one or more of the above additives, each additive is typically blended into the base oil in an amount that enables the additive to provide its desired function. Representative effective amounts of such additives when used in crankcase lubricants are listed in Table 4 below. All listed values are expressed as weight % active ingredient (A.I).

Table 4: Test composition

Additive Description Weight % (wide range) ⁽¹⁾ Weight % (preferred) ⁽¹⁾ Dispersants 0.1 to 20 1 to 10 Cleaner (metal or ash-free) 0.1 to 15 0.1 to 9.0 Corrosion Inhibitors 0 to 5.0 0 to 1.0 Dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate metal salt 0 to 6.0 0 to 4.0 Antioxidants 0 to 5.0 0 to 4.0 Pour point depressants 0.01 to 5.0 0.01 to 1.0 Friction modifiers 0 to 5.0 0 to 1.5 Defoaming agent 0 to 5.0 0.001 to 0.15 Viscosity Modifiers 0 to 10 0.10 to 3 Supplement anti-wear agent 0 to 1.0 0 to 0.5 Metal passivator 0 to 5.0 0 to 1.0 Bio-based base oil 10 to 99.9 10 to 99.9 Secondary base oil 0 to 90 0 to 90

(1) Make the combination add up to 100%

More specific representative automotive formulations that will be evaluated in the tests outlined below are as follows:

Representative preparations

A lubricating oil composition containing one or more of the following additives and a base oil will be prepared to provide a finished oil having an SAE viscosity grade of 0W-12, 0W-16, 0W-20, 0W-26, 0W-30, 0W-40, 0W-50, 0W-60, 5W, 5W-20, 5W-30, 5W-40, 5W-50, 5W-60, 10W, 10W-20, 10W-30, 10W-40, 10W-50, 15W, 15W-20, 15W-30 or 15W-40:

(1) Disuccinimide after treatment with succinimide or ethylene carbonate;

(2) borated disuccinimide dispersant;

(3) 0 to 3500 ppm calcium content of one or more of the following: neutral, low overbase, medium overbase, high overbase or high overbase calcium sulfonate, borated calcium sulfonate cleaner, borated calcium salicylate, calcium salicylate cleaner, Mannich calcium type or calcium phenate cleaner;

(4) Overbased magnesium sulfonate or overbased magnesium salicylate cleaners having a magnesium content of 0 to 2500 ppm;

(5) primary zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate and/or secondary zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate having a phosphorus content of 0 to 1200 ppm;

(6) Sulfurized or unsulfurized molybdenum succinimide complex;

(7) MoDTC or MoDTP;

(8) Borated or non-borated amine, amide or ester organic friction modifiers;

(9) one or more of alkylated diphenylamine or hindered phenol antioxidants;

(10) one or more ashless sulfur-based or ashless phosphorus-based antiwear agents;

(11) one or more corrosion inhibitors or metal passivators based on sulfur or nitrogen;

(12) Foam inhibitors based on silicon, fluorine or polyalkyl methacrylate (PMA);

(13) one or more of dispersant or non-dispersant PMA, olefin copolymer (OCP) or diene-based viscosity modifier having block, diblock, triblock, linear, star or comb structures;

(14) PPD based on PMA or OCP; and

(15) The remainder is the bio-based base oil as described above and optionally a secondary base oil.

Lubricating oils will be evaluated by the following methods to demonstrate the properties as described herein.

JIS K2246

Based on JIS K2246, the test piece is coated with sample oil in a predetermined procedure, placed in a humidity box above 95% RH at a temperature of 49°C and left to stand for 50 hours, the test piece is taken out and the rust condition is evaluated with the naked eye. The JIS K2246 test is a Japanese industrial standard test. It is used to evaluate the ability of oil to prevent rust on metal materials or metal products (mainly composed of iron and steel). The evaluation standard is whether rust is visible. The ASTM D1748 test (wet cabinet rust test) is carried out in a similar manner.

ASTM D7563

The samples will be tested according to a modified ASTM D7563 method. ASTM D7563 measures the ability of an oil to emulsify water and E85 fuel. In this modification, the lubricating oil is mixed with 25% E10 fuel and 10% water, and the emulsion stability will be followed after 24 hours at 25°C. Afterwards, the amounts of oil, water and emulsion will be observed and reported. In ASTM D7563, an emulsion is desirable (i.e., no observable layer of water at the bottom of the container). This is a test to check and evaluate the stability of an engine oil: to determine whether any (condensed) water or E85 fuel, etc. mixed with it does not settle on the surface, but remains incorporated in the form of an emulsion and does not precipitate out, so that individual engine parts do not rust or corrode.

VW TDI

The lubricating oil composition of the present invention will be prepared and tested for piston cleanliness and piston ring sticking tendency according to the Volkswagen Turbocharged DI test, which is a European passenger car diesel engine test (CEC-L-78-T-99), which is part of the ACEA A/B and C specifications issued by the European Automobile Manufacturers Association in 2004. This test will be used to simulate repeated cycles of high speed operation followed by idling. A Volkswagen 1.9-liter inline four-cylinder turbocharged direct injection automotive diesel engine (VW TDi) will be mounted on an engine dynamometer stand. A 54-hour 2-stage program will be performed, cycling between 30 minutes at 40°C sump at idle and 150 minutes at 145°C sump at full power (4150 rpm) without temporary oil filling. After the program, the pistons will be evaluated for carbon and lacquer deposits, as well as groove carbon filling. The piston ring was evaluated for ring adhesion.

The pass/fail scores according to ACEA standards B4, B5, C3 and VW limits are listed in Table 5 below.

Table 5

DD13 fuel economy test

The purpose of the DD13 fuel economy test is to quantify the efficiency advantage of an engine within a specified test cycle. The standard test cycle consists of 13 discrete modes (i.e., specific engine loads and RPMs) and is run for seven minutes to stabilize the temperature and pressure to highly consistent levels. The cycle is repeated a total of eight times, with the last seven used for statistical evaluation of the runs. A flushing process between lubricants ensures that no carryover occurs. The test fixture is a modified Detroit Diesel DD13 engine. The results are given in the form of a percentage improvement in fuel consumption between a baseline lubricant and a candidate lubricant. The test is conducted at the Southwest Research Institute in the United States. For more details, see: https:// www.swri.org/sites/default/files/dd13-fuel-economy-test.pdf

The standard DD13 fuel economy test described above will be modified by adding 8 modes at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of maximum engine torque at 700 and 1000 RPM. The additional modes provide a wider range of tribological conditions. Each mode is identified by a Quasi-Stribeck number which, for the purposes of this procedure, is defined as the RPM/load for that mode.

Oxidizer Bx Test

25g sample is weighed into a special glass oxidation cell. Catalyst will be added and a glass stirrer will be inserted subsequently. The cell is then sealed and placed in an oil bath maintained at 340°F and connected to an oxygen supply. One liter of oxygen is sent into the cell while the stirrer stirs the oil sample. The test will be run until the sample consumes 1 liter of oxygen, and the total time (in hours) of the sample run will be reported. Higher hours to reach 1 liter means better oxidation performance.

Komatsu Heat Pipe Test (KHTT)

The Komatsu Hot Tube Test (KHTT) is used for screening and quality control of the deposit forming properties of engine oils and other oils that experience high temperatures.

Detergency and thermal and oxidative stability are performance areas generally accepted in the industry that are critical to the satisfactory overall performance of a lubricant. The Komatsu Hot Tube Test is a lubrication industry bench test (JPI 5S-55-99) that measures the detergency and thermal and oxidative stability of a lubricant. During the test, a specified amount of test oil is pumped upward through a glass tube that is placed in an oven set to a certain temperature. Air is introduced into the oil stream before the oil enters the glass tube and flows upward with the oil. Evaluation of the lubricant will be carried out at a temperature of 280°C. The test results are determined by comparing the amount of paint deposited on the glass test tube to a rating scale ranging from 1.0 (very black) to 10.0 (completely clean).

TEOST MHT4

TEOST MHT4 (ASTM D7097-16a) is designed to predict the deposit forming tendency of engine oils in the piston ring belt and upper piston crown area. Correlation has been shown between the TEOST MHT procedure and the TU3MH Peugeot engine test in terms of deposit formation. This test determines the mass of deposits formed on a specially constructed test rod exposed to 8.5g of engine oil repeatedly passed in the form of a thin film under oxidative and catalytic conditions at 285°C. The deposit forming tendency of engine oil under oxidative conditions is determined by circulating an oil-catalyst mixture containing a small amount (8.4g) of oil sample and a very small amount (0.1g) of an organometallic catalyst. This mixture is circulated in the TEOST MHT instrument for 24 hours through a special wound deposition rod, which is heated by an electric current so that the controlled temperature at the hottest position on the rod is 285°C. The rod is weighed before and after the test. A deposit weight of 45mg is considered a pass/fail criterion.

A copy of this test method may be obtained from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box 0700, West Conshohocken, pp. 19428-2959, and is incorporated herein for all purposes.

LSPI Test

Low speed pre-ignition events will be measured in a Ford 2.0L Ecoboost engine. This engine is a turbocharged gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine. The Ford Ecoboost engine is run in four iterations of approximately 4 hours. The engine is operated at 1750 rpm and 1.7 MPa brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) with a sump temperature of 95°C. The engine is run for 175,000 combustion cycles in each phase and LSPI events are counted. LSPI events are determined by monitoring the peak cylinder pressure (PP) and mass fraction burn (MFB) of the fuel charge in the cylinder. When either or both conditions are met, an LSPI event is said to have occurred. The threshold for peak cylinder pressure varies from test to test, but is typically 4-5 standard deviations above the average cylinder pressure. Similarly, the MFB threshold is typically 4-5 standard deviations earlier than the average MFB (expressed in crank angle). LSPI events may be reported as average events per test, events per 100,000 combustion cycles, events per cycle, and/or combustion cycles per event.Similar testing may be performed on aged oils.

Ball Rust Test (BRT) - ASTM D6557

The ball rust test mentioned herein is performed using the ASTM-D-6557 method. The ball rust test (BRT) is a procedure for evaluating the corrosion resistance of a fluid lubricant. According to ASTM D6557, a ball bearing is immersed in oil. Air saturated with acidic contaminants is bubbled through the oil for 18 hours at 49°C. After an 18-hour reaction period, the ball is removed from the test oil and the amount of corrosion on the ball is quantified using a light reflection technique. The amount of reflected light is reported as an average gray value (AGV). The AGV of a fresh, uncorroded ball is approximately 140. The AGV result of a completely corroded ball is less than 20. A lubricating oil composition giving an AGV of at least 100 passes the BRT. A lubricating oil composition giving an AGV of less than 100 fails to pass the BRT.

FZG wear

The following bench tests will be performed to measure wear: FZG Wear Scratching Load Capacity Test. To evaluate the wear performance of automotive engine oils, the load bearing characteristics of various engine oils with different chemistries will be evaluated on a FZG test bench (FZG Square Tester) using A10 gears according to CEC-L-84-A-02. This method can be used to evaluate the scratch loading capacity potential of oils that are commonly used with highly stressed cylindrical gear drives found in many vehicles and stationary applications. The minimum load stage failure for an A10 gear at 16.6 m/s and 130°C would be 8.

Fuel economy test of Toyota 2ZR-FE engine

The fuel economy performance of the lubricating oil composition will be tested in a gasoline motor engine test. It is well known that gasoline engines produce very little, if any, soot during operation. The engine is a Toyota 2ZR-FE1.8L inline 4-cylinder configuration. The torque meter is positioned between the motor and the engine crankshaft, and the % torque change is measured between the reference oil and the candidate oil. The % torque change data at oil temperatures of 100°C, 80°C and 60°C and engine speeds of 400 to 2000RPM were measured. Lower % torque changes (i.e., lower negative values) reflect better fuel economy. The configuration of the motor engine friction torque test and its test conditions are further described in SAE paper 2013-01-2606.

ASTM D6594 HTCBT (High Temperature Corrosion Bench Test)

The ASTM D6594 HTCBT test is used to test diesel engine lubricants to determine their tendency to corrode various metals, especially alloys of lead and copper commonly used in cam followers and bearings. Four metal samples of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), tin (Sn) and phosphor bronze are immersed in a measured amount of engine oil. The oil is blown with air (5l/h) for a period of time (168h) at high temperature (170°C). When the test is completed, the copper sample and the stressed oil are checked to detect corrosion and corrosion products, respectively. The concentrations of copper, lead and tin in new oil and stressed oil and the corresponding changes in metal concentrations are reported. To pass the API heavy category, the concentration of lead should not exceed 120ppm and the concentration of copper should not exceed 20ppm. A copy of this test method can be obtained from ASTMInternational (100Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box 0700, West Conshohocken, pages 19428-2959) and is incorporated herein for all purposes.

Copper Strip Corrosion Test-ASTM D130

Crude oil contains sulfur compounds, most of which are removed during refining. However, among the sulfur compounds that remain in petroleum products, some can have a corrosive effect on various metals, and this corrosivity is not necessarily directly related to the total sulfur content. The effect may vary depending on the chemical type of sulfur compound present. The copper strip corrosion test is designed to evaluate the relative degree of corrosiveness of petroleum products. In this test, a polished copper strip is immersed in a specific volume of the sample to be tested and heated under temperature and time conditions specific to the class of material to be tested. At the end of the heating period, the copper strip is removed, washed and evaluated for color and degree of discoloration according to the ASTM copper strip corrosion standard, summarized below (Table 6).

Table 6

¹ The ASTM copper strip corrosion standard is a color reproduction of the strip characterized by these descriptions.

^2Freshly polished tapes are included in this series only as an indication of the appearance of a properly polished tape prior to a test run; it would be impossible to replicate this appearance after testing, even with a completely non-corrosive sample.

MTU seals

氟碳试件悬浮在加热的油基溶液中168小时来测试与密封件的相容性。将测量每个样品的体积变化百分比、点硬度变化、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率(elongation rupture)的变化。对于拉伸强度和断裂伸长率，接近于零的结果表明更好的密封件相容性。The lubricating oil composition of the present invention will pass the MTU bench test

Fluorocarbon specimens are suspended in heated oil-based solutions for 168 hours to test compatibility with seals. The percent volume change, point hardness change, tensile strength and elongation rupture changes are measured for each sample. For tensile strength and elongation rupture, results close to zero indicate better seal compatibility.

Sequence IVA

The Sequence IVA test evaluates the performance of a lubricant in preventing camshaft lobe wear in an overhead camshaft engine. More specifically, the test measures the ability of the crankcase oil to control camshaft lobe wear of a spark ignition engine equipped with an overhead valve train and a sliding can follower. This test is intended to simulate taxi, light truck or commuter vehicle use. Pass/fail criteria include GF-4/5 maximum 90 μm average cam wear. The Sequence IVA test method is a 100 hour test involving 100 hour cycles; each cycle consists of two operating modes or phases. Unleaded "Haltermann KA24E Green" fuel is used. The test fixture is a KA24E Nissan 2.4 liter water-cooled fuel-injected engine, inline 4 cylinders, overhead camshaft, two intake valves and one exhaust valve per cylinder.

OM646LA

While the Sequence IVA test is the key wear test in the API test sequence, it is not applicable to the European ACEA specification. The key engine wear test for the ACEA specification is the Diesel OM646LA test. The OM646LA is a 300-hour cycle test that uses a 4-cylinder 2.2L Diesel OM646 DE 22LA engine to evaluate the performance of engine lubricants under severe operating conditions in terms of engine wear and overall cleanliness, as well as piston cleanliness and ring sticking. The primary result is cam wear, although bore polishing, cylinder wear and tappet wear can also be measured.

Oxidation Testing of Engine Oils Operating in the Presence of Biodiesel Fuel: CEC L-109-14

The Oxidation Test for Engine Oils Running in the Presence of Biodiesel Fuel is a standard test method used to evaluate the viscosity increase and oxidation level of aged oils in the presence of biodiesel. The test is performed by blowing 10 l/h of air through a heated sample at 150°C in the presence of 7 wt% B100 for 168 and/or 216 hours. The viscosity versus time is measured. The test can be found at www.cectests.org. The embodiments of the present invention will be evaluated in the Oxidation Test for Engine Oils Running in the Presence of Biodiesel Fuel, CEC L-109-14, which reference is incorporated herein by reference.

Soot Thickening Bench Test

XC72R炭黑(CabotCorporation)添加到12g的每种氧化油中。将所得混合物在60℃烘箱中加热16小时。在从烘箱中取出之后，将混合物搅拌1分钟，然后使用油漆搅拌器均化30分钟以完全分散炭黑。然后将混合物在100℃的真空烘箱(全真空，＜25mm Hg)中加热30分钟。将混合物从真空烘箱中取出并且就在测量粘度之前使用涡旋混合器搅拌30秒。然后将在TA Instruments AR-G2流变仪上使用锥板几何结构在100℃下以0.65s^-1的剪切速率测量含有炭黑的每种润滑油的动态粘度900秒，其中锥体是不锈钢，直径为60mm，并且角度为2°。样品温度将用Peltier板温度控制系统控制。报告的动态粘度是测试结束(EOT)时的值。较低的动态粘度表明改进的碳烟分散。The dynamic viscosity of the lubricating oil compositions of the present invention will be evaluated using the soot test, which measures the ability of a formulation to disperse and control the viscosity increase caused by the addition of carbon black (soot substitute). In this test, 40 g of lubricating oil will be charged into a glass tube and the tube will be fixed on a condenser. Each oil will be heated at 200°C for 8 hours with a 115 mL/min air flow bubbled through the oil. Then, 0.5 g of

XC72R carbon black (Cabot Corporation) is added to 12g of each oxidized oil. The resulting mixture is heated in a 60°C oven for 16 hours. After being taken out from the oven, the mixture is stirred for 1 minute and then homogenized for 30 minutes using a paint stirrer to fully disperse the carbon black. The mixture is then heated in a vacuum oven (full vacuum, <25mm Hg) at 100°C for 30 minutes. The mixture is taken out of the vacuum oven and stirred for 30 seconds using a vortex mixer just before measuring the viscosity. The dynamic viscosity of each lubricating oil containing carbon black is then measured on a TA Instruments AR-G2 rheometer using a cone-plate geometry at 100°C with a shear rate of 0.65s ^-1 for 900 seconds, wherein the cone is stainless steel, 60mm in diameter, and 2° in angle. The sample temperature will be controlled with a Peltier plate temperature control system. The reported dynamic viscosity is the value at the end of the test (EOT). Lower dynamic viscosity indicates improved soot dispersion.

ASTM D4684 Micro Rotational Viscometer Test (MRV)

In this test, the test oil is first heated in a micro-rotational viscometer cell and then cooled to the test temperature, in this case -40°C. Each cell contains a calibrated rotor-stator set in which the rotor is rotated by a rope wrapped around the rotor shaft and attached to a weight. Starting with a 10g weight, a series of increasing weights are applied to the rope until rotation occurs to determine the yield stress. The result is reported as the yield stress in Pascals along with the applied force. A 150g weight is then applied to determine the apparent viscosity of the oil. The greater the apparent viscosity, the more likely it is that the oil will not be continuously and adequately supplied to the oil pump inlet. The result is reported as viscosity in centipoise.

Scanning Brinell

Scanning Brookfield Viscosity: ASTM D 5133 is used to measure the low temperature, low shear rate, viscosity/temperature dependence of an engine oil. The low temperature, low shear viscosity behavior of an engine oil determines whether the oil will flow to the oil pan inlet screen, then to the oil pump, and then to areas in the engine where adequate lubrication is required to prevent engine damage that occurs immediately or eventually after a cold start. Scanning Brookfield Viscosity Technique ASTM D 5133 measures the Brookfield viscosity of a sample as it is cooled at a constant rate of 1°C/hour. Like MRV, ASTM D 5133 is intended to relate to the pumpability of an oil at low temperatures. The test reports the temperature at which the sample reaches 40,000 cP, or the viscosity at -40°C. The gel index is also reported and is defined as the maximum rate of change in viscosity increase from -5°C to the lowest test temperature. The current API SL/ILSAC GF-5 specification for passenger car engine oils requires a maximum gel index of 12.

Pour point (JIS K 2269)

45 ml of sample is heated to 45°C in a test tube and cooled by the specified method. Each time the sample temperature drops by 2.5°C, the test tube is removed from the cooling bath, the temperature is read when the sample is completely still for 5 seconds and 2.5°C is added to this value and the result is taken as the pour point.

Plint TE 77 High Frequency Friction Machine

Boundary friction coefficient measurements will be obtained using a Plint TE-77 high frequency friction machine (commercially available from Phoenix Tribology). A 5 mL sample of the test oil will be placed in the apparatus for each test. The TE-77 will be run at 100°C and the test specimen will be subjected to a load of 56 N. The reciprocating speed will be swept from 10 Hz to 1 Hz and friction coefficient data will be collected throughout the test.

SRV Friction Test

The friction reduction performance of each lubricating oil composition will be evaluated by a cylinder-on-desk reciprocating sliding tester (SRV manufactured by Optimol) under the conditions of 400N load, 0.4GPa surface pressure (maximum Hertz stress), 10Hz frequency, 1.50mm amplitude, 100°C temperature, and 60 minutes test time. The friction characteristics will be evaluated by calculating the average friction coefficient, which is the average friction coefficient for a period of 30 to 60 minutes after the start of the test. This measurement condition corresponds to a boundary lubrication condition.

Shell Four-Ball Wear Test

The anti-wear performance of each lubricating oil composition will be determined according to ASTM D4172 under the conditions of 1200 rpm, 80°C oil temperature and 30 kgf load for a period of 30 minutes. After the test is finished, the test ball is taken out, the wear scar will be measured and the diameter is displayed as the result.

Ford chain wear test

The Ford Chain Wear Test is a method for evaluating the elongation of an engine's timing chain. The Ford Chain Wear Test utilizes a 2012 Ford 2.0-liter EcoBoost TGDi four-cylinder test engine. In a two-stage test, the engine will be operated at low to medium speeds and loads at low and normal operating temperatures. The test cycle consists of an 8-hour run-in period followed by 216 hours of cyclic test conditions. The timing chain is measured after the run-in period and this measurement is used as a baseline measurement for the chain elongation calculation at the end of the test. Phase 1 of the test is run at low speed, low load and low temperature (enriched combustion cycle). Phase 2 is run at medium speed, medium load and medium temperature using stoichiometric conditions. Between Phase 1 and Phase 2, the temperature, speed and load are increased at a specified rate.

Oil Mist Separator (OMS) Compatibility

离心油雾分离器。这些油将在250,000英里至接近600,000英里范围内的现场试验中进行评价。在现场试验完成之后，将对所有油雾分离器(OMS)装置进行检查，并且对淤渣沉积物形成和排水孔堵塞进行评定。OMS淤渣沉积物评定如在下表7中所指定：The lubricating compositions were evaluated for mist separator fouling and soot treatment. The mist separator compatibility will be evaluated on a diesel truck equipped with a 2010EC DD15 engine manufactured by Detroit Diesel Corporation (DDC). The engine will be equipped with

Centrifugal Oil Mist Separators. These oils will be evaluated in field trials ranging from 250,000 miles to nearly 600,000 miles. After the field trials are completed, all Oil Mist Separator (OMS) units will be inspected and rated for sludge deposit formation and drain hole plugging. The OMS sludge deposit ratings are as specified in Table 7 below:

Table 7

PDSC test

Differential Pressure Scanning Calorimetry (PDSC) is a method of increasing the temperature of a test substance and a standard substance at an equal rate and measuring the amount of energy required to keep the temperature difference between the two test samples (which occurs due to the generation and absorption of heat by the test substance) at zero under pressure. In this case, the PDSC value is a method of evaluating the period of time (called oxidation induction time) for which a sample is kept at a fixed temperature (210°C) under atmospheric pressure (0.69 MPa) until a specified temperature is reached in terms of oxidation life. A longer oxidation induction time indicates better anti-oxidation performance.

ASTM D3427

The present invention tests the air release of lubricating oil as measured by ASTM D3427. In the test, compressed air is blown into lubricating oil heated to 50°C. After the air flow is stopped, the time required for the air mixed in the oil to be reduced to 0.2% by volume is recorded as the air release time. The ideal air release value is usually less than 3 minutes, preferably less than 60 seconds and most preferably less than 20 seconds.

ASTM D5800

Standard test method for evaporation loss of lubricating oils by the Knock method. The Knock volatility of engine oils, as measured by ASTM D5800-15, has been found to correlate with oil consumption in passenger car engines. Stringent requirements for low volatility are an important aspect of several recent engine oil specifications, such as ACEA A-3 and B-3 in Europe, and SAE J300, ILSAC GF-5 and the future ILSAC GF-6 in North America.

TPEO preparations

Trunk piston engine oils (TPEO) may use 5-35 wt%, preferably 10-28 wt%, more preferably 12-24 wt% of a concentrate or additive package, with the remainder being base oil (oil of lubricating viscosity). Preferably, the TPEO has a compositional TBN (ASTM D2896) of 10-70, preferably 10-60, preferably 15-60 or preferably 15-55 mg KOH/g.

When the lubricating composition contains one or more of the above additives, each additive is typically blended into the base oil in an amount that enables the additive to provide its desired function. Representative effective amounts of such additives are listed in Table 8 below. All listed values are expressed as weight % active ingredient (A.I).

The following table (Table 8) may indicate typical proportions of additives in conventional TPEO compositions:

Table 8

Representative TPEO formulations

A TPEO lubricating oil composition containing one or more of the following additives and a base oil will be prepared to provide a finished oil having a SAE 30 or SAE 40 viscosity grade and a TBN of 15 to 60 mgKOH/g:

(1) 0-10.0 wt% succinimide, borated disuccinimide dispersant or ethylene carbonate post-treated disuccinimide

(2) 1.0-30.0 wt % of one or more of a neutral, low overbasic, medium overbasic, high overbasic, or high overbasic calcium sulfonate, calcium salicylate, calcium carboxylate, or calcium phenate detergent;

(3) 0.1 to 4.0% by weight of primary zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate and/or secondary zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate;

(4) 0 to 5.0 wt. % of an alkylated diphenylamine or phenolic antioxidant;

(5) 0 to 1.0 wt% emulsifier

(6) 0.001 to 1.0 wt. % of a foam suppressor based on silicon, fluorine or polyalkyl methacrylate (PMA);

(7) The remainder is the bio-based base oil as described above and optionally a secondary base oil.

MCL preparations

Marine cylinder lubricants (MCL) may use 5-45 wt%, preferably 10-40 wt% concentrate or additive package, with the remainder being base stock (oil of lubricating viscosity). Preferably, the MCL has a composition TBN (ASTM D2896) of 5-200, preferably 5-150, preferably 15 to 150, preferably 10 to 100, preferably 20 to 80, or preferably 30 to 80, or preferably 30 to 60 or preferably 30 to 50 mgKOH/g.

When the lubricating composition contains one or more of the above additives, each additive is typically blended into the base oil in an amount that enables the additive to provide its desired function. Representative effective amounts of such additives are listed in Table 9 below. All listed values are expressed as weight % active ingredient (A.I).

The following table (Table 9) may indicate typical proportions of additives in a conventional MCL composition:

Table 9

Additive Description weight% Dispersants 0.1 to 10.0 Cleaner (metal or ash-free) 0 to 45 Dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate metal salt 0 to 6.0 Antioxidants 0 to 10.0 Friction modifiers 0 to 10.0 Defoaming agent 0.001 to 5.0 Viscosity Modifiers/Thickeners 0 to 20 Bio-based base oil 10 to 99.9 Secondary base oil 0 to 90

Representative MCL preparations

An MCL lubricating oil composition containing one or more of the following additives and a base oil will be prepared to provide a finished oil having a SAE 40 or SAE 50 viscosity grade and a TBN of 25 to 200 mg KOH/g:

(1) 0-10.0 wt% succinimide, borated disuccinimide dispersant or ethylene carbonate post-treated disuccinimide

(2) 1.0-45.0 wt % of one or more of a neutral, low overbasic, medium overbasic, high overbasic, or high overbasic calcium sulfonate, calcium salicylate, calcium carboxylate, or calcium phenate detergent;

(3) 0.1 to 6.0% by weight of primary zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate and/or secondary zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate;

(4) 0 to 10.0 wt % of an alkylated diphenylamine or phenolic antioxidant;

(5) 0 to 1.0 wt% emulsifier

(6) 0.001 to 1.0 wt. % of a foam inhibitor based on silicon, fluorine or polyalkyl methacrylate (PMA);

(7) The remainder is the bio-based base oil as described above and optionally a secondary base oil.

System oil preparation

Marine system oils (SO) may use 1-25 wt% concentrate or additive package, the remainder being base stock (oil of lubricating viscosity). Preferably, the SO has a compositional TBN (ASTM D2896) of 4-15, preferably 5-10 mgKOH/g.

When the lubricating composition contains one or more of the above additives, each additive is typically blended into the base oil in an amount that enables the additive to provide its desired function. Representative effective amounts of such additives are listed in Table 10 below. All listed values are expressed as weight % active ingredient (A.I).

The following table (Table 10) may indicate typical proportions of additives in conventional system oil compositions:

Table 10

Representative system oil preparations

A system oil lubricant composition containing one or more of the following additives and a base oil will be prepared to provide a finished oil having a SAE 20 or SAE 30 viscosity grade and a TBN of 5 to 15 mgKOH/g:

(1) 0-5.0 wt% succinimide, borated disuccinimide dispersant or ethylene carbonate post-treated disuccinimide

(2) 1.0-20.0 wt % of one or more of a neutral, low overbasic, medium overbasic, high overbasic, or high overbasic calcium sulfonate, calcium salicylate, calcium carboxylate, or calcium phenate detergent;

(3) 0.1 to 5.0% by weight of primary zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate and/or secondary zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate;

(4) 0 to 5.0 wt. % of an alkylated diphenylamine or phenolic antioxidant;

(5) 0 to 1.0 wt% emulsifier

(6) 0.001 to 1.0 wt. % of a foam inhibitor based on silicon, fluorine or polyalkyl methacrylate (PMA);

(7) The remainder is the bio-based base oil as described above and optionally a secondary base oil.

Test Method

Low temperature performance

According to ASTM D6749, the low temperature performance of a lubricant is evaluated by pour point.

DSC oxidation test

According to ASTM D-6186, the DSC oxidation test will be used to evaluate the thin film oxidation stability of the test oil. During the test, the heat flowing into and out of the test oil in the sample cup is compared to the reference cup. The oxidation onset temperature is the temperature at which the test oil begins to oxidize. The oxidation induction time is the time at which the test oil begins to oxidize. A longer oxidation induction time means better performance. The oxidation reaction results in an exothermic reaction, which is clearly shown by the heat flow. The oxidation induction time is calculated to evaluate the thin film oxidation stability of the test oil.

Determine viscosity increase and TBN loss due to oxidation

The Petroleum Institute 48 (MIP-48) test

The degree of stability of the marine lubricating oil composition of the present invention against viscosity increase and TBN loss based on oxidation will be evaluated using the Modified Institute of Petroleum 48 ("MIP-48") test. The MIP-48 test consists of a hot portion and an oxidation portion. During both portions of the test, the test sample is heated for a period of time. During the hot portion of the test, nitrogen is passed through the heated oil sample for 24 hours, and simultaneously during the oxidation portion of the test, air is passed through the heated oil sample for 24 hours. The sample is cooled and the viscosity of both samples is measured. The viscosity increase of the test oil caused by oxidation will be measured and corrected for thermal effects. The TBN loss and the viscosity increase based on oxidation of each marine lubricating oil composition will be calculated by subtracting the kinematic viscosity of the nitrogen blown sample at 200°C from the kinematic viscosity of the air blown sample at 200°C, and dividing the subtraction product by the kinematic viscosity of the nitrogen blown sample at 200°C. This will be done to correct for potential evaporation effects or any other thermal effects during the test, thereby focusing on the impact of oxidation. This correction may result in negative values. Test oils that exhibit better stability against oxidation based viscosity increase will result in lower % values.

Foam performance

This test method covers the determination of the foaming characteristics of lubricating oils at 24°C and 93.5°C. A sample maintained at a temperature of 24°C (75°F) will be blown with air at a constant rate for 5 minutes and then left to stand for 10 minutes ("Sequence I"). The volume of foam will be measured at the end of both time periods. The test will be repeated on a second sample at 93.5°C (200°F) ("Sequence II") and then, after the foam collapses, at 24°C (75°F) ("Sequence III"). The foaming tendency of an oil can be a serious problem in systems such as high-speed gear drives, large-displacement pumping, and splash lubrication. Inadequate lubrication, cavitation, and loss of lubricant overfill may lead to mechanical failure. This test method will be used to evaluate the oil for such operating conditions.

Sediment Control

Deposit control will be measured by the Komatsu Hot Tube (KHT) test, which will use a heated glass tube through which sample lubricant is pumped typically at 0.31 mL/hour, with a total sample of approximately 5 mL, for an extended period of time such as 16 hours, with an air flow rate of 10 mL/minute. The glass tube will be rated for deposits at the end of the test on a scale of 1.0 (very thick varnish) to 10 (no varnish). Test results will be reported in multiples of 0.5. In the event that the glass tube is completely blocked by deposits, the test result will be recorded as "blocked". Blockage is a deposit below a 1.0 result, in which case the varnish is very thick and dark in color, but still allows fluid flow. The test will be conducted at 310°C and 325°C and is described in SAE Technical Paper 840262.

Sludge formation

The black sludge deposit (BSD) test will be used to evaluate the ability of lubricants to handle unstable-unburned asphaltenes in residual fuel oil. The test measures the tendency of lubricants to produce deposits on test strips by applying oxidative thermal strain to a mixture of heavy fuel oil and lubricants. A sample of a lubricating oil composition will be mixed with a specific amount of residual fuel to form a test mixture. The test mixture will then be poured onto a metal test strip in the form of a thin film during the test, and the test strip will be controlled at the test temperature (200°C) for a period of time (12 hours). The test oil-fuel mixture will be recycled into the sample container. After the test, the test strip will be cooled, then washed and dried. The test plate will then be weighed. In this way, the weight of the deposit remaining on the test plate will be measured and recorded as a change in the weight of the test plate.

Focused Beam Reflectometry (FBRM)

The asphaltene dispersibility of lubricants will be evaluated using light scattering according to the Focused Beam Reflectometry ("FBRM") method, which predicts asphaltene agglomeration and subsequent "black sludge" formation. The FBRM test method was presented at the ^7th International Symposium on Marine Engineering, Tokyo, October 24-28, 2005, and published in the conference proceedings, 'The Benefits of Salicylate Detergents in TPEO Applications with a Variety of Base Stocks'. More details were presented at the CIMAC conference in Vienna, May 21-24, 2007, and published in the conference proceedings, 'Meeting the Challenge of New Base Fluids for the Lubrication of Medium Speed Marine Engines—An Additive Approach'.

Decentralized testing

This test evaluates the ability of a marine system oil to keep asphaltenes and carbonaceous materials dispersed by measuring the dispersion of oil and black matter on filter paper. The dispersion of both fresh and aged oils was measured under different processing heating conditions and with and without the addition of water.

The fresh sample consisted of a mixture of mostly fresh marine system oil, heavy fuel oil, and carbon black. The aged sample consisted of a mixture of fresh marine system oil and heavy fuel oil that was aged by heating at elevated temperatures under oxidizing conditions. Carbon black was added to the aged sample after the aging step.

Then, three different heat treatments were performed on fresh and aged oil samples with and without water added, making a total of six different treatments. Then a drop of treated sample was placed on a filter paper and developed in an incubator for 48 hours. After development, the drop formed a small dark circular sludge area surrounded by a light oil area. The diameters of the oil and sludge areas were measured, and the ratio of oil:sludge diameter was calculated. The test results are reported as 6x, which is the sum of the ratios of the oil:sludge diameters of the six different treatments.

FZG wear

The FZG bench test will evaluate wear performance. The FZG test is an industry standard for various qualifications according to codes CEC L-07-A-95, ASTM D5182 and ISO 14635-1:2000.

Natural Gas Engine Preparations

When the lubricating composition contains one or more of the above additives, each additive is typically blended into the base oil in an amount that enables the additive to provide its desired function. Representative effective amounts of such additives are listed in Table 11 below. All listed values are expressed as weight % active ingredient (A.I).

The following table (Table 11) may indicate typical proportions of additives in natural gas engine oil compositions:

Table 11: NGEO Test Composition

When the lubricating composition contains one or more of the above additives, each additive is typically blended into the base oil in an amount that enables the additive to provide its desired function. Representative effective amounts of such additives are listed in Table 12 below. All listed values are expressed as weight % active ingredient (A.I).

The following table (Table 12) may indicate typical proportions of additives in a railway engine oil composition:

Table 12: Railway test composition

Additive Description weight% Dispersants 0.1 to 20 Cleaner (metal or ash-free) 0.1 to 15 Antioxidants 0 to 5.0 Pour point depressants 0 to 5.0 Friction modifiers 0 to 5.0 Defoaming agent 0 to 5.0 Viscosity Modifiers 0 to 10 Antiwear Agents 0 to 5.0 Other additives 0 to 5.0 Bio-based base oil 10 to 99.9 Other base oils 0 to 90

When the lubricating composition contains one or more of the above additives, each additive is typically blended into the base oil in an amount that enables the additive to provide its desired function. Representative effective amounts of such additives are listed in Table 13 below. All listed values are expressed as weight % active ingredient (A.I).

The following table (Table 13) may indicate typical proportions of additives in a functional fluid composition:

Table 13: Functional fluid test composition

Additive Description weight% Dispersants 0 to 20 Cleaner (metal or ash-free) 0 to 15 Antioxidants 0 to 5.0 Pour point depressants 0 to 5.0 Friction modifiers 0 to 5.0 Defoaming agent 0 to 5.0 Viscosity Modifiers 0 to 10 Antiwear Agents 0 to 5.0 Other additives 0 to 5.0 Bio-based base oil 10 to 99.9 Other base oils 0 to 90

When the lubricating composition contains one or more of the above additives, each additive is typically blended into the base oil in an amount that enables the additive to provide its desired function. Representative effective amounts of such additives are listed in Table 14 below. All listed values are expressed as weight % active ingredient (A.I).

The following table (Table 14) may indicate typical proportions of additives in a gasoline additive composition:

Penn State Micro-Oxygenation Test

The deposit performance of the lubricating oil compositions will be measured using the Pennsylvania State University Micro-Oxidation Test after 35 minutes at 260°C (SAE Technical Paper 801362).

Oxidizer Bx Test

25g sample is weighed into a special glass oxidation cell. Catalyst will be added and a glass stirrer will be inserted subsequently. The cell is then sealed and placed in an oil bath maintained at 340°F and connected to an oxygen supply. One liter of oxygen is fed into the cell while the stirrer stirs the oil sample. The test will be run until the sample consumes 1 liter of oxygen, and the total time (in hours) for the sample run is reported.

PDSC test

Differential Pressure Scanning Calorimetry (PDSC) is a method of increasing the temperature of a test substance and a standard substance at an equal rate and measuring the amount of energy required to keep the temperature difference between the two test samples (which occurs due to the generation and absorption of heat by the test substance) at zero under pressure. In this case, the PDSC value is a method of evaluating the period of time (called oxidation induction time) for which a sample is kept at a fixed temperature (210°C) under atmospheric pressure (0.69 MPa) until a specified temperature is reached in terms of oxidation life. A longer oxidation induction time indicates better anti-oxidation performance.

TEOST MHT4 Test-ASTM 7097

TEOST MHT4 (ASTM D7097-16a) is designed to predict the deposit forming tendency of engine oils in the piston ring belt and upper piston crown area. Correlation has been shown between the TEOST MHT procedure and the TU3MH Peugeot engine test in terms of deposit formation. This test determines the mass of deposits formed on a specially constructed test rod exposed to 8.5g of engine oil repeatedly passed in the form of a thin film under oxidative and catalytic conditions at 285°C. The deposit forming tendency of engine oil under oxidative conditions is determined by circulating an oil-catalyst mixture containing a small amount (8.4g) of oil sample and a very small amount (0.1g) of an organometallic catalyst. This mixture is circulated in the TEOST MHT instrument for 24 hours through a special wound deposition rod, which is heated by an electric current so that the controlled temperature at the hottest position on the rod is 285°C. The rod is weighed before and after the test. A deposit weight of 45mg is considered a pass/fail criterion.

A copy of this test method may be obtained from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box 0700, West Conshohocken, pp. 19428-2959, and is incorporated herein for all purposes.

B2-7 Test/Union Pacific Oxidation Test

The B2-7 test is an oxidation test using the following conditions in Table 14:

Table 14

According to the B2-7 test, the oil to be tested is heated at 300°F with oxygen bubbling for 96 hours. Copper, iron and lead coupons are suspended in the oil. Fifty milliliters of samples are taken at 48, 72 and 96 hours. Fresh oil is added to the samples at 48 and 72 hours. The base number, acid number, pH and lead of the oil test samples are evaluated.

Silver Wear Evaluation Using the Silver Disc Wear and Friction Test - Amoco Modified Silver Disc Wear and Friction Test

The formulation will be tested in the silver disk wear and friction test modified by Amoco known to those skilled in the art. This wear test procedure is a laboratory test for determining the anti-wear properties of lubricating oils. The test machine includes a system in which a 52100 steel ball with a diameter of one-half inch is assembled with three quarter-inch silver disks of the same size and quality as those used in the plating of silver pin insert bearings or railway diesel engines manufactured by the Electric Power Division (EMD) of General Motors, Inc. These disks are located in a fixed triangular position in the oil tank containing an oil sample to be tested for its silver anti-wear properties. The steel ball is located above and in contact with the three silver disks. When performing these tests, the ball is rotated while the ball is pressed against the three disks with a specified pressure and by a suitable weight applied to the lever arm. The test results are determined by using a low-power microscope to examine and measure the scars on the disk. Wear scars with a diameter of 2.2 mm or less are considered to indicate sufficient silver wear protection. The steel ball was rotated on the silver disk at 600 rpm for a period of 30 min under a static load of 23 kg. Each oil was tested at 500 F. The coefficient of friction of each formulation was measured.

R20 Friction Test

An R20 friction test was performed to compare the low speed brake torque variation performance of a formulation containing Phenolate 1 (calcium phenate derived from C20-24 isomerized olefins) with a similar formulation containing Phenolate 2 (calcium phenate derived from tetrapropylene). The R20 test results show that the formulation containing 3.0-10.0 mmol of Phenolate 1 shows reduced low speed brake torque variation compared to the formulation containing 3.0-10.0 mmol of Phenolate 2. This means that the formulation containing Phenolate 1 improves clutch and brake capacity while maintaining low torque variation at low speed. The benefits of reducing low speed brake torque variation are reduced energy losses and vibrations, which are associated with reduced risk of damage to mechanical components, reduced operator discomfort, and reduced tendency for brake noise.

SAE No.2 Friction Test

The above compositions will be evaluated using the SAE No. 2 friction test under the following conditions:

■ Plate: Paper plate

■ Plate: Steel plate

■Motor speed: 2940rpm

■Applied pressure: 20kg/ ^cm2

■Lubricant temperature: 80℃.

The measurement is performed by taking the value at 1200 rpm as the dynamic friction coefficient (μ _d ) and the friction coefficient at the clutch engagement point as the break-away friction coefficient (μ 0 ). The maximum friction coefficient at the engagement point at 0.7 rpm is measured as the static friction coefficient (μ s ).

Brake noise test

The tractor is operated in low gear (Low I, Low II and Low III) at 1200-1800 rpm with double braking in a straight line, alternating braking in a straight line and single braking in a turn. The noise level will be determined by ear as "no noise", "noise" and "strong noise". Initially, the tractor using new test oil will be tested under 0% volume water. Then water in an amount of 0.1% by volume will be added and the tractor under driving/braking conditions will be tested. The cycle will be repeated until brake noise occurs or water contamination becomes 0.2% by volume.

ZF V3 Test

The low-speed gear performance is evaluated using the ZF V3 test of the ZF Group, also known as the S19-5 test. In this test, the FZG bracket is operated for 120 hours under controlled speed (9rpm input speed, 13rpm pinion speed), load (tenth stage) and temperature (90°C 40 hours, 120°C 40 hours and 90°C 40 hours). The test gear is lubricated with test oil. The gears and pinions are weighed before and after the test. Gear weight loss and pinion weight loss are used to evaluate the wear obtained using the test fluid. In order to pass the test, the total weight loss (gear weight loss + pinion weight loss) must be less than 30mg.

MAO 23 compatibility test

The MAO 23 compatibility test is used to evaluate the storage stability of lubricating oils. The formulated oil is placed in an oven at 80°C for a period of one month and then the appearance and sediment are evaluated after one month in comparison with a standard sample. The scores are as follows: Appearance: clear and bright (1), turbid (3), very turbid (6). Sediment: no sediment (0), light (1), medium (2), high (3). A score of 1/0 means: clear and bright appearance (1)/no sediment (0). The lower the appearance score and the lower the sediment score, the better the product. A good result is a maximum appearance score of 2 and a maximum sediment score of 1.

Emulsification performance test-ASTM D1401

The water separability of anti-wear hydraulic fluids is characterized in the ASTM D 1401 test method. In this method, a 40 mL volume of sample material is emulsified with a 40 mL volume of distilled water by stirring the combined liquids in a graduated cylinder at 54° C. for 5 minutes. The separation of the organic and aqueous layers of the emulsion formation will be characterized by monitoring the relative volumes of the respective fluid, aqueous and emulsion layers after stopping stirring. The results are stated as the respective mL fluid-mL water-mL emulsion observed a few minutes after stopping stirring.

Rust resistance test-ASTM D665

The rust prevention effect of the anti-wear hydraulic fluid will be determined using ASTM D 665, which is incorporated herein by reference. ASTM D 665 refers to a test for determining the ability of a fluid to help prevent rusting of ferrous parts when water is mixed with the fluid. To determine the rust prevention properties in the present invention, Procedure B of ASTM D 665 will be used. In this test, a mixture of 300 mL of the test fluid and 30 mL of synthetic seawater is stirred at a temperature of 60°C and a cylindrical steel specimen is completely immersed therein for 24 hours. The rust test results are reported as "pass" or "fail".

Shell 4 Ball WL Test

The welds were evaluated by the Shell 4-ball test. This test is carried out with a steel ball under load rotating against three steel balls held stationary in a cradle. The test case covers the three balls below. The rotation speed is 1760 ± 40 rpm. A series of tests of 10 s duration are carried out under increasing load until welding occurs.

The target welding load is 1960 N. The welding point is greatly affected by the type and amount of phosphorus compounds.

Komatsu Mini Clutch Test KES 07.802

The measurement of the friction coefficient of the test fluid prepared in the embodiment will be measured using a micro-clutch device manufactured by Komatsu Engineering and in accordance with the Komatsu KES 07.802 procedure. That is, the disc and plate specified in the procedure will be contacted with a pressure of 4kgf/cm2 against a disc rotating at 20rpm in the presence of an additive component dissolved in mineral oil. The friction coefficient will be measured at room temperature (25°C), 60°C, 80°C, 100°C, 120°C and 140°C. The test standard for the friction coefficient is a minimum of 0.130.

ASTM D-5704

In this test, a lubricant sample will be placed in a heated gearbox containing two spur gears, a test bearing, and a copper catalyst. The lubricant will be heated to 325°F and the gears will be run for 50 hours under predetermined load and speed conditions. Air will be bubbled through the lubricant at a specified rate, and the overall oil temperature of the lubricant will be controlled throughout the test. The parameters used to evaluate oil degradation after the test are viscosity increase, insolubles in the used oil, and gear cleanliness. In addition, as part of the test report, the copper catalyst percent weight loss based on the original weight of the copper strip will be reported. The copper weight loss result indicates the copper activity of the test lubricant.

A copy of this test method may be obtained from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box 0700, West Conshohocken, pp. 19428-2959, and is incorporated herein for all purposes.

Determination of friction coefficient

The friction coefficient will be measured as a metal-metal friction coefficient by a block-on-ring tester according to the "Standard test method for metal on metal friction characteristics of belt CVT fluids" described in JASO M358:2005. The details of the test method are as follows.

Test conditions

Ring: Falex S-10 test ring (SAE 4620 steel)

Block: Falex H-60 test block (SAE 01 steel)

Oil quantity

150mL

Test run conditions

Oil temperature: 110℃

Load: 5 min at 890 N and 25 min at 1112 N

Sliding speed: 5 min at 0.5 m/s - 25 min at 1.0 m/s

Test conditions

Oil temperature: 110℃

Load: 1112N

Sliding speed: 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.075, 0.025 m/s for 5 min each

Friction coefficient: Friction coefficient 30 seconds before the sliding speed changes

Determination of the durability of anti-shake performance

The anti-shudder performance durability will be measured by a low-speed friction device according to "Road vehicles--Test method for anti-shudder performance of automatic transmission fluids" described in JASO M-349:2001. The details of the test method are as follows.

Test conditions

Friction material: Cellulose disc/Steel plate

Oil volume: 150mL

Test run conditions

Contact pressure: 1MPa

Oil temperature: 80℃

Sliding speed: 0.6m/s

Sliding time: 30 minutes

μ-V performance test conditions

Contact pressure: 1MPa

Oil temperature: 40, 80, 120°C

Sliding speed: increasing and decreasing between 0m/s and 1.5m/s

Durability test conditions

Contact pressure: 1MPa

Oil temperature: 120℃

Sliding speed: 0.9m/s

Duration: 30 minutes

Standing time: 1 minute

Performance measurement time: μ-V characteristics will be measured every 24 hours starting from 0 hours

Note: The anti-shake performance will be evaluated by determining the time period until μd/dV at 0.9 m/s reaches 0. The longer the determined time period, the better the anti-shake performance.

Wear scar test

The anti-wear performance of each lubricating oil composition will be determined according to the 4-ball wear scar test ASTM D4172 at 1800 rpm, 80°C oil temperature and 392N load for 60 minutes. After the test, the test balls will be taken out and the wear scar will be measured. Specifically, when the wear scar diameter is equal to or less than 0.55 mm, the sample oil exhibits favorable wear performance.

Extreme pressure wear test

The extreme pressure wear performance of the lubricating oil compositions will be determined using the Falex pin and V-block test (ASTM D3233, Method B, Pin Material: SAE 3135 Steel, Block: AISI-C-1137 Steel). This method involves running a rotating steel journal at 290 rpm against two fixed V-blocks immersed in the lubricant sample. The load is applied to the V-blocks by a ratchet mechanism. In Test Method B, the load is applied in increments of 250-lbf (1112-N), where the load is maintained constant for 1 min at each load increment. The failure load value obtained is a criterion for the level of load-bearing properties. Specifically, when the failure load is equal to or greater than 1000 lbs, the sample oil exhibits favorable wear performance.

Cu corrosion test

The Cu corrosion resistance of the lubricating oil composition will be determined using the Indiana Stirred Oxidation Test (ISOT, test method JIS K2514). Two catalyst plates (copper and steel) and a glass varnish rod are immersed in the test oil, and the test oil is heated to 165.5°C and aerated by stirring for 150 hours. When the Cu content of the oil is 50 ppm or less, the sample oil exhibits favorable anti-corrosion performance. In addition, the occurrence of sludge or varnish formation indicates poor oxidation corrosion performance.

Volume resistivity

The electrical insulation capability of the lubricating oil composition will be determined according to JIS C2101-1999-24. The volume resistivity of the test oil at 80°C and an applied voltage of 250V will be measured and reported in Ω·cm. For electric vehicle applications, a volume resistivity of 1.0x10 ⁹ Ω·cm or more is sufficiently high.

Claims (198)

1. A lubricating oil composition comprising a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil has the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

wherein,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeat unit;

[ P ] a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1 and m is less than 4; [B] and the steric arrangement of [ P ] is linear, branched or cyclic; [B] and the sequential arrangement of [ P ] is block, alternating or random; the bio-based base oil has a molecular weight in the range of 300g/mol to 1500 g/mol.

2. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises a wear inhibitor, a detergent, a dispersant, a friction modifier, a viscosity index improver, a pour point depressant, a thickener, or an antioxidant.

3. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the composition further comprises a calcium detergent.

4. The lubricating oil composition of claim 3, wherein the calcium detergent is a calcium sulfonate, calcium salicylate, calcium carboxylate, or calcium phenate detergent.

5. The lubricating oil composition of claim 3, wherein the calcium detergent is one or more of a neutral, low overbased, medium overbased, high overbased or high overbased calcium sulfonate, calcium salicylate, calcium carboxylate, or calcium phenate detergent.

6. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the composition further comprises a magnesium detergent.

7. The lubricating oil composition of claim 6, wherein the magnesium detergent is a magnesium sulfonate or magnesium salicylate detergent.

8. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the composition further comprises a detergent derived from isomerized normal alpha olefin.

9. The lubricating oil composition of claim 8, wherein the alkyl substituent of the calcium detergent is derived from an alpha olefin having from 12 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule.

10. The lubricating oil composition of claim 8, wherein the alkyl substituent of the calcium detergent is a residue derived from an isomerized normal alpha olefin having 14 to 28 carbon atoms per molecule.

11. The lubricating oil composition of claim 8, wherein the isomerized n-alpha olefin has an n-alpha olefin isomerization level (I) of from about 0.1 to about 0.4, wherein the olefin isomerization level (I) is determined by hydrogen-1 (1H) NMR obtained using TopSpin 3.2 spectral processing software in chloroform-d 1 at 400MHz on a Bruker Ultrashield Plus 400, and the isomerization level (I) is:

I＝m/(m+n)，

wherein m is the NMR integral of methyl groups with chemical shifts between 0.3 + -0.03 and 1.01 + -0.03 ppm, and n is the NMR integral of methylene groups with chemical shifts between 1.01 + -0.03 and 1.38 + -0.10 ppm.

12. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the composition further comprises an ashless detergent.

13. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises both a magnesium sulfonate detergent and a calcium salicylate detergent.

14. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises a magnesium sulfonate detergent and a calcium detergent selected from calcium phenate and calcium sulfonate.

15. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises from about 200 to about 3000ppm of calcium, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition.

16. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises from about 100 to about 2000ppm magnesium, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition.

17. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises an organic friction modifier derived from a fatty acid source.

18. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises greater than 1.0 wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, of an antioxidant.

19. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises greater than 2.0 wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, of an antioxidant.

20. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises greater than 3.0 wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, of an antioxidant.

21. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises an antiwear additive selected from the group consisting of: c ₄ /C ₆ Secondary ZnDTP, C3/C6 primary, C12 aryl, C4/C8 primary, C3/C6 secondary, C3/C8 secondary and C ₈ Primary ZnDTP.

22. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises a molybdenum compound in an amount of 50 to 2000ppm of molybdenum, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, and wherein the organomolybdenum compound is a sulfur-containing organomolybdenum compound or a sulfur-free organomolybdenum compound.

23. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises a molybdenum compound in an amount of 50 to 2000ppm of molybdenum, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, and wherein the molybdenum compound is a molybdenum-succinimide complex.

24. The lubricating oil composition of claim 23, wherein the molybdenum succinimide complex is derived from C ₂₄ To C ₃₅₀ An alkyl or alkenyl succinimide.

25. The lubricating oil composition of claim 23 or 24, wherein the succinimide is derived from C ₇₀ To C ₁₂₈ A polyisobutylene succinimide reacted with a polyalkylene polyamine selected from the group consisting of triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, and combinations thereof.

26. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises a molybdenum compound in an amount of 50 to 2000ppm of molybdenum, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, and wherein the molybdenum compound is selected from the group consisting of: molybdenum dithiocarbamates, molybdenum dithiophosphates, molybdenum carboxylates, molybdenum esters, molybdenum amines, molybdenum amides, and combinations thereof.

27. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition has a viscosity index of greater than 200 and a nock volatility of less than 15%.

28. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil composition has a viscosity index of greater than 250 and a nock volatility of less than 15%.

29. The lubricating oil composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil is an automotive engine oil (spark-ignition or compression-ignition, direct or port injection), a hybrid engine oil, an engine oil coupled to a motor/battery system in a hybrid vehicle, a marine oil, a gear oil, an agricultural machine oil, a continuously variable transmission oil, a manual transmission oil, an automatic transmission oil, an electric vehicle transmission oil, a mobile natural gas oil, a fixed natural gas oil, an electric railway engine oil, a power generation oil, a hydraulic oil, a bi-fuel oil, a tractor hydraulic fluid oil, an antiwear hydraulic fluid oil, a hybrid transmission oil, a motorcycle oil, a grease used under reduced or high vacuum, a reduction gear, a hydraulic device, an aircraft, a rocket bearing used in space engineering machinery, a robotic joint, or a vacuum pump lubricating oil composition.

30. The lubricating oil composition of claim 29, wherein the lubricating oil composition is for use in an engine that is partially or wholly fueled by a biologically derived fuel, ethanol, or methanol.

31. A0W-4, 0W-8, 0W-12, 0W-16, 0W-20, 0W-30, 0W-40, 5W-20, or 5W-30 heavy or passenger car lubricating oil composition comprising: (a) 1 to 99% by weight of a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil has the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

wherein,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeat unit;

[ P ] is a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1 and m is less than 4; [B] and the steric arrangement of [ P ] is linear, branched or cyclic; [B] and [ P ] are block, alternating or random in sequence; the bio-based base oil has a molecular weight in the range of 300g/mol to 1500 g/mol; (b) 1 to 99 wt% of a secondary base oil, and (c) a small amount of a dispersant inhibitor additive package.

32. The lubricating oil composition of claim 31, wherein the secondary base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), an aromatic, a group I, a group II, a group III, an ester base oil, or mixtures thereof, having a KV 100 of about 2cSt to about 30 cSt.

33. The lubricating oil composition of claim 31, wherein the secondary base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), an aromatic, a group I, a group II, a group III, an ester base oil, or mixtures thereof, having a KV 100 of about 2cSt to about 10 cSt.

34. The lubricating oil composition of claim 31, wherein the secondary base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), an aromatic, a group I, a group II, a group III, an ester base oil, or mixtures thereof, having a KV 100 of about 2cSt to about 6 cSt.

35. The lubricating oil composition of claim 31, wherein the secondary base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), an aromatic, a group I, a group II, a group III, an ester base oil, or mixtures thereof, having a KV 100 of about 2cSt to about 4 cSt.

36. The lubricating oil composition of claim 31, wherein the secondary base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), an aromatic, a group I, a group II, a group III, an ester base oil, or mixtures thereof, having a KV 100 of about 2cSt to about 3 cSt.

37. The lubricating oil composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil is an automotive lubricant, wherein sulfated ash is less than 0.8, less than 0.7, less than 0.6, less than 0.5, less than 0.4, less than 0.3, less than 0.2 wt.%, based on the lubricating oil composition.

38. The lubricating oil composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating oil is an automotive lubricant, wherein the phosphorus content is less than 0.08, less than 0.07, less than 0.06, less than 0.05, less than 0.04, less than 0.03, less than 0.02 wt.%, based on the lubricating oil composition.

39. The lubricating oil composition of claim 29, wherein the vacuum pump oil is ISO VG 32, 46, or 68.

40. A process oil comprising a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil has the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

wherein,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeat unit;

[ P ] is a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1 and m is less than 4; [B] and the steric arrangement of [ P ] is linear, branched or cyclic; [B] and [ P ] are block, alternating or random in sequence; the bio-based base oil has a molecular weight in the range of 300g/mol to 1500 g/mol.

41. Use of the processing oil of claim 40 in the manufacture of a detergent.

42. A diluent oil comprising a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil has the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

wherein,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeat unit;

[ P ] is a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1 and m is less than 4; [B] and the steric arrangement of [ P ] is linear, branched or cyclic; [B] and the sequential arrangement of [ P ] is block, alternating or random; the bio-based base oil has a molecular weight in the range of 300g/mol to 1500 g/mol.

43. Use of the diluent oil of claim 42 in the manufacture of a detergent.

44. An additive concentrate comprising (a) a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil has the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

wherein,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeating unit;

[ P ] is a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1 and m is less than 4; [B] and the steric arrangement of [ P ] is linear, branched or cyclic; [B] and the sequential arrangement of [ P ] is block, alternating or random; the bio-based base oil has a molecular weight in the range of 300g/mol to 1500g/mol, and (b) a minor amount of a lubricant additive.

45. A viscosity index improver concentrate comprising (a) a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil has the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

wherein,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeat unit;

[ P ] a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1 and m is less than 4; [B] and the steric arrangement of [ P ] is linear, branched or cyclic; [B] and the sequential arrangement of [ P ] is block, alternating or random; the bio-based base oil has a molecular weight in the range of 300g/mol to 1500g/mol, and (b) a minor amount of a viscosity index improver selected from the group consisting of: olefin copolymers, diene-based copolymers, poly (meth) acrylate copolymers, which may be star, comb or linear, as well as block, diblock or triblock copolymers.

46. The viscosity index improver concentrate of claim 45, wherein the viscosity index improver is a dispersant viscosity index improver.

47. A solvent comprising a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil has the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

wherein,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeat unit;

[ P ] is a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1 and m is less than 4; [B] and the steric arrangement of [ P ] is linear, branched or cyclic; [B] and the sequential arrangement of [ P ] is block, alternating or random; the bio-based base oil has a molecular weight in the range of 300g/mol to 1500 g/mol.

48. A method for reducing timing chain stretch in an engine comprising the step of lubricating the timing chain with the lubricating oil composition of any of claims 1-38.

49. A method for improving used oil low speed pre-ignition (LSPI) in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) Lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

50. A method for reducing and/or inhibiting oxidation in the presence of biodiesel in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) Lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

51. A method for inhibiting or reducing the nock volatility of a lubricating oil composition comprising formulating a lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1-38.

52. A method for improving piston cleanliness in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) Lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

53. A method for reducing piston deposits in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) Lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

54. A method for reducing turbocharger deposits in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) Lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

55. A method for reducing deposits in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) Lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

56. A method for improving mist separator cleanliness (OMS) in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) Lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

57. A method for improving fuel economy of a new oil Heavy (HD) vehicle or a passenger vehicle (PC) in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) Lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

58. The method as set forth in any one of claims 53-57, wherein deposits in intercooler systems and their piping are reduced.

59. A method for improving fuel economy retention in a Heavy Duty (HD) vehicle or Passenger Car (PC) engine, comprising the steps of: (a) Lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

60. A method for improving seal elastomer compatibility in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: (a) Lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

61. A method for improving oxidation stability in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

62. A method for improving the stability of an additive package comprising adding to the package a bio-based base oil having the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

wherein,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeat unit;

[ P ] a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1 and m is less than 4; [B] and the steric arrangement of [ P ] is linear, branched or cyclic; [B] and the sequential arrangement of [ P ] is block, alternating or random; the bio-based base oil has a molecular weight in the range of 300g/mol to 1500 g/mol.

63. A method for improving the solubility of an additive package comprising adding to the package a bio-based base oil having the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

wherein,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeat unit;

[ P ] is a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1 and m is less than 4; [B] and the steric arrangement of [ P ] is linear, branched or cyclic; [B] and the sequential arrangement of [ P ] is block, alternating or random; the bio-based base oil has a molecular weight in the range of 300g/mol to 1500 g/mol.

64. A method for improving the low temperature properties of a lubricating oil composition in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine, wherein the properties of both virgin and used oils are determined by the pour point, CCS, MRV, gel index, ROBO, mack T10A/T11A/T12A tests.

65. A method for inhibiting corrosion in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine.

66. A method for suppressing foam formation in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine.

67. A method for improving aeration control in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine.

68. A method for stabilizing an emulsion contaminated with fuel and/or water in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine.

69. A method for reducing friction in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating an engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine.

70. A method for reducing sludge formation in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating an engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine.

71. A method of improving new oil wear performance in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: lubricating an engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine for a period of time.

72. A method of improving the wear performance of used oil in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: lubricating an engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine for a period of time.

73. A method of reducing oil consumption in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating an engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine for a period of time.

74. A method for extending an oil change interval, comprising the steps of: lubricating an internal combustion engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine for a period of time.

75. A method for improving compatibility with an aftertreatment device selected from the group consisting of: -a Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF), a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF), an EGR system, a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), a Lean NOx Trap (LNT) or a selective catalytic reduction System (SCR) comprising the steps of: lubricating an internal combustion engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine for a period of time.

76. A method for improving biodiesel compatibility as measured in the CEC L-109-16 and/or L105-12 tests, comprising the steps of: lubricating an internal combustion engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 38, and operating the engine for a period of time.

77. A method for preventing or inhibiting deposit formation in a natural gas engine containing one or more steel pistons comprising the step of operating the natural gas engine with the natural gas engine lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 29.

78. A method of improving brake and clutch capacity at low speeds of a tractor hydraulic system while maintaining low torque variation, the method comprising lubricating the hydraulic system with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 29.

79. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the lubricating oil composition is a marine lubricating oil composition, wherein the marine lubricating oil composition is a system oil, marine cylinder lubricating oil (MCL), or Trunk Piston Engine Oil (TPEO) composition.

80. The lubricating oil composition of claim 79, wherein the lubricating oil composition is a single stage lubricant meeting the requirements of SAE J300 specification revised 1 month 2015 for SAE 20, 30, 40, 50 or 60 single stage engine oil and having a TBN of 5 to 200mg KOH/g as determined by ASTM D2896.

81. The lubricating oil composition of claim 79 or 80, wherein the TBN of the lubricating oil composition is within one of the following ranges: 5 to 200mg KOH/g, 5 to 150mg KOH/g, 5 to 100mg KOH/g, 15 to 150mg KOH/g, 20 to 80mg KOH/g, 30 to 100mg KOH/g, 30 to 80mg KOH/g, 60 to 100mg KOH/g, 60 to 150mg KOH/g, 20 to 70mg KOH/g, 15 to 55mg KOH/g, and 5 to 15mg KOH/g.

82. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 79 to 81, wherein the composition is for use in an engine fuelled in part or in whole with: a biologically derived fuel, ethanol or methanol, ammonia, a gaseous fuel, a residual fuel, a marine residual fuel, a low sulfur marine residual fuel, a marine distillate fuel, a low sulfur marine distillate fuel, or a high sulfur fuel.

83. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 79 to 82, wherein the composition is for a compression ignition four-stroke internal combustion engine operating at 250 to 1100 rpm.

84. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 79 to 82, wherein the lubricant is for a compression ignition two-stroke internal combustion engine operating at 200rpm or less.

85. A method for improving fuel economy of a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

86. A method for improving oil consumption of a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

87. A method for improving the low temperature properties of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

88. A method for improving the neutralization capacity of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

89. A method for improving wear performance of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

90. A method for improving the oxidation stability of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

91. A method for reducing sludge formation in a diesel internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

92. A method for improving viscosity increase control in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

93. A method for reducing scuffing in a diesel internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

94. A method for reducing deposits in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

95. A method for reducing the rate of alkalinity loss of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

96. A method for inhibiting foam formation of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

97. A method for improving asphaltene dispersancy of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 79 to 84, and operating the engine.

98. A method for thickening a lubricating oil composition comprising adding to the lubricating oil composition a bio-based base oil having the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

wherein,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeat unit;

[ P ] is a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1 and m is less than 4; [B] and the steric arrangement of [ P ] is linear, branched or cyclic; [B] and the sequential arrangement of [ P ] is block, alternating or random; the bio-based base oil has a molecular weight in the range of 300g/mol to 1500 g/mol.

99. A method for improving the storage stability of a lubricating oil composition comprising adding to the lubricating oil composition a bio-based base oil having the following molecular structure:

[B]n-[P]m

wherein,

[B] is a bio-based hydrocarbon repeat unit;

[ P ] is a non-biobased hydrocarbon repeating unit;

n is greater than 1 and m is less than 4; [B] and the steric arrangement of [ P ] is linear, branched or cyclic; [B] and the sequential arrangement of [ P ] is block, alternating or random; the bio-based base oil has a molecular weight in the range of 300g/mol to 1500 g/mol.

100. A lubricating oil composition comprising a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil is described by a hydrocarbon mixture, wherein:

a. according to FIMS, the percentage of molecules with even carbon number is greater than or equal to 80%;

BP/BI ≥ 0.6037 (alkyl branching per molecule) +2.0;

c. on average 0.3 to 1.5 + methyl groups per molecule.

101. The lubricating oil composition of claim 100, wherein the composition further comprises a wear inhibitor, a detergent, a dispersant, a friction modifier, a viscosity index improver, a pour point depressant, a thickener, or an antioxidant.

102. The lubricating oil composition of claim 100 or 101, wherein the composition further comprises a calcium detergent.

103. The lubricating oil composition of claim 102, wherein the calcium detergent is a calcium sulfonate, calcium salicylate, calcium carboxylate, or calcium phenate detergent.

104. The lubricating oil composition of claim 102, wherein the calcium detergent is one or more of a neutral, low overbased, medium overbased, high overbased or high overbased calcium sulfonate, calcium salicylate, calcium carboxylate, or calcium phenate detergent.

105. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 104, wherein the composition further comprises a magnesium detergent.

106. The lubricating oil composition of claim 105, wherein the magnesium detergent is a magnesium sulfonate or magnesium salicylate detergent.

107. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 106, wherein the composition further comprises a detergent derived from isomerized normal alpha olefin.

108. The lubricating oil composition of claim 107, wherein the alkyl substituent of the calcium detergent is derived from an alpha olefin having from 12 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule.

109. The lubricating oil composition of claim 107, wherein the alkyl substituent of the calcium detergent is a residue derived from an isomerized normal alpha olefin having 14 to 28 carbon atoms per molecule.

110. The lubricating oil composition of claim 107, wherein the isomerized n-alpha olefin has a n-alpha olefin isomerization level (I) of from about 0.1 to about 0.4, wherein the olefin isomerization level (I) is determined by hydrogen-1 (1H) NMR obtained using TopSpin 3.2 spectroscopy processing software in chloroform-d 1 at 400MHz on a Bruker Ultrashield Plus 400, and the isomerization level (I) is:

I＝m/(m+n)，

wherein m is the NMR integral of methyl groups with chemical shifts between 0.3 + -0.03 and 1.01 + -0.03 ppm, and n is the NMR integral of methylene groups with chemical shifts between 1.01 + -0.03 and 1.38 + -0.10 ppm.

111. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 110, wherein the composition further comprises an ashless detergent.

112. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 111, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises both a magnesium sulfonate detergent and a calcium salicylate detergent.

113. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-112, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises a magnesium sulfonate detergent and a calcium detergent selected from the group consisting of calcium phenate and calcium sulfonate.

114. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 113, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises from about 200 to about 3000ppm of calcium, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition.

115. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-114, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises about 100 to about 2000ppm of magnesium, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition.

116. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-115, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises an organic friction modifier derived from a fatty acid source.

117. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 116, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises greater than 1.0 wt.% antioxidant, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

118. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 117, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises greater than 2.0 wt.% of an antioxidant, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

119. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 118, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises greater than 3.0 wt.% antioxidant, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

120. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 119, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises an antiwear additive selected from the group consisting of: c ₄ /C ₆ Secondary ZnDTP, C3/C6 primary, C12 aryl, C4/C8 primary, C3/C6 secondary, C3/C8 secondary and C ₈ Primary ZnDTP.

121. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 120, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises a molybdenum compound in an amount of 50 to 2000ppm of molybdenum, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, and wherein the organomolybdenum compound is a sulfur-containing organomolybdenum compound or a sulfur-free organomolybdenum compound.

122. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 121, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises a molybdenum compound in an amount of 50 to 2000ppm of molybdenum, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, and wherein the molybdenum compound is a molybdenum-succinimide complex.

123. The lubricating oil composition of claim 122, wherein the molybdenum succinimide complex is derived from C ₂₄ To C ₃₅₀ An alkyl or alkenyl succinimide.

124. The lubricating oil composition of claim 122, wherein the succinimide is derived from C ₇₀ To C ₁₂₈ A polyisobutylene succinimide reacted with a polyalkylene polyamine selected from the group consisting of triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, and combinations thereof.

125. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-121, wherein the lubricating oil composition further comprises a molybdenum compound in an amount of 50 to 2000ppm of molybdenum, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, and wherein the molybdenum compound is selected from the group consisting of: molybdenum dithiocarbamates, molybdenum dithiophosphates, molybdenum carboxylates, molybdenum esters, molybdenum amines, molybdenum amides, and combinations thereof.

126. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 125, wherein the lubricating oil composition has a viscosity index of greater than 200 and a nock volatility of less than 15%.

127. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 126, wherein the lubricating oil composition has a viscosity index of greater than 250 and a nock volatility of less than 15%.

128. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-127, wherein the lubricating oil is an automotive engine oil (spark-ignition or compression-ignition, direct or port injection), a hybrid engine oil, an engine oil coupled with a motor/battery system in a hybrid vehicle, a marine oil, a gear oil, an agricultural machine oil, a continuously variable transmission oil, a manual transmission oil, an automatic transmission oil, an electric vehicle transmission oil, a mobile natural gas oil, a fixed natural gas oil, an electric railway engine oil, a power generation oil, a hydraulic oil, a dual fuel oil, a tractor hydraulic fluid oil, an antiwear hydraulic fluid oil, a hybrid transmission oil, a motorcycle oil, a grease for use under reduced or high vacuum, a reduction gear, a hydraulic device, an aircraft, a rocket, a bearing for use in space engineering machinery, a robotic joint, or a vacuum pump lubricating oil composition.

129. The lubricating oil composition of claim 128, wherein the lubricating oil composition is for use in an engine that is partially or wholly fueled by a biologically derived fuel, ethanol, or methanol.

130. A lubricating oil composition for 0W-4, 0W-8, 0W-12, 0W-16, 0W-20, 0W-30, 0W-40, 5W-20 or 5W-30 heavy vehicles or passenger cars, comprising: (a) 1 to 99% by weight of a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil is described by a hydrocarbon mixture, wherein:

i. According to FIMS, the percentage of molecules with even carbon number is greater than or equal to 80%;

BP/BI ≧ 0.6037 (alkyl branching per molecule internal) +2.0;

an average of 0.3 to 1.5 + methyl groups per molecule;

(b) 1 to 99 wt% of a secondary base oil, and (c) a small amount of a dispersant inhibitor additive package.

131. The lubricating oil composition of claim 130, wherein the secondary base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), an aromatic, a group I, a group II, a group III, an ester base oil, or mixtures thereof, having a KV 100 of about 2cSt to about 30 cSt.

132. The lubricating oil composition of claim 130, wherein the secondary base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), an aromatic, a group I, a group II, a group III, an ester base oil, or mixtures thereof, having a KV 100 of about 2cSt to about 10 cSt.

133. The lubricating oil composition of claim 130, wherein the secondary base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), an aromatic, a group I, a group II, a group III, an ester base oil, or mixtures thereof, having a KV 100 of about 2cSt to about 6 cSt.

134. The lubricating oil composition of claim 130, wherein the secondary base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), an aromatic, a group I, a group II, a group III, an ester base oil, or mixtures thereof, having a KV 100 of about 2cSt to about 4 cSt.

135. The lubricating oil composition of claim 130, wherein the secondary base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), aromatic, group I, group II, group III, ester base oil having a KV 100 of from about 2cSt to about 3cSt, or a mixture thereof.

136. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-135, wherein the lubricating oil is an automotive lubricant, wherein sulfated ash is less than 0.8, less than 0.7, less than 0.6, less than 0.5, less than 0.4, less than 0.3, less than 0.2 wt.%, based on the lubricating oil composition.

137. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-136, wherein the lubricating oil is an automotive lubricant, wherein the phosphorus content is less than 0.08, less than 0.07, less than 0.06, less than 0.05, less than 0.04, less than 0.03, less than 0.02 wt.%, based on the lubricating oil composition.

138. The lubricating oil composition of claim 128, wherein the vacuum pump oil is ISO VG 32, 46, or 68.

139. A process oil comprising a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil is described by a hydrocarbon mixture, wherein:

a. according to FIMS, the percentage of molecules with even carbon number is greater than or equal to 80%;

BP/BI ≥ 0.6037 (alkyl branching per molecule) +2.0;

c. On average 0.3 to 1.5 + methyl groups per molecule.

140. Use of the processing oil of claim 139 in the manufacture of a detergent.

141. A diluent oil comprising a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil is described by a hydrocarbon mixture, wherein:

a. according to FIMS, the percentage of molecules with even carbon number is more than or equal to 80%;

BP/BI ≥ 0.6037 (alkyl branching per molecule) +2.0;

c. on average 0.3 to 1.5 + methyl groups per molecule.

142. Use of the diluent oil of claim 141 in the manufacture of a detergent.

143. An additive concentrate comprising: (a) A bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil is described by a hydrocarbon mixture, wherein:

i. according to FIMS, the percentage of molecules with even carbon number is greater than or equal to 80%;

BP/BI ≧ 0.6037 (alkyl branching per molecule internal) +2.0;

an average of 0.3 to 1.5 + methyl groups per molecule; and

(b) A minor amount of a lubricant additive.

144. A viscosity index improver concentrate comprising: (a) A bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil is described by a hydrocarbon mixture, wherein:

i. according to FIMS, the percentage of molecules with even carbon number is more than or equal to 80%;

BP/BI ≧ 0.6037 (alkyl branching per molecule internal) +2.0;

An average of 0.3 to 1.5 + methyl groups per molecule; and

(b) A minor amount of a viscosity index improver selected from: olefin copolymers, diene-based copolymers, poly (meth) acrylate copolymers, which may be star, comb or linear, as well as block, diblock or triblock copolymers.

145. The viscosity index improver concentrate of claim 144, wherein the viscosity index improver is a dispersant viscosity index improver.

146. A solvent comprising a bio-based base oil, wherein the bio-based base oil is described by a hydrocarbon mixture, wherein:

a. according to FIMS, the percentage of molecules with even carbon number is more than or equal to 80%;

BP/BI ≥ 0.6037 (alkyl branching per molecule) +2.0;

c. on average 0.3 to 1.5 + methyl groups per molecule.

147. A method for reducing timing chain stretch in an engine comprising the step of lubricating the timing chain with the lubricating oil composition of any of claims 100-137.

148. A method for improving used oil low speed pre-ignition (LSPI) in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) Lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

149. A method for reducing and/or inhibiting oxidation in the presence of biodiesel in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) Lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

150. A method for inhibiting or reducing the nock volatility of a lubricating oil composition comprising formulating the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137.

151. A method for improving piston cleanliness in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) Lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

152. A method for reducing piston deposits in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) Lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

153. A method for reducing turbocharger deposits in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) Lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

154. A method for reducing deposits in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) Lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

155. A method for improving mist separator cleanliness (OMS) in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) Lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

156. A method for improving fuel economy of a new oil Heavy (HD) vehicle or a passenger vehicle (PC) in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (a) Lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

157. The method of any one of claims 152-156, wherein deposits in an intercooler system and its piping are reduced.

158. A method for improving fuel economy retention in a Heavy Duty (HD) vehicle or Passenger Car (PC) engine, comprising the steps of: (a) Lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

159. A method for improving seal elastomer compatibility in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: (a) Lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

160. A method for improving oxidation stability in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and (b) operating the engine for a period of time.

161. A method for improving the stability of an additive package comprising adding a bio-based base oil described by a hydrocarbon mixture, wherein:

a. according to FIMS, the percentage of molecules with even carbon number is greater than or equal to 80%;

BP/BI ≥ 0.6037 (alkyl branching per molecule) +2.0;

c. on average 0.3 to 1.5 + methyl groups per molecule.

162. A method for improving the solubility of an additive package comprising adding a bio-based base oil described by a hydrocarbon mixture, wherein:

a. according to FIMS, the percentage of molecules with even carbon number is greater than or equal to 80%;

BP/BI ≥ 0.6037 (alkyl branching per molecule) +2.0;

c. On average 0.3 to 1.5 + methyl groups per molecule.

163. A method for improving low temperature properties of a lubricating oil composition in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and operating the engine.

164. A method for inhibiting corrosion in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and operating the engine.

165. A method for suppressing foam formation in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and operating the engine.

166. A method for improving aeration control in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and operating the engine.

167. A method for stabilizing an emulsion contaminated with fuel and/or water in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and operating the engine.

168. A method for reducing friction in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and operating the engine.

169. A method for reducing sludge formation in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and operating the engine.

170. A method of improving new oil wear performance in an internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: lubricating an engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and operating the engine for a period of time.

171. A method of improving wear performance of used oil in an engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating an internal combustion engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and operating the engine for a period of time.

172. A method of improving oil consumption in an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating an engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and operating the engine for a period of time.

173. A method for extending an oil change interval, comprising the steps of: lubricating an internal combustion engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and operating the engine for a period of time.

174. A method for improving compatibility with an aftertreatment device selected from the group consisting of: -a Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF), a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF), an EGR system, a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), a Lean NOx Trap (LNT) or a selective catalytic reduction System (SCR) comprising the steps of: lubricating an engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and operating the engine for a period of time.

175. A method for improving biodiesel compatibility as measured in the CEC L-109-16 and/or L105-12 tests, comprising the steps of: lubricating an internal combustion engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-137, and operating the engine for a period of time.

176. A method for preventing or inhibiting deposit formation in a natural gas engine containing one or more steel pistons or one or more aluminum pistons, comprising the step of operating the natural gas engine with the natural gas engine lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-128.

177. A method of improving brake and clutch capacity at low speeds of a tractor hydraulic system while maintaining low torque variation, the method comprising lubricating the hydraulic system with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100 to 128.

178. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 100-127, wherein the lubricating oil composition is a marine lubricating oil composition, wherein the marine lubricating oil composition is a system oil, a marine cylinder lubricating oil (MCL), or a Trunk Piston Engine Oil (TPEO) composition.

179. The lubricating oil composition of claim 178, wherein the lubricating oil composition is a single stage lubricant meeting the requirements of SAE J300 specification revised 1 month 2015 for SAE 20, 30, 40, 50 or 60 single stage engine oil and having a TBN of 5 to 200mg KOH/g as determined by ASTM D2896.

180. The lubricating oil composition of claim 178 or 179, wherein the TBN of the lubricating oil composition is within one of the following ranges: 5 to 200mg KOH/g, 5 to 150mg KOH/g, 5 to 100mg KOH/g, 15 to 150mg KOH/g, 20 to 80mg KOH/g, 30 to 100mg KOH/g, 30 to 80mg KOH/g, 60 to 100mg KOH/g, 60 to 150mg KOH/g, 20 to 70mg KOH/g, 15 to 55mg KOH/g, and 5 to 15mg KOH/g.

181. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 178-180, wherein the composition is for use in an engine fuelled in part or in whole with: bio-derived fuel, ethanol or methanol, ammonia, gaseous fuel, residual fuel, marine residual fuel, low sulfur marine residual fuel, marine distillate fuel, low sulfur marine distillate fuel, or high sulfur fuel.

182. The lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 178 to 181, wherein the composition is for use in a compression ignition four stroke internal combustion engine operating at 250 to 1100 rpm.

183. The lubricating oil composition of any of claims 178-181, wherein the lubricant is for a compression ignition two-stroke internal combustion engine operating at 200rpm or less.

184. A method for improving fuel economy of a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 178-183, and operating the engine.

185. A method for improving oil consumption of a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 178-183, and operating the engine.

186. A method for improving the low temperature properties of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 178-183, and operating the engine.

187. A method for improving the neutralization capacity of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 178-183, and operating the engine.

188. A method for improving wear performance of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 178-183, and operating the engine.

189. A method for improving the oxidation stability of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 178-183, and operating the engine.

190. A method for reducing sludge formation in a diesel internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 178-183, and operating the engine.

191. A method for improving viscosity increase control in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 178-183, and operating the engine.

192. A method for reducing scuffing in a diesel internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 178-183, and operating the engine.

193. A method for reducing deposits in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 178-183, and operating the engine.

194. A method for reducing the rate of alkalinity loss of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 178-183, and operating the engine.

195. A method for inhibiting foam formation of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 178-183, and operating the engine.

196. A method for improving asphaltene dispersancy of a lubricating oil composition in a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: lubricating the engine with the lubricating oil composition of any one of claims 178-183, and operating the engine.

197. A method for thickening a lubricating oil composition for a diesel internal combustion engine, comprising adding to the lubricating oil composition a bio-based base oil described by a hydrocarbon mixture, wherein:

a. according to FIMS, the percentage of molecules with even carbon number is greater than or equal to 80%;

BP/BI ≥ 0.6037 (alkyl branching per molecule) +2.0;

c. on average 0.3 to 1.5 + methyl groups per molecule.

198. A method for improving the storage stability of a lubricating oil composition comprising adding a bio-based base oil described by a hydrocarbon mixture, wherein:

a. according to FIMS, the percentage of molecules with even carbon number is greater than or equal to 80%;

BP/BI ≥ 0.6037 (alkyl branching per molecule) +2.0;

c. on average 0.3 to 1.5 + methyl groups per molecule.