CN115860484B - Lightning protection grade assessment method for ship equipment - Google Patents
Lightning protection grade assessment method for ship equipment Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of ship safety protection and electromagnetic compatibility design, and particularly relates to a ship equipment lightning protection grade evaluation method. Determining lightning attachment points by using a scaling ship model for simulating cloud layer guiding (discharging from a cloud layer to a ship body) and ship guiding (discharging from the ship body to the cloud layer), precisely determining a ship direct lightning protection area by combining a standard numerical calculation method, and providing a judgment basis for the lightning stroke occurrence probability of ship equipment. And classifying the equipment according to the lightning stroke probability of the equipment. According to the method, the influence of lightning strike faults on ship safety and operation tasks is combined, the damage influence degree classification is carried out on the equipment, the lightning strike protection grade evaluation matrix of the equipment is established in a double-dimension mode, and the lightning protection grade of the equipment is quantitatively determined according to the lightning strike evaluation score of the equipment. The method overcomes the defect that the lightning protection area in the ship industry is calculated by using a single numerical value, and the direct lightning protection area defining method is single in consideration.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of ship safety protection and electromagnetic compatibility design, and particularly relates to a ship equipment lightning protection grade evaluation method.
Background
Lightning is a frequent atmospheric discharge phenomenon in nature. The change of the offshore airflow is complex, severe weather is frequent, and the sea surface is a region which is extremely easy to form thunder. The ship cruising on the open sea or the special operation platform on the sea, especially the large ship, is easy to be struck by lightning because of the outstanding mast, antenna and the like, and the lightning forms serious harm to operators and electronic equipment. The antennas of electronic equipment such as military/civil communication systems, radar systems and the like are usually arranged on the masts of ships, the positions are higher, the surrounding environment is wide, and the antennas or the circuits and functional modules at the rear ends of the electronic systems are easily burnt out by direct attack of lightning, so that the safety of operators is even endangered. Lightning attacks are a non-negligible safety issue for ships or work platforms to perform tasks offshore.
The damage effect of lightning on ships comprises direct effect and indirect effect caused by lightning current, wherein the direct effect is that the physical effect generated by lightning strike is expressed as burning, erosion, explosion, structural deformation, high voltage shock wave, magnetic field formed by strong current, contact voltage and step voltage which are formed by lightning when the lightning is discharged to sea along the down line of lightning arrester. The indirect effect caused by lightning current is the electromagnetic radiation effect, i.e. electromagnetic pulse radiation generated with lightning and its interaction with devices and systems.
In order to reduce the damage of direct and indirect effects of lightning to ship equipment, the protection of the ship equipment can be graded, and corresponding protection measures are adopted according to the grading of the equipment protection.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a ship equipment lightning protection grade assessment method, and particularly relates to a ship equipment lightning protection grade assessment method combined with a scaling model test. According to the method, factors such as equipment arrangement positions, influences of equipment faults on operation tasks and the like are comprehensively considered, and the lightning protection level of ship equipment is evaluated.
The evaluation method of the invention comprises the following steps:
step 1: and respectively simulating ship scaling model lightning attachment tests of cloud deck leads and ship leads, and determining ship direct lightning attachment points.
The method comprises the following sub-steps:
step 1-1: manufacturing a ship scaling model according to the arrangement condition of ship deck equipment, wherein the scaling proportion can be determined according to the size of a test site and the ship;
step 1-2: partitioning the ship according to the ship side length and the ship width, and setting the positions of the test electrodes according to the partitioning;
step 1-3: simulating a lightning stroke attachment test in a cloud layer pilot mode;
step 1-4: simulating a lightning stroke attachment test in a ship pilot mode;
step 1-5: lightning attachment of ship scaling model according to cloud layer pilot and ship pilotThe test result shows that the lightning strike attachment probability of the ship surface equipment is obtained, and the attachment probability is more than 10 -2 The lightning strike attachment point is determined.
Step 2: and carrying out numerical simulation calculation according to a method specified by the GB/GJB standard, and determining the full-ship direct lightning protection area.
The method comprises the following sub-steps:
step 2-1: assuming that the lightning stroke attachment points obtained in the step 1 are the center points of the local protection areas, calculating the local protection areas of each lightning stroke attachment point according to a GB50057-2010 rolling ball method, a GB/T50064-2014 broken line method and a GJB5080-2004 broken line method respectively;
step 2-2: combining each local protection area to form a full-ship combined protection area under three calculation methods;
step 2-3: comparing the sizes of the combined protection areas of the whole ship under the three calculation methods, and selecting the minimum range as a direct Lightning Protection Zone (LPZO) B ) The area of the ship deck surface except the lightning protection zone is set as a Lightning Protection Zone (LPZO) A ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The inner area of the metal hull is provided with a cabin lightning protection zone (LPZ 1) because the lightning electromagnetic field intensity is attenuated and the probability of suffering direct lightning is smaller due to the shielding effect of the metal hull;
step 3: and determining the lightning stroke fault probability level of the equipment according to the area of the equipment.
The method comprises the following sub-steps:
step 3-1: the lightning stroke attachment points obtained in the test in the step 1 are set as lightning stroke fault probability level A except for a specially arranged direct lightning stroke protection device;
step 3-2: is positioned in a direct lightning non-protection zone (LPZO) for the deck surface except for the equipment determined in the step 3-1 A ) Is set to a lightning strike failure probability level B, and the pair of deck surfaces is located in a lightning strike protection zone (LPZO) other than the apparatus determined in step 3-1 B ) The equipment arranged in the cabin lightning protection zone (LPZ 1) is set as a lightning strike fault probability grade C, and the equipment arranged in the cabin lightning protection zone (LPZ 1) is set as a lightning strike fault probability grade D;
step 4: and classifying the severity of the influence of the equipment fault on the task according to the equipment blasting grade and the importance of the equipment in the task section.
Class I: under the condition that the ship is struck by lightning, the ship is hit by flammable and explosive components contained in the equipment, so that safety accidents such as explosion or fire disaster and the like can be caused;
class II: under the condition that the ship encounters lightning stroke, the ship sails and main operation tasks cannot be completed due to the fact that equipment is hit, and main functions of the ship are affected;
class III: the ship is subjected to lightning stroke, so that the failure of equipment is hit, the safety of the ship, the sailing safety and the completion of a main operation task are not directly influenced, and the secondary functions of the ship are influenced;
class IV: the ship is slightly influenced, and in the case of lightning strike, the ship functions are less influenced by hitting the equipment.
Step 5: based on the equipment fault probability, the influence of equipment faults on the operation tasks is classified, and the equipment lightning protection grade is determined according to the equipment lightning protection grade evaluation matrix.
And determining the lightning protection grade of the equipment according to the grade of the equipment in the grade evaluation matrix by utilizing the lightning protection grade evaluation matrix, wherein the lower the grade is, the higher the lightning protection grade is, and the higher the protection requirement is. The evaluation result can be used as the basis of protection on ship equipment.
The invention provides a lightning protection grade assessment method for marine vessel equipment, which utilizes a scaled vessel model for simulating cloud layer leading (cloud layer discharging to a hull) and vessel leading (hull discharging to cloud layer discharging) to determine lightning attachment points, and combines a standard numerical calculation method to accurately determine a direct lightning protection area of a vessel, thereby providing a judgment basis for the lightning stroke occurrence probability of the marine vessel equipment. The equipment is classified according to the probability of lightning strike of the equipment, so that the defect that the single numerical calculation is used in the lightning protection area in the ship industry and the consideration factor of the direct lightning protection area demarcating method is single is overcome.
According to the method, the influence of lightning strike faults on ship safety and operation tasks is combined, the damage influence degree classification is carried out on the equipment, the lightning strike protection grade evaluation matrix of the equipment is established in a double-dimension mode, and the lightning protection grade of the equipment is quantitatively determined according to the lightning strike evaluation score of the equipment.
According to the grade evaluation method disclosed by the invention, the influence of multidimensional factors such as the arrangement position of equipment on a ship, the influence of the equipment on the operation influence degree of the ship and the like is comprehensively considered, the lightning protection grade of the equipment is accurately evaluated, quantitative guidance basis is provided for the selection of lightning protection measures of the equipment, and under the condition of low probability and high damage natural events such as lightning, the design and production economic cost investment of the equipment, the probability of occurrence of equipment faults and the damage degree of faults are comprehensively balanced, so that the damage of lightning accidents to ship navigation and operation is reduced, and the defect of the ship industry on the lightning protection evaluation method of the ship equipment is overcome.
Drawings
In order to better describe the specific flow and technical scheme of the present invention, the following description refers to the accompanying drawings required by the technical scheme of the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an implementation of a method for evaluating the lightning protection rating of a device in combination with a scaling model test.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing the implementation of step 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows a process of step 2 of the present invention.
FIG. 4 illustrates an example (top view) of a ship lightning strike zone for a scaled ship model simulating a natural lightning lead test.
FIG. 5 is an example (side view) of a scaled ship model simulating a natural lightning lead test for ship lightning strike zoning.
Fig. 6 is an example of xy plane projection and corresponding numbering of a high voltage electrode arrangement on a ship model simulating a natural lightning lead test on top view.
FIG. 7 is a projection of 7 electrode azimuth arrangements on the xz plane on a heading view and corresponding numbered examples.
FIG. 8 is an exemplary diagram of a test configuration simulating a natural lightning leader.
FIG. 9 is an exemplary diagram of a test configuration for simulating lightning induced by a vessel.
Fig. 10 is a schematic diagram of the calculation of the protection range (ball method) of a single lightning rod in GB 50057.
Fig. 11 shows the combined protection range of lightning attachment points on deck calculated according to the ball method of GB 50057-2010.
Fig. 12 shows the protection range of a single direct lightning protection device calculated according to the GB/T50064-2014 polyline method.
FIG. 13 shows the combined protection range of each lightning attachment point on the deck calculated according to GB/T50064-2014 polyline method.
Fig. 14 is a schematic view of the protection range formed by conducting single points (P) of attachment points according to the GJB5080-2004 polyline method.
FIG. 15 shows the combined protection range of lightning attachment points on deck calculated according to GJB5080-2004 polyline method.
Detailed Description
The following will explain how to apply the technical means to realize the technical scheme and solve the technical problems by combining the drawings and the specific embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. It should be noted that, as long as no conflict is formed, each embodiment of the present invention and each feature of each embodiment may be combined with each other, and all the formed evaluation schemes are within the protection scope of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1, the embodiment provides a method for evaluating the lightning protection level of a water surface ship device by combining a ship scaling model test, which comprises the following specific implementation steps:
step 1 is performed according to fig. 2, and a ship lightning strike attachment point is determined.
According to the direct lightning strike simulation test site and the actual size of the ship, determining the scaling proportion of the ship model, and preparing the ship scaling model proportionally according to the arrangement condition of equipment on the deck surface of the ship. Partitioning the ship according to the ship length and width (see figures 4-5), setting the position of each test simulated lightning discharge electrode (see figures 6-7) according to the partitioning condition, and carrying out lightning stroke adhesion test in simulated cloud layer pilot mode according to the configuration conditions of figures 8 and 9And simulating multiple lightning strike adhesion tests under a ship pilot mode, wherein the distance between the electrode rod/electrode plate and the ship model can be determined according to the ship model size, the test site size and the ship model proportion, and the discharge frequency of each electrode discharge position is greater than or equal to 10 times. Counting the number of lightning stroke points at different positions of the whole ship according to the test result, and calculating the lightning stroke attachment probability of the lightning stroke points at different positions, wherein the attachment probability is more than or equal to 10 -2 And determining the lightning strike attachment point of the ship.
TABLE 1
Step 2 is carried out according to fig. 3, and the lightning protection area range of the ship is determined.
The protection range of the single lightning rod is determined by adopting a rolling ball method according to the appendix D of GB50057-2010, and a schematic diagram is shown in figure 10. In fig. 10, when the height h of the lightning rod is less than or equal to hr, a parallel line parallel to the ground is made from the position hr of the ground, the arc line is intersected with two points A, B of the parallel line by taking the needle point as the center hr of a circle and taking the radius as the radius, the arc line is intersected with the needle point and tangent to the ground by taking A, B as the center hr of a circle, the protection range is from the arc line to the ground, and the protection range is a symmetrical cone.
For fig. 10, the lightning rod is at h x The radius of protection on the xx' plane of height and on the ground is determined by the following calculation:
wherein r is x -lightning rod is at h x A protection radius (m) on the xx' plane of height;
h r radius of rolling ball (m)
h x -height of the protected object (m)
r 0 -the protection radius (m) of the lightning rod on the ground
When the height h of the lightning rod is greater than h r At the time, the height h is taken on the lightning rod r Instead of a single lightning rod tip as the center of a circle.
And (3) calculating the protection areas one by one for the lightning stroke attachment points determined by the scaled ship model test in the step (1) by the rolling ball method. The calculation results of each point are integrated to obtain the combined protection range of the direct lightning protection device, the antenna, the flagpole and the like on the deck of the ship, and the combined protection range is shown in figure 11.
According to the calculation and analysis method of the lightning protection range recommended by GB/T50064-2014, the protection range of the single direct lightning protection device is shown in figure 12.
The protection radius of the lightning rod on the ground is calculated according to the following formula:
R＝1.5hP (2)
wherein, r is the protection radius, m;
h, height of lightning rod, m;
p—height influence coefficient, h is less than or equal to 30m, p=1; 30m < h is less than or equal to 120m, and P=5.5/h 1/2; h >120m, it is taken to be equal to 120m.
At the height h of the protected object x The radius of protection in the horizontal plane is determined as follows:
1) When h x When the time is more than or equal to 0.5h,
r x ＝(h-h x )P＝h a P (3)
wherein: r is (r) x -lightning rod is at h x A protection radius on the horizontal plane, m;
h x -the height of the protected object, m;
h a -effective height of lightning rod, m.
2) When h x When the time is less than 0.5h,
r x ＝(1.5h-2h x )P (4)
and (3) calculating the protection areas one by one for the lightning stroke attachment points determined by the scaled ship model test in the step (1) by the rolling ball method. The calculation results of each point are integrated to obtain the combined protection range of the direct lightning protection device, the antenna, the flagpole and the like on the deck of the ship, and the combined protection range is shown in figure 13.
According to the GJB5080-2004 (lightning protection design and use requirement of military communication facilities), the protection scope of the lightning rod is determined by taking the needle point of the lightning rod as the vertex to make a depression angle, generally adopting a 60-degree angle, and adopting a 45-degree angle for a building with explosion danger for an object needing important protection. The calculation is carried out according to the protection of an angle of 60 degrees, and a lightning protection area formed by single-point (P) conduction is a cone with P as an apex and 120 degrees as an apex angle, which is shown in fig. 14. The calculation results of each point are integrated to obtain the combined protection range of the direct lightning protection device, the antenna, the flagpole and the like on the deck of the ship, and the combined protection range is shown in figure 15.
The minimum range is selected as the direct lightning protection zone in comparison with the ranges of fig. 11, 13 and 15. The area of the deck surface of the ship except the range of the direct lightning protection area is a direct lightning non-protection area, and the inner area of the metal hull is set as a cabin lightning protection area.
And step 3, cleaning a main operation equipment list of the whole ship, and determining the lightning strike fault probability level of the equipment according to the area where the equipment is located.
According to the lightning stroke attachment points obtained in the test in the step 1, other independently installed ship equipment is set to be a lightning stroke fault probability grade A except for a specially arranged direct lightning stroke protection device. For deck equipment, the equipment is located in a direct lightning non-protection zone (LPZO) except the equipment determined in the step 3-1 A ) Is set to a lightning strike failure probability level B, and the equipment on the deck is located in a lightning strike protection zone (LPZO) other than the equipment determined in step 3-1 B ) The equipment arranged in the cabin lightning protection zone (LPZ 1) is set to be a lightning strike failure probability level C, and the equipment arranged in the cabin lightning protection zone (LPZ 1) is set to be a lightning strike failure probability level D.
And 4, cleaning a main operation equipment list of the whole ship, and classifying the severity of the influence of equipment faults on the task according to the equipment blasting grade and the importance of the equipment in the task section.
Class I: in the case of a ship suffering from lightning strike, the ship is hit to contain flammable and explosive components, so that safety accidents such as explosion or fire disaster and the like can be caused;
class II: under the condition that the ship encounters lightning stroke, the ship sails and main operation tasks cannot be completed due to the fact that equipment is hit, and main functions of the ship are affected;
class III: the ship is subjected to lightning stroke, so that the failure of equipment is hit, the safety of the ship, the sailing safety and the completion of a main operation task are not directly influenced, and the secondary functions of the ship are influenced;
class IV: the ship is slightly influenced, and in the case of lightning strike, the ship functions are less influenced by hitting the equipment.
And 5, classifying according to the probability level of the lightning stroke fault of the equipment and the severity of the influence of the equipment fault on the task, evaluating a matrix for the lightning protection level of the standard table 2, and determining the evaluation value of the lightning protection level of the equipment, wherein the lower the value is, the higher the lightning protection level is.
Table 2 lightning protection rating evaluation matrix
Claims (1)
1. The lightning protection grade evaluation method for the ship equipment is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step 1: respectively simulating a ship scaling model lightning attachment test of a cloud layer pilot and a ship pilot, and determining a ship direct lightning attachment point;
step 2: carrying out numerical simulation calculation according to a method specified by GB/GJB standard, and determining the full-ship direct lightning protection area;
step 3: determining the lightning stroke fault probability level of the equipment according to the area of the equipment;
step 4: according to the equipment blasting grade and the importance of the equipment in the task section, the severity classification of the influence of equipment faults on the task is given;
class I: under the condition that the ship is struck by lightning, the ship is hit by flammable and explosive components contained in the equipment, so that safety accidents such as explosion or fire disaster and the like can be caused;
class II: under the condition that the ship encounters lightning stroke, the ship sails and main operation tasks cannot be completed due to the fact that equipment is hit, and main functions of the ship are affected;
class III: the ship is subjected to lightning stroke, so that the failure of equipment is hit, the safety of the ship, the sailing safety and the completion of a main operation task are not directly influenced, and the secondary functions of the ship are influenced;
class IV: the ship is slightly influenced, and the impact on the ship functions is small when the ship is struck by lightning;
step 5: based on the equipment fault probability, classifying the influence of equipment faults on the operation tasks, and determining equipment lightning protection grades according to an equipment lightning protection grade evaluation matrix;
step 1 comprises the following sub-steps:
step 1-1: manufacturing a ship scaling model according to the arrangement condition of ship deck equipment, wherein the scaling proportion can be determined according to the size of a test site and the ship;
step 1-2: partitioning the ship according to the ship side length and the ship width, and setting the positions of the test electrodes according to the partitioning;
step 1-3: simulating a lightning stroke attachment test in a cloud layer pilot mode;
step 1-4: simulating a lightning stroke attachment test in a ship pilot mode;
step 1-5: according to the ship scaling model lightning attachment test results of cloud layer guiding and ship guiding, the lightning strike attachment probability of the ship surface equipment is obtained, and the attachment probability is greater than 10 -2 Determining a lightning stroke attachment point;
step 2 comprises the following sub-steps:
step 2-1: assuming that the lightning stroke attachment points obtained in the step 1 are the center points of the local protection areas, calculating the local protection areas of each lightning stroke attachment point according to a GB50057-2010 rolling ball method, a GB/T50064-2014 broken line method and a GJB5080-2004 broken line method respectively;
step 2-2: combining each local protection area to form a full-ship combined protection area under three calculation methods;
step 2-3: comparing the sizes of the combined protection areas of the whole ship under the three calculation methods, selecting the minimum range as a direct lightning protection area, and setting the areas of the ship deck surface except the direct lightning protection area as a direct lightning non-protection area; the lightning electromagnetic field intensity of the inner area of the metal ship body is attenuated due to the shielding effect of the metal ship body, the probability of suffering direct lightning is small, and the inner area is set as a cabin lightning protection area;
step 3 comprises the following sub-steps:
step 3-1: the lightning stroke attachment points obtained in the test in the step 1 are set as lightning stroke fault probability level A except for a specially arranged direct lightning stroke protection device;
step 3-2: the equipment on the deck surface except the equipment determined in the step 3-1 and located in the direct lightning non-protection area is set to be a lightning stroke fault probability grade B, the equipment on the deck surface except the equipment determined in the step 3-1 and located in the direct lightning protection area is set to be a lightning stroke fault probability grade C, and the equipment arranged in the cabin lightning protection area is set to be a lightning stroke fault probability grade D.
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