CN115859854B - Method for evaluating groundwater runoff of data-missing river basin in permafrost region - Google Patents
Method for evaluating groundwater runoff of data-missing river basin in permafrost region Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a permafrost region data-missing drainage basin groundwater runoff evaluation method, which mainly comprises the following steps: firstly, acquiring a runoff time sequence of an outlet of a research river basin, and dividing base flow and a base flow index BFI of different periods from a runoff process line through base flow division; then estimating low-runoff components in different periods through the analysis of a water withdrawal curve; calculating FDC curves of the runoff sequences; finally dividing the frozen layer water supply and the frozen layer water supply; dividing standard: when bfi=1 occurs in winter, the base flow and corresponding percentile runoffs Q i Judging that the frozen layer is in water; when BFI is less than 1 in winter, and the runoff quantity corresponds to Q 75 And when the flow is smaller, the runoff belongs to groundwater runoff in which the water on the freezing layer and the water under the freezing layer are mixed; when BFI is less than 1 in other seasons, the water drained from the frozen layer in winter is used as the water drained from the frozen layer which is stable all the year round, and the water drained from the frozen layer is equal to the base flow minus the water drained from the frozen layer. The method is suitable for evaluating the groundwater resources in large-scale frozen soil river basin, and has low cost and strong operability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of hydrologic water resources in cold areas, in particular to a method for evaluating groundwater runoff in a data-missing river basin in a permafrost area.
Background
Permafrost refers to a layer of rock that remains frozen for at least two years, primarily in high altitude and high latitude areas, such as arctic and tibetan plateaus. The permafrost region develops a rich groundwater system, and plays an important role in stably regulating river runoff. The specificity of the groundwater in the frozen soil area is that the frozen soil layer is a water-resisting layer or a water-weak permeable layer, and the groundwater in the frozen soil can be divided into three types according to the relation between the groundwater and the frozen soil: the first step is that the frozen soil layer is filled with water and is positioned in the movable layer, and the upper part of the frozen soil layer is a lower water-proof bottom plate filled with water; secondly, the water in the frozen layer is positioned in the middle of the frozen soil layer and kept unfrozen; and thirdly, the frozen layer is used for draining water and is positioned below the frozen layer, and the bottom of the frozen soil layer is used as an upper water stop plate. The ground water runoff of the frozen soil basin mainly comes from the water on the frozen layer and the water under the frozen layer, and the water in the frozen layer is generally stable and cannot be supplied to the surface runoff. Because the water on the frozen layer is in the active layer, the frozen layer can be frozen and melted along with seasonal change of the active layer, the frozen layer is not involved in surface runoff supply in winter, and the frozen layer is gradually melted in spring and summer to supply the river. The water under the frozen layer is the pressure-bearing water which is not frozen throughout the year, is generally a source of river stable base flow, is stably supplied throughout the year, and is an important supply source of river water when the active layer is frozen in winter. The cold region drainage basin with the distribution of frozen soil is in a remote region with high altitude and high latitude, and monitoring data are limited, so that the evaluation of the groundwater in the frozen soil drainage basin is always a difficult problem, and is also a bottleneck problem for restricting the hydrologic development and water resource protection in the cold region.
The base flow dividing method is a common method for calculating groundwater resource quantity by reversely pushing groundwater discharge quantity and supplying quantity, and can determine groundwater runoff quantity in a larger area of river basin. The method mainly comprises the steps of selecting a representative hydrologic station, separating out the base flow of a flow area by utilizing a linear segmentation or digital filtering method according to a change curve of the measured runoff size along with time, and taking the separated base flow as the groundwater supply resource. The method has the defect that the underground water resource amount can only be roughly estimated, and the amount of the water on the frozen layer and the amount of the water under the frozen layer for supplying river runoff can not be distinguished in a frozen soil area. The main principle of the chemical tracer method is to estimate the contribution rate of groundwater to river runoff according to different chemical composition characteristics in water bodies of different sources. The method mainly comprises the steps of collecting samples of river water, precipitation, groundwater, snow-melting water and the like which are all possible sources, analyzing indexes such as isotopes and the like, and calculating the source of the river water by using an isotope mixing model. Theoretically, if water samples of the frozen layer lower water and the frozen layer upper water are respectively collected, the respective runoff replenishing amounts of the frozen layer upper water and the frozen layer lower water can be distinguished. The method has the defects that the sample collection is time-consuming and labor-consuming, the sample test is expensive, the method is basically only used in small watershed, and the method is almost impossible to be applied to large watershed with frozen soil distribution to accurately evaluate the groundwater in actual operation, because the related manpower, material resources and financial resources consumption will be astronomical figures. It can be seen that the existing evaluation methods for the groundwater in the frozen soil basin are insufficient. The subdivision of frozen layer water in and under a frozen layer in a frozen soil area is a precondition for scientific management, utilization and protection of frozen soil basin water resources, so that a method with strong operability is needed for evaluating the runoff of the frozen soil basin groundwater.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the existing evaluation methods of the groundwater in the frozen soil basin, the invention provides the evaluation method of the groundwater runoff in the data-lack basin in the permafrost region, which is applicable to the large-scale frozen soil basin, and has low cost and strong operability.
The invention provides a method for evaluating the runoff of groundwater in a data-lack river basin in a permafrost region, which comprises the following steps:
s1, acquiring a runoff time sequence of an outlet of a research river basin, dividing a base flow by adopting a digital filtering method, and dividing base flow and base flow indexes BFI of different periods from a runoff process line; the base flow index BFI is the ratio of the base flow to the total runoff and is between 0 and 1. For a frozen soil area river basin, the groundwater runoff is a mixture of frozen layer lower water and frozen layer upper water. The digital filtering method uses the runoff time duration data as superposition of direct runoff and base stream, wherein the direct runoff is used as a high-frequency signal, the base stream is used as a low-frequency signal, and then the base stream is segmented from the flow process. The digital filtering method has better objectivity and repeatability. The digital filtering method has the following calculation formula:
b t ＝Q t -q t
wherein q is t For the surface runoff after time period t is filtered, m 3/ s；Q t And Q t-1 Total runoff, m, for t and t-1 time periods, respectively 3 S; a is a filter coefficient, and generally 0.925 is taken; b t As base stream, m 3 /s。
S2, estimating low-runoff components in different periods through the analysis of a water withdrawal curve.
The water-withdrawal curve analysis is to calculate a plurality of water-withdrawal sections on the water-withdrawal process line, and when the flow process of the water-withdrawal sections is consistent with the water-withdrawal equation, the water-withdrawal equation is considered to represent the base flow water withdrawal. Firstly, selecting the maximum flow rate and the minimum flow rate at the dead water period and the minimum flow rate at the later on a runoff process line as the initial point and the end point of a water withdrawal period, and simulating the water withdrawal period by adopting a linear Depuit-Boussinesq water withdrawal equation:
Q t ＝Q 0 e -βt
q in t The flow is t time; q (Q) 0 The flow is the flow at the initial moment; beta is the base stream water withdrawal coefficient.
The low-runoff components in different seasons can be primarily determined through the water withdrawal curve analysis, so that the low-runoff components can be divided.
S3, calculating FDC curves of the runoff sequences to obtain runoffs Q corresponding to each percentile i . The Flow Duration Curve (FDC) is a curve reflecting flow statistical characteristics, and has important application to analysis of runoff components in cold regions. And calculating FDC based on daily runoff data by taking the year as a unit, and calculating an FDC curve of runoffs of a certain year by using an FDC tool provided by the Hydrooffice to obtain runoffs corresponding to each percentile.
S4, dividing frozen layer drainage and frozen layer water supply to realize subdivision evaluation of the frozen soil basin groundwater in different seasons and all the year round; the division criteria are as follows:
when bfi=1 occurs in winter, the base flow and the corresponding percentile runoff Q at this time i Judging that the frozen layer is in water, and recording the diameter flow of the frozen layer as Q sub 。
When BFI is less than 1 in winter, and the runoff quantity corresponds to Q 75 And when the flow is smaller, the runoff belongs to groundwater runoff mixed by water on the frozen layer and water under the frozen layer; and calculating the water-feeding and water-draining runoff of the frozen layer of the runoff of different percentiles by using the corresponding relation between the runoff of the percentiles and the base stream.
Because the runoff of the frozen layer is basically stable throughout the year, the water flow of the frozen layer is calculated and utilized Q sub Base flow minus Q for calculating water supply of annual frozen layer sub . When BFI is less than 1 in other seasons, the water is drained from the frozen layer in winter Q sub As the annual stable frozen layer drain water, the annual frozen layer drain water is equal to the base current minus the frozen layer drain water Q sub 。
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
the method can subdivide the water runoff amount of the frozen layer of the large-scale frozen soil basin and the water runoff amount of the frozen layer only by using basin runoff time sequence data, is simple and easy to operate, solves the important problem of hydrology in the cold region, and is beneficial to the scientific management of water resources in the cold region.
Additional advantages, objects, and features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned from practice of the invention.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for evaluating groundwater runoff in a data-lack river basin in a permafrost region.
FIG. 2, FDC curve schematic.
FIG. 3, yangtze river source base flow segmentation result.
FIG. 4, yangtze river source water withdrawal analysis results.
Fig. 5, FDC-based winter groundwater subdivision results.
FIG. 6, annual groundwater runoff subdivision results.
Detailed Description
The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, it being understood that the preferred embodiments described herein are for illustration and explanation of the present invention only, and are not intended to limit the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for evaluating groundwater runoff in a data-missing river basin in a permafrost region.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the FDC curve used in step S3. As can be seen in the figure, the basic composition of the FDC is that the vertical axis represents the flow magnitude for a certain calculation period and the horizontal axis represents the relative percentage or guarantee rate. On the FDC curve, the runoff corresponding to a certain percentage i is Q i Q is the closer i is to 100 i Smaller, whereas i is closer to 0Q i The larger. For example Q 90 Is low flow corresponding to 90% guarantee rate, Q 10 High flow corresponding to 10% guaranteed rate. According to the invention, FDC is calculated based on the daily runoff data by taking the year as a unit, and FDC tools (https:// hydrol ice/FDC) provided by hydrol ice can be used simply and convenientlyAnd calculating the FDC curve of the runoff of a certain year, thereby obtaining the runoff corresponding to each percentile.
In step S4, the FDC curve and the percentile runoff are combined, and the water-feeding and water-discharging runoffs of the frozen layer under different guarantee rates can be obtained, namely, the general Q 75 And smaller percentile runoffs (e.g., Q 85 ) Can be considered as groundwater runoff. BFI occurs in winter<1 and the runoff corresponds to Q 75 And when the flow is smaller, the runoff belongs to the groundwater runoff of the mixture of the water on the freezing layer and the water under the freezing layer. The high-frequency signal and the low-frequency signal can be divided by the base flow division, so that the corresponding relation between the percentile runoff and the base flow can be utilized to calculate the water-in-freezing layer runoff of different percentiles and the water-out-freezing layer runoff of different percentiles. By Q 75 For example, Q at this time 75 X (1-BFI) is water on frozen layer, Q 75 The XBFI is frozen layer offal.
Application case
The Yangtze river source area is a typical frozen soil distribution river basin, and the type of frozen soil in the river basin is mainly permafrost and seasonal frozen soil. Taking a Yangtze river source as an example to display the implementation effect of the technical scheme, and carrying out ground water subdivision evaluation based on the date runoff data of the through-gate hydrologic station 1965-2014.
(1) Base stream segmentation results
According to the base flow segmentation result of the digital filtering method, the change conditions of the daily scale and the average base flow, the total runoff and the BFI are shown in figure 3. It can be found that BFI is between 0.77-0.9 in 12 months to 3 months of the next year; 4-6 months, BFI value is 0.57-0.65; 7-9 months, BFI is between 0.61-0.74; the BFI is between 0.6 and 0.62 in 10 to 11 months.
Results of the water withdrawal analysis
(2) Results of the water withdrawal analysis
As shown in fig. 4, the summer water is returned: the first decay process lasts about 3-4 days, and has a shorter duration than the other two phases, and the active layer is not completely melted in the first decay phase, mainly related to rainfall (including snow-melting water), so that the duration is short and the peak flow is small. The second and third decay processes are all lasting about 6-8 days, and the longer decay process may be related to the in-soil flow and the water on the frozen layer caused by the melting of the shallow soil of the active layer. In addition, the peak flow and coefficient of water withdrawal for the third decay is less than for the second, probably due to the increased depth of fusion of the active layer, the reduced in-soil flow ratio, and the increased groundwater (in-and out-of-frozen layers). Therefore, runoff in summer decayed mainly consists of precipitation (including some snow melt water of 5 months and 6 months), in-soil water, water on a frozen layer and water under a frozen layer.
Water is removed in autumn: the fall decay process is generally slow, and the first decay process lasts about 8-9 days. The second decay process lasts longer than 10 days, and this period of decay process indicates a potentially major component of summer floods, and the slow decay of the process may be due to slow soil currents and groundwater drainage from deeper active layers. Therefore, the runoff in fall is mainly composed of slow soil flowing, water on a frozen layer and water under the frozen layer, and the ratio of the groundwater is higher than that of the water-withdrawal process in summer.
The water withdrawal process in winter (11 months to 4 months in the next year) is extremely slow, the basal flow is close to the runoff, the low-flow process can last for about 4 months, and the water discharged from the frozen layer is the main component of runoff.
(3) FDC curve-based low flow partitioning
According to the different hydrologic years commonly used in hydrologic analysis, the analysis is divided into plain, dead and rich years according to the annual runoff size.
Year in plain: the percentile flow corresponding to the Yangtze river source region BFI=1 is Q 91.5 ～Q 96.5 Average percentile flow is Q 94.2 Occurring in 1 to 3 months; in addition, the analysis result of the water withdrawal process has preliminarily determined that the main component of runoff in winter in the research area is frozen layer water, and therefore, the runoff component under the guaranteed rate of about 94% of the plain water year may be completely frozen layer water. BFI of the Yangtze river source region under the 85% guarantee rate is 0.83-0.91, and most of BFI appears in 1-2 months. In addition, the analysis result of the water-withdrawal process line has preliminarily determined that the main component of the runoff in winter in the investigation region is frozen layer sewage, and therefore, the runoff component at the 85% assurance rate may be 82% -91% of the frozen layer sewageAnd 9% -18% of water on the frozen layer. BFI at 75% assurance rate of Yangtze river source region is 0.70-0.79, most of which occur in 3 months and 12 months. In addition, the analysis result of the water withdrawal process line has preliminarily determined that the main component of runoff in winter in the research area is frozen layer sewage, and therefore, the runoff component under the 75% guarantee rate may be 69% -80% frozen layer sewage and 20% -31% frozen layer sewage.
Year of full water: the percentile flow corresponding to the Yangtze river source region BFI=1 is Q 93.5 ～Q 97.5 Average percentile flow is Q 95.9 Occurs in 1 to 3 months. In addition, the analysis result of the water withdrawal process line has preliminarily determined that the main component of runoff in winter in the research area is frozen layer sewage, and therefore, the runoff component under the guarantee rate of about 96% in the year of high water may be completely frozen layer sewage. BFI of the Yangtze river source region under the 85% guarantee rate is 0.78-0.85, and most of BFI appears in 1-2 months. In addition, the analysis result of the water withdrawal process line has preliminarily determined that the main component of the runoff in the research area in winter is frozen layer sewage, and therefore, the runoff component under the 85% guarantee rate may be 76% -86% frozen layer sewage and 14% -24% frozen layer sewage. BFI at 75% assurance rate of Yangtze river source region is 0.65-0.72, most of which occur in 3 months and 12 months. In addition, the analysis result of the water withdrawal process line has preliminarily determined that the main component of the runoff in winter in the research area is frozen layer sewage, and therefore, the runoff component under the 75% guarantee rate may be 64% -73% frozen layer sewage and 27% -36% frozen layer sewage.
Year of dead water: the percentile flow corresponding to the Yangtze river source region BFI=1 is Q 90.5 ～Q 95 Average percentile flow is Q 92.5 Occurs in 1-2 months and 12 months. In addition, the analysis result of the water withdrawal process line has preliminarily determined that the main component of runoff in winter in the research area is frozen layer sewage, and therefore, the runoff component under 92% of guarantee rate in the dead water year may be completely frozen layer sewage. BFI of the Yangtze river source region under the 85% guarantee rate is 0.86-0.95, and most of BFI appears in 1-2 months. In addition, analysis results of the water withdrawal process line have preliminarily determined that the main component of the winter runoff in the investigation region is frozen layer water. Thus, the runoff component at 85% assurance rate may be 86% to 95% under the frozen layerWater and 5 to 14 percent of water on the frozen layer. BFI at 75% assurance rate of Yangtze river source region is 0.76-0.87, most of which occur in 3 months and 12 months. In addition, the analysis result of the water withdrawal process line has preliminarily determined that the main component of the runoff in winter in the research area is frozen layer sewage, and therefore, the runoff component under the 75% guarantee rate may be 76% -88% frozen layer sewage and 12% -24% frozen layer sewage.
(4) Summarizing groundwater evaluation results
Based on Q 75 And Q 85 The groundwater evaluation of (2) gives the result of the water runoff of the frozen layer and the water runoff of the frozen layer in winter. As shown in fig. 5, the total groundwater drainage at the 85% and 75% guaranteed rates of the Yangtze river source, the water supply amount of the frozen layer and the water supply amount of the frozen layer are all in a trend of increasing, wherein the total groundwater drainage amount is faster than the water supply amount of the frozen layer and the water supply amount of the frozen layer.
As shown in FIG. 6, for the calculation and evaluation of the annual frozen layer offal runoff amount, the annual frozen layer offal calculation uses Q because the frozen layer offal runoff amount remains substantially stable throughout the year sub Base flow minus Q for calculating water supply of annual frozen layer sub . The total groundwater drainage of the Yangtze river source, the water yield on the frozen layer and the water yield under the frozen layer are 6.7km respectively 3 、5.2km 3 And 1.5km 3 . The total drainage amount of groundwater of the Yangtze river source, the water amount on the frozen layer and the water amount under the frozen layer are all in an increasing trend, wherein the increase speed of the total drainage amount of groundwater is faster than that of the water on the frozen layer, and the increase speed of the water on the frozen layer is faster than that of the water under the frozen layer.
The present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments, but is intended to be limited to the following embodiments, and any modifications, equivalents and modifications can be made to the above-mentioned embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention.
Claims (3)
1. A method for evaluating the runoff of groundwater in a data-missing river basin in a permafrost region is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, acquiring a runoff time sequence of an outlet of a research river basin, dividing a base flow by adopting a digital filtering method, and dividing base flow and base flow indexes BFI of different periods from a runoff process line;
the digital filtering method has the following calculation formula:
b t ＝Q t -q t
wherein q is t For the surface runoff after time period t is filtered, m 3/ s；Q t And Q t-1 Total runoff, m, for t and t-1 time periods, respectively 3 S; a is a filter coefficient; b t As base stream, m 3 /s；
The base flow index BFI is the ratio of the base flow to the total runoff;
s2, estimating low-runoff components in different periods through the analysis of a water withdrawal curve;
s3, calculating FDC curves of the runoff sequences to obtain runoffs Q corresponding to each percentile i ：
The FDC curve refers to a flow duration curve and is a curve reflecting flow statistical characteristics; calculating FDC based on daily runoff data in a year unit, calculating FDC curves of runoffs of a certain year by using FDC tools provided by Hydrooffice, and obtaining runoffs Q corresponding to each percentile i ；
S4, dividing frozen layer drainage and frozen layer water supply to realize subdivision evaluation of the frozen soil basin groundwater in different seasons and all the year round; the division criteria are as follows:
when bfi=1 occurs in winter, the base flow and the corresponding percentile runoff Q at this time i Judging that the frozen layer is in water, and recording the diameter flow of the frozen layer as Q sub ；
BF occurs in winterI < 1, and the runoff corresponds to Q 75 And when the flow is smaller, the runoff belongs to groundwater runoff mixed by water on the frozen layer and water under the frozen layer; calculating the water-feeding and water-discharging runoff of the frozen layer of the runoff of different percentiles by using the corresponding relation between the runoff of the percentiles and the base stream;
when BFI is less than 1 in other seasons, the water Q is drained from the frozen layer in winter sub As the annual stable frozen layer drain water, the annual frozen layer drain water is equal to the base current minus the frozen layer drain water Q sub 。
2. The method for evaluating the runoff of the groundwater in the data-missing river basin in the permafrost region according to claim 1, wherein in the step S2, firstly, the maximum flow rate in the dead water period and the minimum flow rate after the maximum flow rate in the dead water period are selected as the initial point and the termination point of the water withdrawal period, and the linear Depuit-Boussinesq water withdrawal equation is adopted to simulate the water withdrawal period:
Q t ＝Q 0 e -βt
in which Q t The flow is t time; q (Q) 0 The flow is the flow at the initial moment; beta is the base stream water withdrawal coefficient.
3. The method for evaluating the groundwater runoff in a data stream basin in a permafrost region according to claim 1, wherein in step S3, FDC is calculated based on daily runoff data in units of years, and FDC curves of runoffs in a certain year are calculated by using FDC tools provided by hydrolice, so as to obtain runoffs corresponding to each percentile.
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| JP5189704B1 (en) * | 2012-09-13 | 2013-04-24 | 康夫 高島 | Calculation method of regression function for flow estimation of mountain river basin, selection method of the function, and annual average flow estimation method of mountain river basin |
| CN109063896A (en) * | 2018-07-03 | 2018-12-21 | 国家电网有限公司 | A kind of recognition methods of the Northeast's snowmelt runoff Start Date |
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