CN115843799B - Composition for preventing and killing weeds in cotton fields - Google Patents
Composition for preventing and killing weeds in cotton fields Download PDFInfo
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- CN115843799B CN115843799B CN202211699302.3A CN202211699302A CN115843799B CN 115843799 B CN115843799 B CN 115843799B CN 202211699302 A CN202211699302 A CN 202211699302A CN 115843799 B CN115843799 B CN 115843799B
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- weeds
- cotton fields
- cotton
- pendimethalin
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- FFSSWMQPCJRCRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinclorac Chemical compound ClC1=CN=C2C(C(=O)O)=C(Cl)C=CC2=C1 FFSSWMQPCJRCRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
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- HYYBABOKPJLUIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N mefenamic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(NC=2C(=CC=CC=2)C(O)=O)=C1C HYYBABOKPJLUIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019426 modified starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002923 oximes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940044654 phenolsulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- CMPQUABWPXYYSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyl phosphate Polymers OP(O)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 CMPQUABWPXYYSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CMPQUABWPXYYSH-UHFFFAOYSA-L phenyl phosphate(2-) Polymers [O-]P([O-])(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 CMPQUABWPXYYSH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005646 polycarboxylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HZRSNVGNWUDEFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyraclostrobin Chemical compound COC(=O)N(OC)C1=CC=CC=C1COC1=NN(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)C=C1 HZRSNVGNWUDEFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000008515 quinazolinediones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L succinate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XOAAWQZATWQOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N taurine Chemical class NCCS(O)(=O)=O XOAAWQZATWQOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of herbicide compositions, and discloses a composition for preventing and killing weeds in cotton fields, which comprises the following components in parts by weight: the weight ratio of pendimethalin to quinclorac is 1:1-10:1; the composition may also contain one or more of the existing herbicides, herbicide safeners, and one or more of emulsifiers, dispersants, wetting agents, spreaders, solvents, stabilizers, defoamers, synergists, spray aids, penetrants, adhesives, carriers and fillers. The invention effectively solves the spreading of resistant weeds in cotton fields, and has good preventing and killing effects on barnyard grass, crabgrass, green bristlegrass and the like in grassy weeds and black nightshade, amaranth, chenopodium and the like in broadleaf weeds.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of herbicide compositions, in particular to a composition for preventing and killing weeds in cotton fields.
Background
Cotton belongs to dry field crops, cotton planting is mainly performed in Xinjiang, the mode of cotton planting in Xinjiang is dry sowing and then drip irrigation for emergence, the drug resistance of broadleaf weeds in cotton fields is gradually developed along with the great use of pendimethalin in the last few years, the weed base number is larger and larger, especially the growth condition of malignant weeds such as black nightshade is aggravated year by year, and the prevention and elimination of broadleaf weeds after current seedling can only be solved by sealing, but the existing medicines for sealing broadleaf weeds mainly comprise fluazinam, flumetsulam, oxyfluorfen, prometryn and the like, and various problems are encountered in the use of the medicines, so that new sealing agents are needed to appear.
The quinclorac is a herbicide based on a brand-new skeleton of quinazolinedione, belongs to a trione 4-HPPD herbicide, is used as a novel herbicide, has the characteristics of high efficiency, broad spectrum, safety, low toxicity, environmental friendliness and the like, and has high herbicidal activity on various broadleaf weeds and grassy weeds and high safety on most crops.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a composition for preventing and killing weeds in cotton fields, which effectively solves the spread of resistant weeds through the combination of pendimethalin and quinclorac, and has good preventing and killing effects on barnyard grass, crabgrass, green bristlegrass and the like in grassy weeds and black nightshade, amaranth, chenopodium and the like in broadleaf weeds.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a composition for controlling weeds in cotton fields, which comprises the following components in parts by weight: the weight ratio of pendimethalin to quinclorac is 1:1-10:1.
Preferably, the weight ratio of pendimethalin to quinclorac is 2.5:1-8:1.
More preferably, the weight ratio of pendimethalin to quinclorac is 3:1.
Preferably, the composition further contains one or more of the existing herbicides, wherein the herbicides comprise fluazinam, flumioxazin, oxyfluorfen and prometryn; the addition amount of the herbicide is as follows: the weight ratio of the quinclorac to the quinclorac is 1:1-50:1.
Further, the composition also contains herbicide safeners, wherein the herbicide safeners comprise one or more than one of 1, 8-naphthalene dicarboxylic anhydride (NA), dichloropropylamine, clomazone, furazolidone, clomazone, mefenamate, pyraclostrobin, bisbenzoxazole acid, cyclopropanesulfonamide, brassinolide, allylgrass amine, oxime grass amine and the like, and the mixture is formed by the components in any proportion. The addition amount of the herbicide safener is as follows: the weight ratio of the quinclorac to the quinclorac is 1:1-100:1.
Preferably, the method comprises the steps of, the composition further comprises an emulsifier (sulfosuccinate, taurine derivatives and alcohol phosphate or polyhydroxyethylated phenol phosphate, alkyl sulfate, lauryl ether sulfate, fatty alcohol sulfate, lauryl polyethylene glycol ether acetal, castor oil polyoxyethylene ether, tristyrylphenol polyoxyethylene ether phosphate, calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, sodium dodecylsulfate), a dispersant (polyacrylate, lignin sulfonate, phenolsulfonic acid or naphthalene sulfonate, a polymer of ethylene oxide and an aliphatic alcohol or an aliphatic acid or an aliphatic amine and a substituted phenol, lignin sulfite waste liquid, a condensate of naphthalene or naphthalene sulfonic acid and phenol and formaldehyde, sodium lignin sulfonate, naphthalene sulfonate, calcium lignin sulfonate naphthalene sulfonic acid sodium salt formaldehyde condensate), wetting agents (sulfonic acid succinate, alkyl sulfonate, alkylaryl sulfonate, octylphenol, nonylphenol,) spreaders, solvents (ethoxylated castor oil, water, alcohols, ketones, solvent oils, methyl oleate), stabilizers (sulfated hexadecyl-heptadecyl-octadecyl alcohol and sulfated fatty alcohol glycol ethers, alkylaryl polyether alcohols, alkylphenol formaldehyde resin polyoxyethylene ethers, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, xanthan gum, magnesium aluminum silicate, sodium benzoate, organobentonite, ammonium sulfate), defoamers (polyoxyethylene octylanisole, ethoxylated isooctyl ether, alkylphenyl polyglycol ether, tributylphenyl polyglycol ether, tristearyl phenyl polyglycol ether, polyvinyl alcohol, ethoxylated polyoxypropylene, blocked polyether), synergists, and process for preparing the same, spray aids, penetrants (alcohol ethylene oxide condensates, fatty alcohol ethylene oxide condensates, sorbitol esters, glycerin), adhesives, carriers and fillers (one or more of white carbon black, kaolin, proteins, denatured proteins, polysaccharides, hydrophobically modified starches, polycarboxylates, polyoxyalkyls, polyvinylamines, polyvinylpyrrolidone and copolymers, china clay, natural or synthetic silicates, silica, resins), which may be ionic or nonionic substances, and the like.
Preferably, the dispersing agent (sodium lignin sulfonate, naphthalene sulfonate, calcium lignin sulfonate, naphthalene sulfonate sodium formaldehyde condensate), the penetrating agent (glycerin), the stabilizing agent (xanthan gum, magnesium aluminum silicate, sodium benzoate, organobentonite, ammonium sulfate), the emulsifying agent (castor oil polyoxyethylene ether, tristyrylphenol polyoxyethylene ether phosphate, calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, sodium dodecyl sulfate), the solvent (solvent oil, methyl oleate), the defoaming agent (block polyether), the carrier and the filler (white carbon black, kaolin). The addition amount of the components is 1-99%.
Preferably, the composition is in the form of wettable powder, soluble powder, emulsifiable concentrate, water suspending agent, dispersible oil suspending agent, aqueous emulsion, microemulsion, soluble liquid or water dispersible granule. The liquid composition can be prepared into a preparation with mixed substances, or can be prepared into single-dose or multi-dose packaging for mixed use.
The application of the composition for preventing and killing weeds in cotton fields is that the composition is applied to soil before the weeds and cotton germinates, is used for preventing and killing grassy weeds and broadleaf weeds in cotton fields, has good preventing and killing effect on malignant weeds such as black nightshade, nutgrass galingale rhizome, chenopodium, amaranth and the like, and shows additive or synergistic effect at a lower application rate than that of each compound when the compound is applied singly.
Due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the compound prepared by taking pendimethalin and quinclorac as main raw materials has obvious improvement on closing effects of gramineae and broadleaf weeds in cotton fields, particularly has obvious improvement on closing effects of various broadleaf weeds such as black nightshade, amaranth and the like, simultaneously effectively solves the problem of drug resistance caused by weeding with pendimethalin in the successive years, and has excellent effect on reducing the basal numbers of various weeds in cotton fields.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples:
example 1: preparation of 12% quinclorac-pendimethalin suspending agent
Wherein, the weight parts of the components are proportioned according to the proportion of one hundred weight parts:
2% of quinclorac, 10% of pendimethalin, 1.5% of block polyether, 3% of sodium lignin sulfonate, 2% of naphthalene sulfonate, 5% of glycerol, 0.2% of xanthan gum, 1% of magnesium aluminum silicate, 0.6% of sodium benzoate and water. The formulation is crushed in advance according to the proportion, then is added into a sand mill for grinding, is prepared into suspending agent after high-shear mixing, and is discharged and packaged.
Example 2: preparation of 35% quinclorac-pendimethalin suspension emulsion
Wherein, the weight parts of the components are proportioned according to the proportion of one hundred weight parts:
5% of quinclorac, 30% of pendimethalin, 4% of castor oil polyoxyethylene ether, 20% of 150# solvent oil, 5% of tristyrylphenol polyoxyethylene ether phosphate, 5% of glycerol, 0.1% of xanthan gum, 1.0% of magnesium aluminum silicate, 0.3% of sodium benzoate and water. And (3) putting the raw materials into a mixing kettle, stirring and mixing, then, putting into a sand mill, performing sand milling to obtain the suspension emulsion, discharging and packaging.
Example 3: preparation of 40% quinclorac-pendimethalin dispersible oil suspending agent
Wherein, the weight parts of the components are proportioned according to the proportion of one hundred weight parts:
10% of quinclorac, 30% of pendimethalin, 4% of calcium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, 2% of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, 9% of castor oil polyoxyethylene ether, 0.6% of organic bentonite, 2% of white carbon black and methyl oleate. Mixing the above raw materials in proportion, shearing at high speed, dispersing uniformly, sanding in a sand mill to obtain suspending agent, discharging and packaging.
Example 4: preparation of 12.5% quizalofop-pendimethalin water dispersible granule
Wherein, the weight parts of the components are proportioned according to the proportion of one hundred weight parts:
2.5% of quinclorac, 10% of pendimethalin, 3% of sodium dodecyl sulfate, 5% of calcium lignosulfonate, 3% of naphthalene sulfonic acid sodium salt formaldehyde condensate, 5% of white carbon black and ammonium sulfate. The above formula is prepared into granule by dry method according to proportion, granulating, drying and sieving, and the granule is discharged and packaged.
Example 5: preparation of 16% quinclorac-pendimethalin wettable powder
Wherein, the weight parts of the components are proportioned according to the proportion of one hundred weight parts:
4% of quinclorac, 12% of pendimethalin, 1.5% of sodium dodecyl sulfate, 4% of sodium lignin sulfonate, 2% of naphthalene sulfonate sodium salt formaldehyde condensate, 6% of white carbon black and kaolin. Coarsely pulverizing the above formula according to a certain proportion, mixing in a mixer, jet pulverizing to obtain wettable powder, discharging, and packaging.
Example 6: 10% quizalofop suspension (Liaoning first reach agricultural science Co., ltd.) +330g/L pendimethalin emulsifiable concentrate (Shandong race agriculture Biotechnology Co., ltd.).
Example 7:10% quizalofop suspension (Liaoning Xianda agricultural science Co., ltd.)) +330g/L pendimethalin emulsifiable concentrate (Shandong Sier agricultural biosciences Co., ltd.)) +240g/L oxyfluorfen emulsifiable concentrate (Zhejiang Lanxi GmbH).
Example 8:10% quizalofop-ethyl suspension (Liaoning first reach agricultural science Co., ltd.)) +330g/L pendimethalin emulsifiable concentrate (Shandong Kogyo agricultural biosciences Co., ltd.)) +jieyangling
Comparative example 1: preparation of suspension from 10% quinclorac
Wherein, the weight parts of the components are proportioned according to the proportion of one hundred weight parts:
10% of quinclorac, 3% of sodium lignin sulfonate, 2.5% of naphthalene sulfonate, 6% of glycerol, 0.2% of xanthan gum, 1% of magnesium aluminum silicate, 0.4% of sodium benzoate and water. The formulation is crushed in advance according to the proportion, then is added into a sand mill for grinding, is prepared into suspending agent after high-shear mixing, and is discharged and packaged.
Comparative example 2:330g/L pendimethalin emulsifiable concentrate
33% of pendimethalin, 6.0% of calcium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, 4.0% of tristyrylphenol polyoxyethylene ether and 150# solvent oil. Mixing the components, stirring until the components are completely dissolved, discharging and packaging.
Experimental example:
experimental crops: shuofeng 52 cotton
Experimentally: experiments were carried out on day 4 and 12 of 2022, the experimental ground was set up in a university of dian-Lianshi river, a cotton field which was continuously planted for 20 years or more, and divided into 8 experimental areas, and weed control experiments were carried out using the reagents of examples 1 to 5, comparative examples 1 to 2 and a blank (without using any herbicide). The soil of the test land is loam, the organic matter content of the soil is 37.7g/kg, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen of the soil is 162.44mg/kg, the available phosphorus of the soil is 125mg/kg, and the pH of the soil is 8.26; the weeds mainly comprise broadleaf weeds such as black nightshade and amaranth with the occurrence rate of 55-70%, ash, purslane, field inula flowers and the like, and annual grassy weeds such as barnyard grass, crab grass and green bristlegrass with the occurrence rate of 25-30%; because of its lower density, it is noted as other broadleaf weeds.
Cultivation conditions: the under-film drip irrigation cultivation mode is adopted, 3 pipes and 6 rows are adopted for 10 mu of land, the plant spacing is 10cm, the row spacing is 10cm+66cm+10cm+66cm+10cm cultivation mode, the field fertilizer and water management is standard, irrigation and drainage facilities are complete, experimental preparation is sprayed 2 days after sowing, and the specific spraying amount is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 formulation dosage for examples 1-5 and comparative examples 1-2
Weed investigation method:
the weed investigation adopts a random sampling method, 4 sampling formulas are randomly selected in each experimental field, each sampling formula is 0.5m multiplied by 0.5m, and 1 square meter is checked; the cotton emergence and the weed types and amounts were investigated respectively 20 days after the drug, the weed types and amounts were investigated 30 days, the weed plant control effects were investigated 45 days, and the fresh weight of the overground part of the weeds was weighed. And (3) carrying out pesticide effect calculation according to pesticide field pesticide effect test criteria (II) GB/T17980.128-2004.
The control effect calculating method comprises the following steps:
the crop phytotoxicity investigation method comprises the following steps:
and observing whether the chemical has phytotoxicity to cotton or not 20 days and 30 days after the chemical is applied, and recording the type and degree of the phytotoxicity. Recorded as follows:
a) If phytotoxicity can be counted or measured, absolute values are used, such as plant number or plant height, etc.
b) In other cases, the extent and frequency of phytotoxicity can be estimated in two ways:
1) Grading the phytotoxicity of each cell according to a phytotoxicity grading method:
stage 1: cotton grows normally without any victim symptoms;
2 stages: cotton is slightly phytotoxicity, and the phytotoxicity is less than 10%;
3 stages: the chemical injury of cotton and the like can be recovered later, and the yield is not affected;
4 stages: the cotton has heavy phytotoxicity and is difficult to recover, so that the yield is reduced;
5 stages: the cotton has serious phytotoxicity and cannot be recovered, so that the yield is obviously reduced or is absolute.
2) The drug treated area was compared with the blank control area and the percent phytotoxicity was evaluated.
Accurately describes the symptoms (growth inhibition, fading, dead spots, deformity, etc.) of cotton phytotoxicity. The growth of cotton was recorded in all cases. And observing the interaction between the phytotoxicity and adverse factors (such as damage caused by cultivation methods, lodging, insect pest invasion, long-term high temperature or freezing injury and the like).
Wherein: statistics of investigation of cotton emergence rate and weed plant control effect 20 days after application are shown in Table 2, statistics of weed plant control effect 30 days after application are shown in Table 3, statistics of weed plant control effect 45 days after application and statistics of weed fresh weight control effect are shown in tables 4 and 5
Table 2 statistical table for investigating cotton emergence and weed control 20 days after application
Note that: the single factor analysis of variance was performed using the Duncan's new complex polar method in SPSS software in the table, with lower case letters indicating significant differences in the same column data (P < 0.05) and upper case letters indicating significant differences in the same column data (P < 0.01).
TABLE 3 statistical table of weed plant control effects 30 days after application
Note that: the single factor analysis of variance was performed using the Duncan's new complex polar method in SPSS software in the table, with lower case letters indicating significant differences in the same column data (P < 0.05) and upper case letters indicating significant differences in the same column data (P < 0.01).
TABLE 4 statistical table of weed plant control effects 45 days after application
Note that: the single factor analysis of variance was performed using the Duncan's new complex polar method in SPSS software in the table, with lower case letters indicating significant differences in the same column data (P < 0.05) and upper case letters indicating significant differences in the same column data (P < 0.01).
TABLE 5 statistical table of weed fresh weight control effect 45 days after application
Note that: the single factor analysis of variance was performed using the Duncan's new complex polar method in SPSS software in the table, with lower case letters indicating significant differences in the same column data (P < 0.05) and upper case letters indicating significant differences in the same column data (P < 0.01).
Experimental analysis:
by investigation of the 20-day emergence rate of cotton, the composition of the invention has no influence on the emergence rate of cotton compared with a blank control, and is shown in Table 2 in detail; the composition has stable sealing effect on weeds in cotton fields in 20 days, 30 days, 45 days and fresh weight, can obviously improve the sealing effect on grassy weeds and broadleaf weeds, and has good sealing effect on black nightshade and amaranth, and the sealing effect is shown in tables 3, 4 and 5; therefore, the combination can solve the problem of drug resistance caused by weeding with pendimethalin in successive years, and has good promotion effect on reducing the basal numbers of various weeds in cotton fields.
It is to be understood that these examples are illustrative of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Further, it is understood that various changes and modifications may be made by those skilled in the art after reading the teachings of the present invention, and such equivalents are intended to fall within the scope of the claims appended hereto.
Claims (8)
1. The composition for preventing and killing weeds in cotton fields is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight: the weight ratio of pendimethalin to quinclorac is 1:1-10:1.
2. A composition for controlling weeds in cotton fields according to claim 1, wherein: the weight ratio of pendimethalin to quinclorac is 2.5:1-8:1.
3. A composition for controlling weeds in cotton fields according to claim 2, wherein: the weight ratio of pendimethalin to quinclorac is 3:1.
4. A composition for controlling weeds in cotton fields according to claim 1, wherein: the composition also contains one or more of the existing herbicides, wherein the herbicides comprise fluazinam, flumioxazin, oxyfluorfen and prometryn.
5. The composition for controlling weeds in cotton fields as claimed in claim 4, wherein: the composition also contains herbicide safener, wherein the herbicide safener comprises one or more than one of 1, 8-naphthalene dicarboxylic anhydride, dichloropropylamine, clomazone, benoxaden, carfentrazone-ethyl, mefenacet, mefenapyr, bisbenzoxazole acid, cyclopropanesulfonamide, brassinolide, allyloxamide and oxime oxamate.
6. The composition for controlling weeds in cotton fields according to claim 5, wherein: the composition also contains one or more of an emulsifier, a dispersant, a wetting agent, a spreader, a solvent, a stabilizer, a defoamer, a synergist, a spray aid, a penetrating agent, an adhesive, a carrier and a filler.
7. The composition for controlling weeds in cotton fields as claimed in claim 6, wherein: the composition is in the dosage forms of wettable powder, soluble powder, emulsifiable concentrate, water suspending agent, dispersible oil suspending agent, aqueous emulsion, microemulsion, soluble liquid or water dispersible granule.
8. The use of the composition for controlling weeds in cotton fields as claimed in claim 6, wherein: the composition is applied to prevention and treatment of grassy weeds and broadleaf weeds in cotton fields, and comprises black nightshade, nutgrass galingale rhizome, chenopodium and amaranth weeds.
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