CN115833078A - Energy optimization method of direct-current micro power grid based on SOFC - Google Patents
Energy optimization method of direct-current micro power grid based on SOFC Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides an energy optimization method of a direct current micro power grid based on an SOFC (solid oxide fuel cell), which comprises the following steps of: when the external load of the DC microgrid changes, obtaining an optimal operation curve corresponding to the maximum output efficiency; under the condition of fixed system fuel transmission delay, current time lag control is adopted to prevent fuel depletion; obtaining the supplementary energy required by the lithium battery and the super capacitor besides the energy supplied by the SOFC; designing a DC/DC boost transformer required by the SOFC, the lithium battery and the fuel cell to complete energy conversion; obtaining the current required by the lithium battery and the super capacitor based on the optimal operation curve; designing a current voltage regulator to control the voltage stability of the DC microgrid; the obtained energy optimization management and control strategy is expected to solve the problems of efficiency maximization, fuel deficit and rapid load tracking. The invention is suitable for practical engineering application and provides a new solution for system power switching control and hybrid energy management.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of micro power grid hybrid energy system management, in particular to an energy optimization method of a direct-current micro power grid based on SOFC.
Background
The direct-current micro power grid has the advantages of high efficiency, reliability, low power consumption and the like, and plays a vital role in the development of the smart power grid. To address the increasing demand for power consumption, there are currently different types of new distributed power generation systems. Among them, the direct current micro grid based on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is one of the most effective and efficient direct current micro grids. Compared with the traditional energy equipment, the device can directly generate electricity through electrochemical reaction, and has the advantages of high power density, full solid structure, simple equipment, no limitation of Carnot cycle, high conversion efficiency and the like.
However, currently and in the future, SOFC based direct current micro grids have the following challenges: and (4) optimal efficiency. In order to obtain higher conversion efficiency, parameter analysis and multi-objective optimization are required to obtain optimal working conditions under different operating conditions. Since the electrochemical reactions in the SOFC stack are within milliseconds, the supply of fuel and oxygen/air is within a few seconds. The difference in time can lead to fuel starvation, resulting in microstructural changes and irreversible damage to the fuel cell. Therefore, the fuel starvation problem should be solved during the external load power ramp-up. Fast load tracking. Due to the fact that the instantaneous characteristics of the SOFC system are poor, electric energy is rapidly supplemented by other energy sources through an energy source control strategy, and the purpose of rapid load tracking is achieved.
Meanwhile, the direct current micro power grid based on the SOFC is expensive in manufacturing cost, and comprehensive analysis of the problems cannot be actually carried out through multiple actual experiments, so that simulation research on the system is needed on the basis of a physical model verified through experiments.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an energy optimization method of a direct current micro power grid based on an SOFC (solid oxide fuel cell), aiming at overcoming the defects of the prior art, and ensuring quick load tracking while avoiding fuel deficiency and high efficiency.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention provides an energy optimization method of a direct current micro power grid based on an SOFC (solid oxide fuel cell), which comprises the following steps of:
s1, when the external load of the DC micro-grid changes, obtaining an optimal operation curve corresponding to the maximum output efficiency;
s2, under the condition of fixed system fuel transmission delay, current time lag control is adopted to prevent fuel deficiency;
s3, obtaining supplementary energy required by a lithium battery and a super capacitor besides the energy supplied by the SOFC;
s4, designing a DC/DC boost transformer required by the SOFC, the lithium battery and the fuel cell to complete energy conversion;
s5, obtaining the current required by the lithium battery and the super capacitor based on the optimal operation curve;
and S6, designing a current voltage regulator to control the voltage stability of the DC microgrid.
Further, in S1, when the external load of the DC microgrid changes, in order to obtain the maximum output efficiency, the optimal operation curves of different operation parameters are obtained through parameter optimization and data fitting, and are used as the input basis of the SOFC independent power generation system, specifically, the optimal operation curves are obtained
Selecting output current I of SOFC SOFC When the bypass valve opening BP is a control quantity, the input hydrogen flow passing through the SOFC is selected
With air flow F air Is a dependent variable which changes with the output current of the system;
i.e., current as a function of net SOFC output power,assume as I SOFC ＝f(P SOFC )；
That is, the hydrogen flow rate and air flow rate are functions of the SOFC output current, and are assumed to be F H2 ＝f(I SOFC )，F air ＝f(I SOFC )；
I.e., the output power required for the SOFC is equal to the DC load power,
further, in S2, the specific steps of preventing fuel starvation by using current time lag control are as follows:
wherein tau is the delay time of time lag control;
the current required for the SOFC based on the optimal operating curve;
is the current after time lag control.
Further, in S3, the supplementary energy required by the lithium battery and the super capacitor specifically includes:
the total energy output requirements of the lithium battery and the super capacitor are as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
power required for SOFC; p is SOFC Actual output power;
the change rate of the output electric energy of the lithium battery is as follows:
wherein t (i) is the current time; t (i-1) is the last discrete time;
the required power of the lithium battery;
setting a rising edge pressure swing parameter R and a falling edge pressure swing parameter F to obtain a piecewise function as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the required output electric energy of the super capacitor is as follows:
further, the specific step of S4 is:
the input of the SOFCboost transformer is the output voltage and current of the SOFC, and the output is connected with a DC micro-grid to supply energy to a load;
the input of the lithium ion battery boost transformer is the output voltage and current of the lithium battery, and the output is connected with the DC micro-grid to supply energy to a load;
the input of the super-capacitor boost transformer is the output voltage and current of the super-capacitor, and the output is connected with the DC micro-grid to supply energy to the load.
Further, in S5:
the current required by the lithium battery is as follows:
wherein, U ba Is the voltage of the lithium battery;
the current required by the super capacitor is as follows:
wherein, U sc Is the supercapacitor voltage.
Further, in S6, the specific step of controlling the voltage stabilization of the DC microgrid is:
the SOFC current voltage regulator has the following current control errors:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the required SOFC current; i is SOFC Outputting current for the actual SOFC;
the current control error of the lithium battery current voltage regulator is as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the required lithium battery current; iba is the actual output current of the lithium battery;
the current control error of the super-capacitor current-voltage regulator is as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the required super capacitor current; isc is the actual output current of the super capacitor;
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the required super capacitor current; u shape DC And outputting current for the actual super capacitor.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the first purpose of the invention is to carry out parameter analysis and multi-objective optimization based on a physical model to obtain optimal working conditions under different operating conditions and realize the maximum efficiency output of the system; the second purpose is to effectively control the electrochemical reaction rate in the galvanic pile by adopting time lag control based on SOFC current, so as to avoid fuel depletion; the third purpose is to adopt an energy optimization management and control strategy, realize effective distribution of SOFC, lithium ion battery and super capacitor energy, make up for deficiencies, realize rapid load tracking and meet the energy requirement of external loads. The fourth purpose is to adopt a current voltage regulator to ensure that the power supply at the DC load end is kept stable.
The method has a good guiding function on the management of the mixed energy of the DC micro power grid system, and solves a plurality of problems when the load power rises.
The energy optimization management and control strategy obtained by the method is expected to solve the problems of efficiency maximization, fuel shortage and rapid load tracking. The invention is suitable for practical engineering application and provides a new solution for system power switching control and hybrid energy management.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an energy optimization method of a SOFC-based direct current micro grid according to the present invention;
fig. 2 is a structural diagram of a DC microgrid system according to a first embodiment;
fig. 3 is a load tracking diagram of the DC microgrid system at the level of seconds.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
An energy optimization method of a direct current micro power grid based on an SOFC (solid oxide fuel cell) comprises the following steps:
s1, when the external load of the DC micro-grid changes, obtaining an optimal operation curve corresponding to the maximum output efficiency;
s2, under the condition of fixed system fuel transmission delay, current time lag control is adopted to prevent fuel deficiency;
s3, obtaining supplementary energy required by a lithium battery and a super capacitor besides the energy supplied by the SOFC;
s4, designing a DC/DC boost transformer required by the SOFC, the lithium battery and the fuel cell to complete energy conversion;
s5, obtaining the current required by the lithium battery and the super capacitor based on the optimal operation curve;
and S6, designing a current voltage regulator to control the voltage stability of the DC microgrid.
In the step S1, when the external load of the DC microgrid changes, in order to obtain the maximum output efficiency, the optimal operation curves of different operation parameters are obtained through parameter optimization and data fitting and are used as the input basis of the SOFC independent power generation system, specifically, the optimal operation curves are obtained
Selecting output current I of SOFC SOFC When the bypass valve opening BP is a control amount, the input hydrogen flow passing through the SOFC is selected
With air flow F air Is a dependent variable which changes with the output current of the system;
that is, the current is a function of the change in net SOFC output power, assumed to be I SOFC ＝f(P SOFC )；
That is, the hydrogen flow rate and air flow rate are functions of the SOFC output current, and are assumed to be F H2 ＝f(I SOFC )，F air ＝f(I SOFC )；
I.e., the required output power of the SOFC is equal to the DC load power,
specifically, BP is used as a control quantity, the whole change trend is analyzed, and the BP can be fitted into a piecewise function according to numerical values.
The optimal operation curve can be used as a table look-up database for designing the optimal working condition controller, and especially used as a feedforward reference during power switching, and has important significance for realizing the maximum power of the static output of the system and achieving the optimal working condition requirement.
In S2, the concrete steps of preventing fuel deficiency by adopting current time lag control are as follows:
wherein tau is the delay time of time lag control;
the current required for the SOFC based on the optimal operating curve;
is the current after time lag control.
The SOFC current is used as a main control variable, and the open-loop time-lag control is adopted to effectively control the electrochemical reaction rate of the SOFC pile, so that the aim of effectively preventing fuel deficit is fulfilled.
In S3, the supplementary energy required by the lithium battery and the super capacitor is specifically as follows:
the total energy output requirements of the lithium battery and the super capacitor are as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
power required for SOFC; p SOFC Actual output power;
the change rate of the output electric energy of the lithium battery is as follows:
wherein t (i) is the current time; t (i-1) is the last discrete time;
the required power of the lithium battery;
setting a rising edge pressure swing parameter R and a falling edge pressure swing parameter F to obtain a piecewise function as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the required output electric energy of the super capacitor is as follows:
as the SOFC, the lithium ion battery and the super capacitor all adopt the DC/DC boost transformer to improve the output voltage.
The S4 comprises the following specific steps:
the input of the SOFCboost transformer is the output voltage and current of the SOFC, and the output is connected with a DC micro-grid to supply energy to a load;
the input of the lithium ion battery boost transformer is the output voltage and current of the lithium battery, and the output is connected with the DC micro-grid to supply energy to a load;
and the input of the super capacitor boost transformer is the output voltage and current of the super capacitor, and the output of the super capacitor boost transformer is connected with the DC micro-grid to supply energy to a load.
In the step S5:
the current required by the lithium battery is as follows:
wherein, U ba Is the voltage of the lithium battery;
the current required by the super capacitor is as follows:
wherein, U sc Is the supercapacitor voltage.
In S6, the specific step of controlling the voltage stabilization of the DC microgrid is:
the SOFC current voltage regulator has the following current control errors:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the required SOFC current; i is SOFC Outputting current for the actual SOFC;
the current control error of the lithium battery current voltage regulator is as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the required lithium battery current; I.C. A ba Outputting current for the actual lithium battery;
the current control error of the super-capacitor current-voltage regulator is as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the required super capacitor current; i is sc Outputting current for the actual super capacitor;
Wherein, the first and the second end of the pipe are connected with each other,
the required super capacitor current; u shape DC Outputting current for actual super capacitor
The error can be used as the input of the SOFC current voltage regulator, and the corresponding voltage regulator (such as a proportional, integral and derivative (PID) control mode) can be designed to lead the error to approach 0 infinitely, thereby achieving the purpose of stabilizing the input current and the output voltage of the boost transformer.
Detailed description of the preferred embodiment
Referring to fig. 2, the system comprises an SOFC independent power generation system, a lithium ion battery, a super capacitor, a DC/DC Boost converter, a DC load and a DC microgrid system. And obtaining Optimal Operating Curves (OOCs) of different operating parameters through an optimization algorithm. The optimal operating curve of the system is as follows:
system control amount:
dependent variable of system:
the SOFC, the lithium battery and the super capacitor jointly provide electric energy for an external load. Assuming an external load
The change is a step change from 1kW → 3kW → 4.5kW → 5.5kW, and the change is obtained from the OOCS
BP，F H2 ，F air The variation curve of (2) is used as an input basis of the SOFC independent power generation system.
In order to prevent fuel starvation, time lag control is adopted, with a delay time τ =3s, and it is worth pointing out that the longer the system delay time, the less susceptible the fuel starvation will occur, at which point
Setting a rising edge slew parameter (R = 300) and a falling edge slew parameter (F = -300) assuming a DC load terminal voltage
It is required to be stabilized at 220V. Using SOFC outlet port H 2 Molar flow rate
Verifying if there is a fuel deficiency (
No fuel deficit is demonstrated). Further, by the energy management and control method provided by the invention, a response curve of the SOFC-based DC micro-grid shown in the figure can be obtained by adopting a PID control-based mode.
From the results, fig. 3 shows that the DC microgrid system can realize fast load tracking on the order of seconds, which is advantageous over independent load tracking (on the order of hundreds of seconds) of the SOFC power generation system. At the same timeIn the course of load tracking, the outlet H of the cell stack 2 Mole percent of
No fuel deficit was demonstrated. The system efficiency can reach 62% at most, and the DC microgrid voltage UDC can be stabilized at 220V, so that the four aims of the invention are well achieved: fast load tracking, avoidance of fuel starvation, high efficiency of system output, and stabilization of the DC load side power supply.
The above-mentioned embodiments only express the embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but not construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. It should be noted that, for a person skilled in the art, several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the inventive concept, which falls within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present patent should be defined by the appended claims.
Claims (7)
1. An energy optimization method of a direct current micro power grid based on an SOFC is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, when the external load of the DC micro-grid changes, obtaining an optimal operation curve corresponding to the maximum output efficiency;
s2, under the condition of fixed system fuel transmission delay, current time lag control is adopted to prevent fuel deficiency;
s3, obtaining supplementary energy required by a lithium battery and a super capacitor besides the energy supplied by the SOFC;
s4, designing a DC/DC boost transformer required by the SOFC, the lithium battery and the fuel cell to complete energy conversion;
s5, obtaining the current required by the lithium battery and the super capacitor based on the optimal operation curve;
and S6, designing a current voltage regulator to control the voltage stability of the DC microgrid.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in S1, when the external load of the DC microgrid changes, in order to obtain the maximum output efficiency, parameter optimization and data fitting are performed to obtain the optimal operating curves of different operating parameters, which are used as the input basis of the SOFC independent power generation system, specifically, the optimal operating curves are obtained
Selecting output current I of SOFC SOFC When the bypass valve opening BP is a control quantity, the input hydrogen flow F passing through the SOFC is selected H2 With air flow F air Is a dependent variable which changes with the output current of the system;
that is, the current is a function of the change in net SOFC output power, assumed to be I SOFC ＝f(P SOFC )；
That is, the hydrogen flow rate and air flow rate are functions of the SOFC output current, and are assumed to be F H2 ＝f(I SOFC )，F air ＝f(I SOFC )；
I.e., the output power required for the SOFC is equal to the DC load power,
3. the energy optimization method for the SOFC-based direct current micro grid according to claim 2, wherein in S2, the preventing fuel deficiency by using current time lag control specifically comprises:
wherein tau is the delay time of time lag control;
the current required for the SOFC based on the optimal operating curve;
is the current after time lag control.
4. The energy optimization method for the SOFC-based direct current micro grid according to claim 3, wherein: in S3, the supplementary energy required by the lithium battery and the super capacitor is specifically as follows:
the total energy output requirements of the lithium battery and the super capacitor are as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
power required for SOFC; p SOFC Actual output power;
the change rate of the output electric energy of the lithium battery is as follows:
wherein t (i) is the current time; t (i-1) is the last discrete time;
the required power of the lithium battery;
setting a rising edge pressure swing parameter R and a falling edge pressure swing parameter F to obtain a piecewise function as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the required output electric energy of the super capacitor is as follows:
5. the energy optimization method for the SOFC-based direct current micro grid according to claim 4, wherein the specific steps of S4 are as follows:
the input of the SOFCboost transformer is the output voltage and current of the SOFC, and the output is connected with a DC micro-grid to supply energy to a load;
the input of the lithium ion battery boost transformer is the output voltage and current of the lithium battery, and the output is connected with the DC micro-grid to supply energy to a load;
the input of the super-capacitor boost transformer is the output voltage and current of the super-capacitor, and the output is connected with the DC micro-grid to supply energy to the load.
6. The energy optimization method for the SOFC-based direct current micro grid according to claim 5, wherein in S5:
the current required by the lithium battery is as follows:
wherein, U ba Is the voltage of the lithium battery;
the current required by the super capacitor is as follows:
wherein, U sc Is the supercapacitor voltage.
7. The energy optimization method for the SOFC-based direct current micro grid according to claim 6, wherein in S6, the specific steps of controlling the voltage stabilization of the DC micro grid include:
the SOFC current voltage regulator has the following current control errors:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the required SOFC current; i is SOFC Outputting current for the actual SOFC;
the current control error of the lithium battery current voltage regulator is as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the required lithium battery current; iba is the actual output current of the lithium battery;
the current control error of the super-capacitor current-voltage regulator is as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the required super capacitor current; isc is the actual output current of the super capacitor;
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the required super capacitor current; u shape DC And outputting current for the actual super capacitor.
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