CN115817514B - Real-time road surface anti-skid performance assessment method based on driving safety - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a road surface anti-skid performance real-time evaluation method based on driving safety, which comprises the following steps of 1, arranging a rainfall sensor; step 2, calculating the thickness of the pavement water film; step 3, calculating the road surface anti-skid performance index: the road surface anti-skid performance index comprises a braking distance D and a sideslip value S; step 4, judging the road section anti-skid performance grade; and 5, early warning the road section. The invention senses the change of the road surface anti-skid property in real time according to the rainfall intensity and generates the evaluation result, can assist the driving from multiple angles, and ensures the driving safety, for example, the evaluation result is fed back to the driver in real time to help the driver to know the change condition of the road surface anti-skid property in real time, and provides reference for traffic guidance and management coordination of traffic management departments.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of traffic safety evaluation, in particular to a real-time road surface anti-skid performance evaluation method based on traffic safety.
Background
Statistics of the data show that the accident rate in rainy days is about 5 times that in sunny days, and the reason for the phenomenon is that: under rainfall conditions, the skid resistance of the road surface is drastically reduced, and the driver often fails to recognize the change and respond to the change in time and effectively. Therefore, in order to help the driver quickly understand the change of the road surface anti-skid performance, it is necessary to provide a real-time evaluation method of the road surface anti-skid performance based on the driving safety, so as to prevent the traffic accident caused by the misjudgment of the driver.
At present, data for evaluating the anti-skid performance of the pavement are mainly obtained through periodic detection of a detection vehicle, and the detection vehicle runs along a specified route and obtains the data of the anti-skid performance of the pavement in real time in the running process. The detection by the detection vehicle can realize rapid detection, but the detection period is long, and the acquired data is a real-time detection result only at the time of detection. In addition, part of expert scholars develop analysis aiming at the contact condition between a tire and a road in the wet state of the road surface, and thus a road surface anti-skid performance evaluation technology based on an image recognition technology is constructed, but the method needs to process a multi-angle road surface high-definition image to acquire target data, has the defects of large calculated data volume, long time consumption and high requirement on computer power, and still is difficult to realize rapid detection.
At the first rainfall, the road surface becomes wet and slippery due to the action of the rainwater, and the anti-skid performance of the road surface is rapidly and greatly reduced. Then, along with the continuous rainfall condition, the rainfall is constrained by the drainage performance of the road surface, the rainwater gradually accumulates on the road surface to form a water film, and the skid resistance of the road surface is reduced again. The drainage performance of the road surface is determined by parameters such as longitudinal slopes and transverse slopes of the road surface, so that the rainfall intensity is the only factor affecting the thickness of the water film of the road surface for one road. Therefore, through the rainfall intensity obtained in real time, the change of the water film thickness of the road surface can be estimated in real time, and the skid resistance of the road surface can be estimated in real time. Furthermore, the early warning information can be generated by real-time evaluation results, and the early warning information can be distributed to vehicles on the road in real time, so that drivers can know the change condition of the road surface anti-skid performance in real time, and the vehicle can be driven at a reduced speed and with caution.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a road surface anti-skid performance real-time evaluation method based on driving safety, which evaluates the road surface anti-skid performance by taking the real-time rainfall intensity as a medium, and the generated evaluation result can be used for generating early warning information to remind a vehicle of paying attention to danger, so that safe driving is maintained, and accidents in rainy days can be effectively avoided.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a real-time road surface anti-skid performance evaluation method based on driving safety comprises the following steps.
Step 1, arranging a rainfall sensor: the method comprises the steps that a rainfall sensor is arranged on a road to be evaluated according to a set interval; each rainfall sensor can sense rainfall conditions in the corresponding road section in real time at set frequency and output rainfall intensity values in real time when rainfall occurs.
Step 2, calculating the thickness of the pavement water film: substituting the rainfall intensity value obtained in the step 1 into a pre-constructed water film thickness calculation model to obtain a real-time pavement water film thickness value.
Step 3, calculating the road surface anti-skid performance index: the road surface anti-skid performance index comprises a braking distance D and a sideslip value S; and (3) respectively evaluating and calculating the braking distance D and the sideslip value S according to the pavement water film thickness obtained in the step (2) and the running speed of the vehicle on the road section to be evaluated.
Step 4, judging the road section anti-skid performance grade: firstly, setting a braking distance safety limit value D 0 And sideslip safety limit S 0 And comparing and judging the road surface anti-skid performance index calculated in the step 3 with a set safety limit value, wherein the specific judging method comprises the following steps of: when D is less than or equal to 80 percent D 0 S is less than or equal to 80 percent S 0 Judging the anti-skid performance safety of the corresponding road section; otherwise, judging that the road section is unsafe.
In the step 4, the anti-skid performance grade comprises four grades of excellent, good, inferior and poor; the specific judging method comprises the following steps:
A. when D is less than or equal to 80 percent D 0 S is less than or equal to 80 percent S 0 And in addition, the anti-skid performance grade is excellent, and the road section is safe.
B. When 80% D 0 ＜D≤D 0 Or 80% S 0 ＜S≤S 0 And in the process, the anti-skid performance grade is good, and the road section is unsafe.
C. When D is 0 ＜D≤140％D 0 Or S 0 ＜S≤140％S 0 And the anti-skid performance is graded, and the road section is unsafe.
D. When D > 140％D 0 Or S > 140% S 0 And the anti-skid performance is poor in grade, and the road section is unsafe.
The method also comprises a step 5, road section early warning, and specifically comprises the following steps:
step 5-1, calculating a safe vehicle speed: when the road section is judged to be unsafe in the step 4, the safety limit value D is determined according to the braking distance 0 Obtaining a first speed limit; according to sideslip safety limit S 0 Obtaining a second speed limit; and taking the minimum value of the first speed limit and the second speed limit as the safe vehicle speed.
Step 5-2, early warning: and (3) generating early warning information according to the anti-skid performance grade corresponding to the unsafe road section in the step (4) and the safe vehicle speed obtained in the step (5-1), and carrying out early warning.
In step 5-2, the method for generating the early warning information comprises the following steps:
A. when the anti-skid performance grade is good, the generation of the early warning information is as follows: "slippery road surface, mild danger, recommended to slow down below safe vehicle speed".
B. When the anti-skid performance is graded, the generation of the early warning information is as follows: road surface water accumulation, moderate danger, and recommended deceleration below safe vehicle speed.
C. When the level difference of the anti-skid performance is generated, the early warning information is generated as follows: "road surface water accumulation, serious danger, recommended deceleration below safe vehicle speed".
In step 2, the calculation formula of the water film thickness calculation model is as follows:
h＝0.619×I 0.411 ×L 0.291 ×i -0.1
wherein, h is the thickness of the pavement water film, and the unit is: mm.
I is rainfall intensity, unit: mm/min.
L is the drainage length of the road surface to be evaluated, in units of: m.
i is the composite gradient of the road surface to be evaluated, in units of: and (3) degree.
In step 3, the calculation formulas of the braking distance D and the sideslip value S are respectively as follows:
D＝6.24×h+1.45×v-68.82
S＝-24.75×h+0.41×h×v+0.218
wherein, h is the thickness of the pavement water film, and the unit is: mm;
v is the speed of the vehicle on the road surface to be assessed, in units of: km/h.
In step 3, the calculation formulas of the braking distance D and the sideslip value S are used for acquiring road friction coefficient data corresponding to different conditions through an indoor experiment, constructing a road friction coefficient calculation model through a regression method, further importing the road friction coefficient calculation model into simulation software, constructing a road scene in the simulation software and acquiring data for regression construction of the vehicle model.
The friction coefficient calculation model of the road surface is constructed as follows:
μ＝0.8256-0.0043v-0.0072h
where μ is the coefficient of friction of the road surface to be evaluated.
Braking distance safety limit D in step 4 0 Taking a smaller value in the road section design parking sight distance and real-time visibility; sideslip safety limit S 0 The determination is made with reference to the motor vehicle safety technical inspection project and method.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention senses the change of the road surface anti-skid performance in real time according to the rainfall intensity and generates the evaluation result, can assist the driving from multiple angles, and ensures the driving safety, for example, the evaluation result is fed back to the driver in real time to help the driver to quickly know the change condition of the road surface anti-skid performance, and provides reference for traffic guidance and management coordination of traffic management departments.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows a flow chart of the real-time road surface anti-skid performance evaluation method based on driving safety.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of the real-time security precaution of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific preferred embodiments.
In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "left", "right", "upper", "lower", etc. indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, are merely for convenience in describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the apparatus or element being referred to must have a specific orientation, be configured and operated in a specific orientation, and "first", "second", etc. do not indicate the importance of the components, and thus are not to be construed as limiting the present invention. The specific dimensions adopted in the present embodiment are only for illustrating the technical solution, and do not limit the protection scope of the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 1, the real-time road surface anti-skid performance evaluation method based on driving safety comprises the following steps of.
Step 1, arranging a rainfall sensor: the method comprises the steps that a rainfall sensor is arranged on a road to be evaluated according to a set interval; each rainfall sensor can sense rainfall conditions in the corresponding road section in real time at set frequency and output rainfall intensity values in real time when rainfall occurs. The arrangement interval and the set frequency of the rainfall sensor are determined according to road grades, and the arrangement interval is the monitoring range of the rainfall sensor.
In this embodiment, it is preferable that the rainfall condition of the road section is sensed at a set frequency by a piezoelectric type rain gauge installed at the road side, and when rainfall is sensed, the rainfall intensity I (mm/min) in the road section is obtained in real time, wherein the rainfall intensity I (mm/min) can be directly output by the rain gauge, wherein the arrangement interval and the set frequency of the rain gauge are set according to the road grade (road parameters are shown in table 1) of the road section, the arrangement interval is set to 1.5km, and the set frequency is set to 0.1Hz.
TABLE 1 road parameter data
| Synthetic gradient i | 3.12° |
| Length of drain L | 7m |
| Design vehicle speed v | 80km/h |
| Road grade | Two-stage highway |
Step 2, calculating the thickness of the pavement water film: substituting the rainfall intensity value obtained in the step 1 into a pre-constructed water film thickness calculation model to obtain a real-time pavement water film thickness value.
The water film thickness calculation model is constructed by taking rainfall intensity, road parameters such as road transverse slope, longitudinal slope, drainage length and the like into consideration, and can be constructed by regression of data acquired through field experiments or simulation. In this embodiment, the calculation formula of the water film thickness calculation model is preferably:
h＝0.619×I 0.411 ×L 0.291 ×i -0.1 (1)
wherein, h is the thickness of the pavement water film, and the unit is: mm.
I is rainfall intensity, unit: mm/min.
L is the drainage length of the road surface to be evaluated, in units of: m.
i is the composite gradient of the road surface to be evaluated, in units of: and (3) degree.
In this embodiment, according to the data in table 1, the real-time water film thickness of the road section is calculated as follows:
h＝0.619×1 0.411 ×7 0.291 ×3.12 -0.1 ＝0.97(mm)。
in the invention, the rainfall sensor is preferably arranged at the middle position of the corresponding monitoring road section, so that the water film thickness h, the rainfall intensity and the drainage length are all the same as those of the monitoring road section, and the composite gradient is preferably the average gradient in the road section.
Step 3, calculating the anti-skid performance index of the pavement
The anti-skid performance index is required to be proposed based on the requirement of ensuring the driving safety; according to the analysis of the cause of the traffic accident in the rainy day, the braking distance D and the sideslip value S can be determined, wherein the braking distance is the distance travelled by a driver from the dangerous situation discovery to the braking stop, and the sideslip value is the distance of the vehicle transversely sliding every kilometer when the vehicle turns.
And (3) respectively carrying out evaluation calculation on the braking distance D and the sideslip value S according to the road surface water film thickness obtained in the step (2) and the running speed of the vehicle on the road surface to be evaluated, wherein the calculation formulas of the braking distance D and the sideslip value S are required to be constructed in advance.
In this embodiment, the calculation formulas of the braking distance D and the sideslip value S preferably acquire road surface friction coefficient data corresponding to different conditions through an indoor experiment and construct a road surface friction coefficient calculation model by a regression method, so as to introduce the road surface friction coefficient calculation model into simulation software, and construct a road scene and a vehicle model in the simulation software to acquire data for regression construction. Alternatively, the data construction may be obtained experimentally.
Step 3-1: constructing a friction coefficient calculation model: referring to the prior research results, a calculation formula for determining the friction coefficient mu of the road surface is shown as a formula (2), wherein the calculation parameters comprise a vehicle speed v (km/h) and a water film thickness h (mm).
μ＝0.8256-0.0043v-0.0072h (2)
Where μ is the coefficient of friction of the road surface to be evaluated.
Step 3-2: constructing a road surface anti-skid performance evaluation model: the calculation formula of the road friction coefficient mu is imported into simulation software carsim, road scenes and vehicle models required by vehicle braking and steering operations are built in the simulation software, and data of corresponding braking distance D (m) and sideslip value S (m/km) are obtained by setting different parameter levels, as shown in tables 2 and 3, wherein the calculation parameters comprise vehicle speed v (km/h) and water film thickness h (mm).
TABLE 2 braking distance D (m) data
TABLE 3 sideslip value S (m/km) data
Regression is carried out on the data in the table 2 and the table 3 respectively by a multiple regression method to obtain the calculation formulas corresponding to the braking distance D (m) and the sideslip value S (m/km), as shown in the formulas 3 and 4:
D＝6.24×h+1.45×v-68.82 (3)
S＝-24.75×h+0.41×h×v+0.218 (4)
in this embodiment, the real-time water film thickness value h=0.97 mm and the design vehicle speed v=80 km/h of the road are substituted into the calculation formulas of the braking distance D (m) and the sideslip value S (m/km), and the braking distance and sideslip value of the current road section are calculated, which specifically includes:
D＝6.24×0.97+1.45×80-68.82＝68.82(m)
S＝-24.75×0.97+0.41×0.97×80+0.218＝8.06(m/km)。
step 4, judging the anti-skid performance grade of the road section
Step 4-1, setting a safety limit value
The safety limit value comprises a braking distance safety limit value D 0 And sideslip safety limit S 0 . Wherein the braking distance safety limit value D 0 Preferably taking the smaller value of the road section design parking sight distance and real-time visibility; sideslip safety limit S 0 The determination is preferably made with reference to the motor vehicle safety technical test item and method.
In the present embodiment, the safety limit value Dd (m) of the braking distance is determined according to the newly released visibility data (here, 200 m) of the weather station, in combination with the road design parking sight distance (the design parking sight distance corresponding to the design speed 80km/h is 110 m), and D is determined when the real-time visibility is smaller than the design parking sight distance d (m) real-time visibility, otherwise, designing a parking sight distance; safety limit S for sideslip value d (m/km) was determined to be 5m/km according to the Motor vehicle safety technical inspection project and method, so D herein d ＝110m，S d ＝5m/km。
Step 4-2, grading
In the present invention, the skid resistance grade preferably includes four grades of excellent, good, inferior and bad; the specific judging method comprises the following steps:
A. when D is less than or equal to 80 percent D 0 S is less than or equal to 80 percent S 0 And in addition, the anti-skid performance grade is excellent, and the road section is safe.
B. When 80% D 0 ＜D≤D 0 Or 80% S 0 ＜S≤S 0 And in addition, the road section is unsafe and slightly dangerous.
C. When D is 0 ＜D≤140％D 0 Or S 0 ＜S≤140％S 0 And the anti-skid performance is graded, the road section is unsafe, and the danger is moderate.
D. When D > 140% D 0 Or S > 140% S 0 And the anti-skid performance is poor in grade, the road section is unsafe and serious dangerous.
Step 4-3, judging
Comparing and judging the road surface anti-skid performance index calculated in the step 3 with a set safety limit value, wherein the specific judging method comprises the following steps: when D is less than or equal to 80 percent D 0 S is less than or equal to 80 percent S 0 Judging the anti-skid performance safety of the corresponding road section; otherwise, judging that the road section is unsafe.
In the present embodiment, the safety limits D are respectively set d ＝110m，S d =5m/km and comparing the braking distance D (m) and the sideslip value S (m/km) calculated in step 3; here d= 68.82 m=0.63D d ＜0.8D d 、S＝8.06m/km＝1.61S d ＞1.4S d It is determined that the slip resistance of the road section is poor (serious danger).
Step 5, road section early warning, specifically comprising the steps of:
step 5-1, calculating a safe vehicle speed: when the road section is judged to be unsafe in the step 4, the safety limit value D is determined according to the braking distance 0 Obtaining a first speed limit; according to sideslip safety limit S 0 Obtaining a second speed limit; and taking the minimum value of the first speed limit and the second speed limit as the safe vehicle speed.
Substituting the safety limit value of 0.8 times into a calculation formula of a braking distance D (m) and a sideslip value S (m/km) to reversely calculate a recommended speed v of the road section in the current state d 104km/h and 70km/h, with smaller values of70km/h, so 70km/h is selected as the safe vehicle speed.
In step 3, the calculation formulas of the braking distance D and the sideslip value S are respectively as follows:
D＝6.24×h+1.45×v-68.82
S＝-24.75×h+0.41×h×v+0.218
wherein, h is the thickness of the pavement water film, and the unit is: mm; v is the speed of the vehicle on the road surface to be assessed, in units of: km/h.
Step 5-2, early warning: and (3) generating early warning information according to the anti-skid performance grade corresponding to the unsafe road section in the step (4) and the safe vehicle speed obtained in the step (5-1), and carrying out early warning.
The method for generating the early warning information comprises the following steps:
A. when the anti-skid performance grade is good, the generation of the early warning information is as follows: "slippery road surface, mild danger, recommended to slow down below safe vehicle speed".
B. When the anti-skid performance is graded, the generation of the early warning information is as follows: road surface water accumulation, moderate danger, and recommended deceleration below safe vehicle speed.
C. When the level difference of the anti-skid performance is generated, the early warning information is generated as follows: "road surface water accumulation, serious danger, recommended deceleration below safe vehicle speed".
In this embodiment, since the anti-slip level is poor, the early warning information is generated: "road surface ponding, serious danger, recommended deceleration below 70 km/h"; then, the early warning information is issued: and 5-2, informing all vehicles on the road section of paying attention to the speed of the vehicle in a mode of sending the early warning information (the accumulated water on the road surface, serious danger and recommended deceleration to be below 70 km/h) to a road side display large screen, and safely driving.
The preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above, but the present invention is not limited to the specific details of the above embodiments, and various equivalent changes can be made to the technical solution of the present invention within the scope of the technical concept of the present invention, and all the equivalent changes belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A real-time road surface anti-skid performance assessment method based on driving safety is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1, arranging a rainfall sensor: the method comprises the steps that a rainfall sensor is arranged on a road to be evaluated according to a set interval; each rainfall sensor can sense rainfall conditions in the corresponding road section in real time at set frequency and output rainfall intensity values in real time when rainfall occurs;
step 2, calculating the thickness of the pavement water film: substituting the rainfall intensity value obtained in the step 1 into a pre-constructed water film thickness calculation model to obtain a real-time pavement water film thickness value; the calculation formula of the water film thickness calculation model is as follows:
h＝0.619×I^0.411×L^0.291×i^(-0.1)
wherein, h is the thickness of the pavement water film, and the unit is: mm;
i is rainfall intensity, unit: mm/min;
l is the drainage length of the road surface to be evaluated, in units of: m;
i is the composite gradient of the road surface to be evaluated, in units of: a degree;
step 3, calculating the road surface anti-skid performance index: the road surface anti-skid performance index comprises a braking distance D and a sideslip value S; according to the road surface water film thickness obtained in the step 2 and the running speed of the vehicle on the road section to be evaluated, respectively evaluating and calculating a braking distance D and a sideslip value S;
step 4, judging the road section anti-skid performance grade: firstly, setting a braking distance safety limit value D 0 And sideslip safety limit S 0 And comparing and judging the road surface anti-skid performance index calculated in the step 3 with a set safety limit value, wherein the specific judging method comprises the following steps of: when D is less than or equal to 80 percent D 0 S is less than or equal to 80 percent S 0 Judging the anti-skid performance safety of the corresponding road section; otherwise, judging that the road section is unsafe;
step 5, road section early warning, specifically comprising the steps of:
step 5-1, calculating a safe vehicle speed: when the road section is judged to be unsafe in the step 4, the safety limit value D is determined according to the braking distance 0 Obtaining a first speed limit; according to sideslip safety limit S 0 Obtaining a second speed limit; taking the minimum value of the first speed limit and the second speed limit as the safe vehicle speed；
Step 5-2, early warning: and (3) generating early warning information according to the anti-skid performance grade corresponding to the unsafe road section in the step (4) and the safe vehicle speed obtained in the step (5-1), and carrying out early warning.
2. The real-time road surface anti-skid performance evaluation method based on driving safety according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step 4, the anti-skid performance grade comprises four grades of excellent, good, inferior and poor; the specific judging method comprises the following steps:
A. when D is less than or equal to 80 percent D 0 S is less than or equal to 80 percent S 0 When the road section is in a safe state, the anti-skid performance grade is excellent;
B. when 80% D 0 ＜D≤D 0 Or 80% S 0 ＜S≤S 0 When the road section is in a road, the anti-skid performance grade is good, and the road section is unsafe;
C. when D is 0 ＜D≤140％D 0 Or S 0 ＜S≤140％S 0 When the road section is in a non-safe road, the anti-skid performance is graded for a plurality of times;
D. when D > 140% D 0 Or S > 140% S 0 And the anti-skid performance is poor in grade, and the road section is unsafe.
3. The real-time road surface anti-skid performance evaluation method based on driving safety according to claim 2, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in step 5-2, the method for generating the early warning information comprises the following steps:
A. when the anti-skid performance grade is good, the generation of the early warning information is as follows: "slippery road surface, mild danger, recommended deceleration below safe vehicle speed";
B. when the anti-skid performance is graded, the generation of the early warning information is as follows: road surface ponding, moderate danger, recommended deceleration below safe vehicle speed;
C. when the level difference of the anti-skid performance is generated, the early warning information is generated as follows: "road surface water accumulation, serious danger, recommended deceleration below safe vehicle speed".
4. The real-time road surface anti-skid performance evaluation method based on driving safety according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in step 3, the calculation formulas of the braking distance D and the sideslip value S are respectively as follows:
D＝6.24×h+1.45×v-68.82
S＝-24.75×h+0.41×h×v+0.218
wherein, h is the thickness of the pavement water film, and the unit is: mm;
v is the speed of the vehicle on the road surface to be assessed, in units of: km/h.
5. The real-time road surface anti-skid performance evaluation method based on driving safety according to claim 4, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in step 3, the calculation formulas of the braking distance D and the sideslip value S are used for acquiring road friction coefficient data corresponding to different conditions through an indoor experiment, constructing a road friction coefficient calculation model through a regression method, further importing the road friction coefficient calculation model into simulation software, constructing a road scene in the simulation software and acquiring data for regression construction of the vehicle model.
6. The real-time road surface anti-skid performance evaluation method based on driving safety according to claim 5, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the friction coefficient calculation model of the road surface is constructed as follows:
μ＝0.8256-0.0043v-0.0072h
where μ is the coefficient of friction of the road surface to be evaluated.
7. The real-time road surface anti-skid performance evaluation method based on driving safety according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: braking distance safety limit D in step 4 0 Taking a smaller value in the road section design parking sight distance and real-time visibility; sideslip safety limit S 0 The determination is made with reference to the motor vehicle safety technical inspection project and method.
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| CN114360270A (en) * | 2021-07-26 | 2022-04-15 | 云南省交通规划设计研究院有限公司 | Method and system for studying and judging maximum allowable speed of highway under adverse weather influence |
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| CN112304633A (en) * | 2020-10-20 | 2021-02-02 | 同济大学 | Method for identifying automobile braking safety risk in wet and slippery road surface state |
| CN114360270A (en) * | 2021-07-26 | 2022-04-15 | 云南省交通规划设计研究院有限公司 | Method and system for studying and judging maximum allowable speed of highway under adverse weather influence |
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