CN115780928A - Shape memory alloy electrode autonomous controllable deformation electrolytic machining method and device - Google Patents

Shape memory alloy electrode autonomous controllable deformation electrolytic machining method and device Download PDF

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CN115780928A
CN115780928A CN202211407585.XA CN202211407585A CN115780928A CN 115780928 A CN115780928 A CN 115780928A CN 202211407585 A CN202211407585 A CN 202211407585A CN 115780928 A CN115780928 A CN 115780928A
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shape memory
memory alloy
alloy electrode
electrode
temperature
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CN115780928B (en
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徐正扬
刘琳
朱荻
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Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23HWORKING OF METAL BY THE ACTION OF A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON A WORKPIECE USING AN ELECTRODE WHICH TAKES THE PLACE OF A TOOL; SUCH WORKING COMBINED WITH OTHER FORMS OF WORKING OF METAL
    • B23H3/00Electrochemical machining, i.e. removing metal by passing current between an electrode and a workpiece in the presence of an electrolyte
    • B23H3/04Electrodes specially adapted therefor or their manufacture
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23HWORKING OF METAL BY THE ACTION OF A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON A WORKPIECE USING AN ELECTRODE WHICH TAKES THE PLACE OF A TOOL; SUCH WORKING COMBINED WITH OTHER FORMS OF WORKING OF METAL
    • B23H3/00Electrochemical machining, i.e. removing metal by passing current between an electrode and a workpiece in the presence of an electrolyte

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Abstract

The invention relates to an autonomous controllable deformation electrolytic machining method and device for a shape memory alloy electrode, and belongs to the technical field of electrolytic machining. The method uses shape memory alloy as electrode material, part initial profile line as electrode shape, and makes the electrode correspond to different part profile line shapes at different temperatures by heat treatment. During electrolytic machining, the electrode is connected with the floating clamp, and the temperature of the electrolyte is regulated and controlled by equipment to generate corresponding deformation at different positions. After the processing is finished, the shape of the electrode is restored by heating the electrode by utilizing the shape memory effect of the material. The method can realize the variable cross-section processing and can reuse the electrode.

Description

形状记忆合金电极自主可控变形电解加工方法及装置Method and device for electrolytic machining of shape memory alloy electrode with independent controllable deformation

技术领域technical field

本发明涉及一种形状记忆合金电极自主可控变形电解加工方法及装置,属于电解加工技术领域。The invention relates to an electrolytic machining method and device for autonomously controllable deformation of a shape memory alloy electrode, belonging to the technical field of electrolytic machining.

背景技术Background technique

航空发动机是最复杂的工业产品之一,被誉为“工业制造皇冠上的明珠”。作为飞机的心脏,其制造水平一定程度上反映了一个国家的科技水平和工业水平。随着飞机性能的不断提高,对于航空发动机的性能要求越来越高。整体叶盘的出现减少了零件的数量和重量,避免了榫头榫槽连接的溢流压力损失,提高了气动性能,使航空发动机的结构简化、可靠性增强、推重比增大。闭式整体叶盘在叶片边缘增加整圈叶冠之后,叶片的颤震可以得到有效抑制,叶盘的整体强度和刚度得到提高。在国外,以F119、F120、EJ200等为代表的第4代战斗用航空发动机已经普遍采用整体叶盘结构。英国的R·R公司的发动机采用整体叶盘结构后,其重量相比传统的叶片、轮盘分体结构减轻了50%;美国联合攻击机JSF的升力风扇采用整体叶盘结构后,减少30%的冷却空气,寿命增加100%,重量减轻25%-30%。Aeroengine is one of the most complex industrial products, known as "the jewel in the crown of industrial manufacturing". As the heart of an aircraft, its manufacturing level reflects a country's technological and industrial levels to a certain extent. With the continuous improvement of aircraft performance, the performance requirements for aero-engines are getting higher and higher. The appearance of the blisk reduces the number and weight of parts, avoids the overflow pressure loss of the tenon and tenon connection, improves the aerodynamic performance, simplifies the structure of the aero-engine, enhances the reliability, and increases the thrust-to-weight ratio. After the closed integral blisk adds a whole ring of blade crowns to the edge of the blade, the flutter of the blade can be effectively suppressed, and the overall strength and stiffness of the blisk are improved. In foreign countries, the 4th generation combat aero-engine represented by F119, F120, EJ200, etc. has generally adopted the integral blisk structure. After the British R·R company's engine adopts the integral blisk structure, its weight is reduced by 50% compared with the traditional blade and wheel disc split structure; % cooling air, 100% longer lifespan, 25%-30% lighter weight.

电解加工是基于电化学阳极溶解原理去除材料的加工方法。在电解加工中工具材料的硬度可低于加工零件的硬度,所以常用来加工高强度、高硬度、耐高温等难切削材料;同时加工过程中,电解加工工具与加工工件始终保持加工间隙,加工时不存在切削力,因而适用于加工精密、薄壁易变形等型面复杂零件。由于电解加工具有上述特点,因此在航空航天领域中得到了广泛的应用,成为了加工航空发动机零部件的主要加工工艺之一。Electrolytic machining is a machining method based on the principle of electrochemical anodic dissolution to remove materials. In electrolytic machining, the hardness of the tool material can be lower than that of the machined parts, so it is often used to process high-strength, high-hardness, high-temperature-resistant and other difficult-to-cut materials; at the same time, during the machining process, the electrolytic machining tool and the workpiece always maintain a machining gap. When there is no cutting force, it is suitable for machining precision, thin-walled and easily deformed parts with complex shapes. Due to the above-mentioned characteristics of electrolytic machining, it has been widely used in the field of aerospace and has become one of the main processing techniques for machining aero-engine parts.

在专利“一种整体叶盘电解开槽加工环形电极及工艺方法”(申请号201210367002.5申请人沈阳黎明航空发动机(集团)有限责任公司,发明人朱海南杨涧石于冰李伟)中,通过套料电解加工的方式,实现整体叶盘宽弦、大扭角叶型通道开槽的高效加工。In the patent "A Whole Blisk Electrolytic Grooving Processing Ring Electrode and Process Method" (application number 201210367002.5 applicant Shenyang Liming Aero Engine (Group) Co., Ltd., inventor Zhu Hainan Yang Jianshi Yu Bing Li Wei), Through the nesting electrolytic machining method, the efficient machining of the wide-chord and large-twisted blade-shaped channel slotting of the overall blisk is realized.

在专利“多电极螺旋进给整体叶轮叶间流道电解加工方法”(申请号200910025834.7申请人南京航空航天大学,发明人朱荻徐庆徐正扬)中,通过工具阴极与工件阳极间的多维插补运动,利用简单形状的管状电极加工出叶栅通道。In the patent "Multi-electrode screw-feed integral impeller interblade flow path electrolytic machining method" (application number 200910025834.7 applicant Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, inventor Zhu Di Xu Qing Xu Zhengyang), through the multi-dimensional interpolation movement between the tool cathode and the workpiece anode , using a simple shape of tubular electrodes to process the cascade channel.

在专利“一种非匀速双旋转变加工刃阴极整体叶盘电解加工方法”(申请号201910756930.2申请人南京航空航天大学,发明人徐正扬王璟朱荻)中,设计阴极的加工刃为变宽度加工刃,驱动其按仿真轨迹单向变速旋转径向进给;驱动毛坯按仿真优化的参数协同阴极变向变速旋转,在毛坯上形成叶栅通道,提高加工余量分布均匀性。In the patent "A non-uniform double-rotation variable machining blade cathode integral blisk electrolytic machining method" (application number 201910756930.2 applicant Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, inventor Xu Zhengyang Wang Jing Zhu Di), the design of the cathode machining blade is a variable width machining blade , drive it to rotate radially in one direction according to the simulated trajectory; drive the blank to rotate according to the parameters optimized by simulation in conjunction with the cathode in variable direction and variable speed, forming a cascade channel on the blank to improve the uniformity of the machining allowance distribution.

在专利“一种变截面叶片的精密电解加工方法”(申请号201910818869.X申请人中国航发动力股份有限公司,发明人王福平陈文亮雷晓晶胡思嘉李元任景刚杨波黄楚荒)中,实现变截面叶片型面精密电解加工过程的稳定化,克服现有的整体叶盘叶型数控铣削加工周期长、加工效率低及生产成本高的不足。In the patent "A Precision Electrolytic Machining Method for Blades with Variable Sections" (Application No. 201910818869.X, the applicant is China Aviation Engine Co., Ltd., inventor Wang Fuping, Chen Wenliang, Lei Xiaojing, Hu Sijia, Li Yuanren, Jing Gang, Yang Bo, Huang Chuhuang), realized The stabilization of the precise electrolytic machining process of the variable cross-section blade surface overcomes the shortcomings of the existing CNC milling of the overall blisk blade shape with long processing cycle, low processing efficiency and high production cost.

在专利“双叶片套料电解加工装置及其加工方法”(申请号202010425084.9申请人南京航空航天大学,发明人朱栋张晓博林家豪)中,针对具有大小叶片的整体构件,设计两种特征的整体式工具阴极,将工具阴极沿轴向进给,实现双叶片的快速套型加工。In the patent "Double-blade nesting electrolytic processing device and its processing method" (application number 202010425084.9 applicant Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, inventor Zhu Dong Zhang Xiaobo Lin Jiahao), for the integral component with large and small blades, design two kinds of integral type features The tool cathode feeds the tool cathode along the axial direction to realize the rapid sleeve processing of double blades.

在专利“叶片尾缘不溶解扩压器的套料电解加工夹具及其方法”(申请号201910195765.8申请人南京航空航天大学,发明人朱栋林家豪胡兴炎岳晨何纬峰宋张扬陈恺祺李晗毛衍钦)中,解决了扩压器套料电解加工时夹具压力过大、电解液易泄露的难题,有利于提高流场稳定性,改善加工质量。In the patent "Jig and method for nesting electrolytic machining of insoluble diffuser at blade trailing edge" (application number 201910195765.8 applicant Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, inventor Zhu Dong Lin Jiahao Hu Xingyan Yuechen He Weifeng Song Zhangyang Chen Kaiqi Li Han Mao Yanqin), It solves the problem of excessive clamp pressure and easy leakage of electrolyte during electrolytic processing of diffuser casing, which is beneficial to improve the stability of flow field and improve the processing quality.

在专利“航空发动机薄壁机匣电解加工方法”(申请号201410547093.X申请人南京航空航天大学,发明人朱荻朱增伟王宏睿王登勇)中,工件阳极自转,工具阴极在周向运动的同时向阳极进给,整个加工过程中无需更换电极,薄壁回转体零件表面的凹凸结构通过阴极窗口的滚套电解作用一次性加工成型。In the patent "Electrolytic Machining Method of Aeroengine Thin-walled Case" (application number 201410547093.X applicant Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, inventor Zhu Di Zhu Zengwei Wang Hongrui Wang Dengyong), the anode of the workpiece rotates on its own, and the cathode of the tool advances toward the anode while moving in the circumferential direction. Yes, there is no need to replace the electrodes during the entire processing process, and the concave-convex structure on the surface of the thin-walled rotating body parts is processed and formed at one time through the electrolysis of the roller sleeve of the cathode window.

在专利“一种机床回转单元及机匣零件高精密旋印电解加工机床”(申请号201810339512.9申请人南京航空航天大学,发明人王登勇朱荻何斌朱增伟李天字方忠东)中,设计新型电解加工机床,传动精度提高,允许加工电流大,充分发挥电解加工高效加工的优势,扩大旋印电解加工的应用范围。Design a new type of electrolytic machining machine tool in the patent "A High-precision Rotary Printing Electrolytic Machining Machine Tool for Machine Tool Rotation Unit and Case Parts" (application number 201810339512.9 applicant Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, inventor Wang Dengyong Zhu Di He Bin Zhu Zengwei Li Tianzi Fang Zhongdong) , the transmission accuracy is improved, the machining current is allowed to be large, the advantages of high-efficiency electrolytic machining are fully utilized, and the application range of spin-printing electrolytic machining is expanded.

在专利“一种薄壁机匣表面浅型腔结构电解加工装置及其电解加工方法”(申请号202010849493.1申请人扬州大学,发明人葛永成陈旺旺朱永伟戴敏)中,阴极工具可根据加工型腔的不同,更换相应的阴极工具,满足不同结构形式的复杂浅型腔结构加工需求。In the patent "An electrolytic machining device with shallow cavity structure on the surface of a thin-wall casing and its electrolytic machining method" (application number 202010849493.1 applicant Yangzhou University, inventor Ge Yongcheng Chen Wangwang Zhu Yongwei Dai Min), the cathode tool can be processed according to the cavity The corresponding cathode tools are replaced to meet the processing requirements of complex shallow cavity structures in different structural forms.

在电解加工中,工具电极需要具有耐腐蚀好、导电性好等特点。同时电解加工属于拷贝式加工,工具电极的形状精度决定了加工工件的形状精度,对于叶片、叶盘等具有复杂型面的零件,整体叶盘叶片型面扭曲复杂,是不规则的空间几何型面;叶片超薄易变形,厚度一般只有几毫米;叶片的进排气边曲率较大,变化剧烈;叶片之间的叶栅通道狭长,通道通常有几十毫米深,而最窄处只有几毫米。在加工此类零件时,工具电极的设计往往较为困难,需要兼顾叶片整体的扭曲型面,这也额外增加了工具电极加工制造的时间成本。In electrolytic machining, the tool electrode needs to have the characteristics of good corrosion resistance and good conductivity. At the same time, electrolytic machining is a copy-type machining. The shape accuracy of the tool electrode determines the shape accuracy of the workpiece. For parts with complex profiles such as blades and blisks, the entire blisk blade surface is distorted and complex, which is an irregular spatial geometry. The blades are ultra-thin and easy to deform, and the thickness is generally only a few millimeters; the curvature of the inlet and exhaust edges of the blades is relatively large, and the changes are drastic; the cascade channels between the blades are long and narrow, and the channels are usually tens of millimeters deep, and the narrowest point is only a few millimeters. mm. When processing such parts, the design of the tool electrode is often difficult, and it is necessary to take into account the twisted profile of the blade as a whole, which also increases the time cost of tool electrode processing and manufacturing.

形状记忆合金是指具有一定初始形状的合金在低温下经塑性变形并固定成另一种形状后,通过加热到某一临界温度以上又可以恢复成初始形状的一类合金。由于其具有形状记忆效应与良好的弹性,形状记忆合金的相关产品也已经渗透到,航空航天、机械、电子、医疗等各个领域,并取得了良好的效果。Shape memory alloys refer to a class of alloys that have a certain initial shape after being plastically deformed at low temperature and fixed into another shape, and can be restored to the original shape by heating above a certain critical temperature. Due to its shape memory effect and good elasticity, related products of shape memory alloys have also penetrated into various fields such as aerospace, machinery, electronics, and medical treatment, and achieved good results.

在专利“基于形状记忆合金丝的航空发动机叶尖间隙主动控制装置”(申请号201711348615.3申请人北京航空航天大学,发明人潘强柳文东何田单颖春)中,采用记忆合金丝与弹性板配合变形改变工作状态,配合其它可调机构能够完成变循环发动机工作状态的转变,具有结构重量小、占用空间小、控制方便、运动可靠等优点。In the patent "Aeroengine tip clearance active control device based on shape memory alloy wire" (application number 201711348615.3 applicant Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, inventor Pan Qiang Liu Wendong He Tian Shan Yingchun), the memory alloy wire is used to cooperate with the elastic plate Deformation changes the working state, and other adjustable mechanisms can complete the transformation of the working state of the variable cycle engine. It has the advantages of small structural weight, small occupied space, convenient control, and reliable movement.

在专利“一种变循环发动机中的鳞片式整体变形后涵道引射器”(申请号201910723502.X申请人北京航空航天大学,发明人胡殿印王荣桥胡书豪毛建兴刘茜)中,利用温控形状记忆合金的形状记忆效应特性,将预拉伸形状记忆合金丝连接在航空发动机叶尖间隙作动装置上,对其采用合适的电流加热使其产生回复力带动作动装置上移,快速调节叶尖间隙,实现航空发动机叶尖间隙的主动控制。In the patent "A Scale-type Integral Deformation Duct Ejector in a Variable Cycle Engine" (application number 201910723502.X applicant Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, inventor Hu Dianyin Wang Rongqiao Hu Shuhao Mao Jianxing Liu Qian), using temperature control shape memory The shape memory effect characteristics of the alloy, the pre-stretched shape memory alloy wire is connected to the aero-engine blade tip clearance actuator, and it is heated with a suitable current to generate a restoring force to drive the actuator to move up and quickly adjust the blade tip Clearance, to achieve active control of aeroengine tip clearance.

在专利“一种基于形状记忆合金的新型自动追光机构”(申请号201820840598.9申请人南京航空航天大学,发明人刘璐李晨阳黄字翔曹亚奇)中,通过两个追光机构的复合使用,实现360°追光,灵敏度高,提高了航天器收集太阳能的效率。In the patent "A new type of automatic light tracking mechanism based on shape memory alloy" (application number 201820840598.9 applicant Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, inventor Liu Lu, Li Chenyang, Huang Zixiang, Cao Yaqi), through the combined use of two light tracking mechanisms, to achieve 360° light tracking, high sensitivity, improves the efficiency of the spacecraft to collect solar energy.

在专利“基于SMA和SSMA驱动的软体机器人设计方案”(申请号201410403563.5申请人北京航空航天大学,发明人史震云刘喆袁培江陈冬冬)中,提供了一种适用于复杂环境,未知领域的探测工作的,基于形状记忆合金(SMA)丝和超弹性记忆合金(SSMA)丝驱动、反馈,结合柔性机构模块和脚部刚体关节配合的软体机器人系统。In the patent "Soft robot design scheme based on SMA and SSMA drives" (application number 201410403563.5 applicant Beihang University, inventor Shi Zhenyun Liu Zhe Yuan Peijiang Chen Dongdong), provides a detection work suitable for complex environments and unknown fields , a soft robotic system based on shape memory alloy (SMA) wire and superelastic memory alloy (SSMA) wire drive and feedback, combined with flexible mechanism modules and foot rigid body joints.

综上所述,为通过简单形状电极加工复杂型面,基于形状记忆合金的形状记忆效应及超弹性,本专利提出了一种形状记忆合金电极自主可控变形电解加工方法及装置。To sum up, in order to process complex profiles by electrodes with simple shapes, based on the shape memory effect and superelasticity of shape memory alloys, this patent proposes an electrolytic machining method and device for autonomously controllable deformation of shape memory alloy electrodes.

发明内容Contents of the invention

发明目的:Purpose of the invention:

本发明的目的在于提供一种能保证加工精度,简化电极设计,缩短零件加工周期,提高加工效率的电解加工方法及装置。The object of the present invention is to provide an electrolytic machining method and device capable of ensuring machining accuracy, simplifying electrode design, shortening part machining cycle, and improving machining efficiency.

技术方案:Technical solutions:

一种形状记忆合金电极自主可控变形的电解加工方法,其特征在于包括以下过程:An electrolytic machining method for autonomously controllable deformation of a shape memory alloy electrode, characterized in that it includes the following process:

采用形状记忆合金作为电极材料,通过热处理使形状记忆合金电极在不同温度下对应不同的零件型面线形状;The shape memory alloy is used as the electrode material, and the shape memory alloy electrode is made to correspond to different part surface line shapes at different temperatures through heat treatment;

利用浮动夹具安装形状记忆合金电极;所述浮动夹具是指利用弹簧夹持端结构根据夹持对象长短自动调节两夹持端距离的夹具;The shape memory alloy electrode is installed with a floating fixture; the floating fixture refers to a fixture that uses the spring clamping end structure to automatically adjust the distance between the two clamping ends according to the length of the clamping object;

在加工时,通过调控电解液温度而调控形状记忆合金电极温度,以使形状记忆合金电极在不同位置产生对应零件型面线的变形;其中形状记忆合金最高温度低于其相变温度;During processing, the temperature of the shape memory alloy electrode is adjusted by adjusting the temperature of the electrolyte, so that the shape memory alloy electrode generates deformation corresponding to the surface line of the part at different positions; wherein the highest temperature of the shape memory alloy is lower than its phase transition temperature;

完成加工后,利用材料的形状记忆效应,通过对形状记忆合金电极加热使其回复形状,用于下次加工。After the processing is completed, the shape memory effect of the material is used to heat the shape memory alloy electrode to restore its shape for the next processing.

根据所述形状记忆合金电极自主可控变形的电解加工方法,适用于大变形加工,其特征在于通过以下方式确保形状记忆合金在对应变形温度,产生正确变形,且最高温度低于其相变温度:According to the electrolytic machining method of independent controllable deformation of the shape memory alloy electrode, it is suitable for large deformation processing, and it is characterized in that the shape memory alloy can be correctly deformed at the corresponding deformation temperature by the following method, and the maximum temperature is lower than its phase transition temperature :

设定形状记忆合金电极的相变温度为T0℃,电解液初始温度为T1℃,在大变形加工过程中,形状记忆合金电极共经历i次变形,每次变形间隔的加工时间相同,每完成一次变形时,对应的电解液温度为T1+i·ΔT℃。Set the phase transition temperature of the shape memory alloy electrode as T 0 ℃, and the initial temperature of the electrolyte as T 1 ℃. During the large deformation process, the shape memory alloy electrode undergoes a total of i deformations, and the processing time between each deformation is the same. When one deformation is completed, the corresponding electrolyte temperature is T 1 +i·ΔT°C.

在第一次变形过程中,由法拉第定律、欧姆定律等电解加工基本定律可知,In the first deformation process, it can be known from the basic laws of electrolytic machining such as Faraday's law and Ohm's law,

Figure BDA0003936600110000041
Figure BDA0003936600110000041

I=i·SI=i·S

式中:为阴、阳极之间的电压;i为电流密度;κ为电解液电导率;Δ为加工间隙;S为加工面积;In the formula: the voltage between the negative and the anode; i is the current density; κ is the conductivity of the electrolyte; Δ is the processing gap; S is the processing area;

由于形状记忆合金电极电阻率极低,因此忽略其产生的焦耳热,所以在加工过程中,焦耳热主要由电解液产生;Since the resistivity of the shape memory alloy electrode is extremely low, the Joule heat generated by it is ignored, so during the processing, the Joule heat is mainly generated by the electrolyte;

Figure BDA0003936600110000051
Figure BDA0003936600110000051

而焦耳热所导致加工后电解液温度的上升为T2 The increase in electrolyte temperature after processing caused by Joule heat is T 2

Figure BDA0003936600110000052
Figure BDA0003936600110000052

式中:Q为焦耳热;t为加工时间;l为电解液带走的焦耳热占比;In the formula: Q is the Joule heat; t is the processing time; l is the proportion of the Joule heat taken away by the electrolyte;

为了避免形状记忆合金电极在第一次变形过程中产生与之不对应的变形,则In order to avoid the deformation of the shape memory alloy electrode that does not correspond to it during the first deformation process, then

T2<T1+ΔTT 2 <T 1 +ΔT

由此类推,By analogy,

Ti<T1+i·ΔTT i <T 1 +i·ΔT

化简得:Simplified:

Figure BDA0003936600110000053
Figure BDA0003936600110000053

即通过降低电解液电导率或增大电解液带走得焦耳热占比,来保证形状记忆合金电极在加工过程中产生正确变形。That is, by reducing the conductivity of the electrolyte or increasing the proportion of Joule heat taken away by the electrolyte, the correct deformation of the shape memory alloy electrode during processing is ensured.

此外,为了避免形状记忆合金电极相变,则最终变形温度应小于形状记忆合金电极相变温度In addition, in order to avoid the phase transition of the shape memory alloy electrode, the final deformation temperature should be lower than the phase transition temperature of the shape memory alloy electrode

T1+i·ΔT<T0 T 1 +i·ΔT<T 0

因此需要合理选择变形温度;Therefore, it is necessary to choose the deformation temperature reasonably;

完成加工后,利用材料的形状记忆效应,通过对形状记忆合金电极加热使其回复形状,用于下次加工。After the processing is completed, the shape memory effect of the material is used to heat the shape memory alloy electrode to restore its shape for the next processing.

实现所述的形状记忆合金电极自主可控变形的电解加工方法的装置,特征在于:The device for realizing the electrolytic machining method of autonomously controllable deformation of the shape memory alloy electrode is characterized in that:

所述装置由双轴数控平台、控制系统、电源、压力计、抽水泵、供液阀、温度调控设备、过滤器、电解液槽、回液阀、连接杆、导流体、浮动夹具、封水夹具、形状记忆合金电极、工件组成;The device consists of a two-axis numerical control platform, a control system, a power supply, a pressure gauge, a water pump, a liquid supply valve, a temperature control device, a filter, an electrolyte tank, a liquid return valve, a connecting rod, a guide body, a floating fixture, a water seal Fixtures, shape memory alloy electrodes, and workpieces;

其中工件通过螺钉与连接杆连接,连接杆安装在双轴数控平台的X进给轴上;The workpiece is connected with the connecting rod through the screw, and the connecting rod is installed on the X feed axis of the two-axis CNC platform;

导流体安装在双轴数控平台的Z进给轴上,形状记忆合金电极通过浮动夹具安装在于导流体与双轴数控平台之间,工件与形状记忆合金电极通过封水夹具完成密封;The guide body is installed on the Z feed axis of the two-axis CNC platform, the shape memory alloy electrode is installed between the guide body and the two-axis CNC platform through the floating fixture, and the workpiece and the shape memory alloy electrode are sealed by the water sealing fixture;

其中双轴数控平台的X进给轴与Z进给轴通过导线分别与电源的正负级连接,控制系统通过信号传输控制双轴数控平台的X进给轴与按设定参数运动,Z进给轴停止运动;Among them, the X feed axis and Z feed axis of the two-axis CNC platform are respectively connected to the positive and negative stages of the power supply through wires, and the control system controls the X feed axis of the two-axis CNC platform to move according to the set parameters through signal transmission, and the Z feed axis Give the axis a stop;

其中压力计、抽水泵、供液阀、温度调控设备、过滤器、电解液槽、回液阀组成电解液循环系统,温度调控设备用于调控加工过程中的电解液温度的变化。Among them, the pressure gauge, water pump, liquid supply valve, temperature control equipment, filter, electrolyte tank, and liquid return valve form the electrolyte circulation system, and the temperature control equipment is used to control the change of electrolyte temperature during processing.

所述的浮动夹具由两组夹头组成,它们均由限位螺钉、弹簧连接套和三爪夹头组成;三爪夹头夹持形状记忆合金电极的一端后安装于弹簧连接套;一个弹簧连接套通过限位螺钉安装于导流体上,另一个弹簧连接套通过限位螺钉安装于双轴数控平台上。The floating fixture is composed of two sets of chucks, which are all composed of limit screws, spring connecting sleeves and three-jaw chucks; the three-jaw chuck clamps one end of the shape memory alloy electrode and is installed on the spring connecting sleeve; a spring The connection sleeve is installed on the guide body through the limit screw, and the other spring connection sleeve is installed on the two-axis numerical control platform through the limit screw.

有益效果:Beneficial effect:

与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下显著优点。Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following significant advantages.

(1)提供了一种形状记忆合金电极自主可控变形的电解加工方法,适合加工具有复杂型面的零件。采用形状记忆合金作为工具电极材料,通过热处理使形状记忆合金电极在不同温度下对应不同的零件型面线形状;利用其形状记忆效应,通过调控工作液温度,便于实现电极的自主变形与回复,合理利用电极自主回复的动态变形过程,可以使加工出的型面更贴合理想型面。(1) An electrolytic machining method for autonomous and controllable deformation of shape memory alloy electrodes is provided, which is suitable for machining parts with complex profiles. The shape memory alloy is used as the tool electrode material, and the shape memory alloy electrode is made to correspond to different part surface line shapes at different temperatures through heat treatment; the shape memory effect is used to facilitate the independent deformation and recovery of the electrode by adjusting the temperature of the working fluid. Reasonable use of the dynamic deformation process of the self-recovery of the electrode can make the processed surface more suitable for the ideal surface.

(2)工具电极柔性好,电极变形可回复,电极损耗小,降低了加工成本。工具电极材料采用形状记忆合金,在进行电解加工时,工具电极作为阴极,加工过程中电极无损耗,且利用形状记忆合金的形状记忆效应,电极变形可回复,工具电极可重复使用。(2) The tool electrode has good flexibility, the electrode deformation can be restored, and the electrode loss is small, which reduces the processing cost. The material of the tool electrode is a shape memory alloy. During the electrolytic machining, the tool electrode is used as the cathode, and the electrode is not worn out during the processing, and the shape memory effect of the shape memory alloy is used, the deformation of the electrode can be restored, and the tool electrode can be reused.

(3)简化了工具电极设计,工具电极加工简单。本发明所设计的工具电极形状为细长形管状或棒状,与套料电解加工、径向进给电解加工以及成型电极电火花加工相比,工具电极设计简单,制作容易,更换方便。(3) The design of the tool electrode is simplified, and the processing of the tool electrode is simple. The shape of the tool electrode designed by the present invention is elongated tube or rod. Compared with nesting electrolytic machining, radial feed electrolytic machining and forming electrode EDM, the tool electrode is simple in design, easy to manufacture and easy to replace.

(4)采用了浮动式装夹方式,有利于形状记忆合金电极的变形回复,适用于具有较大变形零件的电解加工。(4) The floating clamping method is adopted, which is beneficial to the deformation recovery of the shape memory alloy electrode, and is suitable for electrolytic machining of parts with large deformation.

(5)适用范围广。除加工变截面叶片、开式叶盘外,还可加工闭式整体叶盘等具有复杂型面的零件。根据加工工件型面的不同,工具电极可根据其型面曲率变化特点,进行预成型,从而进行加工。此外,柔性电极直径可以尽可能减小,从而保证狭窄通道的加工需求。(5) The scope of application is wide. In addition to processing variable-section blades and open blisks, it can also process parts with complex profiles such as closed blisks. According to the different profiles of workpieces to be processed, the tool electrode can be preformed according to the curvature change characteristics of the profile, so as to be processed. In addition, the diameter of the flexible electrode can be reduced as much as possible to ensure the processing requirements of narrow channels.

附图说明Description of drawings

图1为形状记忆合金电极自主可控变形非浮动装夹电解加工装置示意图;Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a non-floating clamping electrolytic machining device with independent controllable deformation of a shape memory alloy electrode;

图2为加工后形状记忆合金电极回复示意图;Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of recovery of the shape memory alloy electrode after processing;

图3为形状记忆合金电极自主可控变形浮动装夹电解加工装置示意图;Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a floating clamping electrolytic machining device with independent controllable deformation of a shape memory alloy electrode;

图4为弹簧连接套结构示意图;Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the spring connecting sleeve;

图5为形状记忆合金电极浮动装夹示意图;Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the floating clamping of the shape memory alloy electrode;

图6为形状记忆合金电极自主可控变形电解加工示意图;Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the electrolytic machining of the shape memory alloy electrode with independent controllable deformation;

图7为形状记忆合金电极自主可控变形示意图;Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the autonomous controllable deformation of the shape memory alloy electrode;

图中标号名称:1、双轴数控平台,2、控制系统,3、电源,4、压力计,5、抽水泵,6、供液阀,7、温度调控设备,8、过滤器,9、电解液槽,10、回液阀,11、连接套,12、三爪夹头,13、封水夹具,14、连接杆,15、导流体,16、限位螺钉,17、弹簧连接套,18、形状记忆合金电极,19、工件。Label names in the figure: 1. Two-axis CNC platform, 2. Control system, 3. Power supply, 4. Pressure gauge, 5. Water pump, 6. Liquid supply valve, 7. Temperature control equipment, 8. Filter, 9. Electrolyte tank, 10, liquid return valve, 11, connecting sleeve, 12, three-jaw chuck, 13, water sealing fixture, 14, connecting rod, 15, guide body, 16, limit screw, 17, spring connecting sleeve, 18. Shape memory alloy electrode, 19. Work piece.

具体实施方式Detailed ways

下面结合附图对本发明的具体实施过程做详细介绍。The specific implementation process of the present invention will be introduced in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

如图1所示,实施本发明“形状记忆合金电极自主可控变形的电解加工方法”的非浮动装夹电解加工装置主要由双轴数控平台1、控制系统2、电源3、压力计4、抽水泵5、供液阀6、温度调控设备7、过滤器8、电解液槽9、回液阀10、连接套11、三爪夹头12、封水夹具13、连接杆14、导流体15、形状记忆合金电极18、工件19组成。As shown in Figure 1, the non-floating clamping electrolytic machining device implementing the "electrolytic machining method for independent and controllable deformation of shape memory alloy electrodes" of the present invention is mainly composed of a two-axis numerical control platform 1, a control system 2, a power supply 3, a pressure gauge 4, Suction pump 5, liquid supply valve 6, temperature control equipment 7, filter 8, electrolyte tank 9, liquid return valve 10, connecting sleeve 11, three-jaw chuck 12, water sealing fixture 13, connecting rod 14, guide body 15 , a shape memory alloy electrode 18, and a workpiece 19.

如图3所示,实施本发明“形状记忆合金电极自主可控变形的电解加工方法”的浮动装夹电解加工装置主要由双轴数控平台1、控制系统2、电源3、压力计4、抽水泵5、供液阀6、温度调控设备7、过滤器8、电解液槽9、回液阀10、连接套11、三爪夹头12、封水夹具13、连接杆14、导流体15、限位螺钉16、弹簧连接套17、形状记忆合金电极18、工件19组成。As shown in Figure 3, the floating clamping electrolytic machining device implementing the "electrolytic machining method for autonomously controllable deformation of shape memory alloy electrodes" of the present invention mainly consists of a two-axis numerical control platform 1, a control system 2, a power supply 3, a pressure gauge 4, a pump Water pump 5, liquid supply valve 6, temperature control equipment 7, filter 8, electrolyte tank 9, liquid return valve 10, connecting sleeve 11, three-jaw chuck 12, water sealing fixture 13, connecting rod 14, guide body 15, The limit screw 16, the spring connection sleeve 17, the shape memory alloy electrode 18, and the workpiece 19 are composed.

采用本发明实现复杂型面零件的电解加工需要以下八个步骤。Adopting the present invention to realize electrolytic machining of parts with complex profiles requires the following eight steps.

步骤一:工件19通过螺钉与连接杆14连接,连接杆14安装在双轴数控平台1的X进给轴上,导流体15安装在双轴数控平台1的Z进给轴上,弹簧连接套17通过限位螺钉16安装在导流体15上,弹簧连接套17与三爪夹头12与形状记忆合金电极进行浮动装夹,弹簧连接套17与三爪夹头12通过销孔连接,三爪夹头12夹持紧固形状记忆合金电极18,工件19与形状记忆合金电极18通过封水夹具13完成密封;Step 1: The workpiece 19 is connected to the connecting rod 14 through screws, the connecting rod 14 is installed on the X feed axis of the two-axis CNC platform 1, the guide body 15 is installed on the Z feed axis of the two-axis CNC platform 1, and the spring connecting sleeve 17 is installed on the guide body 15 through the limit screw 16, the spring connecting sleeve 17 and the three-jaw chuck 12 are floating and clamped with the shape memory alloy electrode, the spring connecting sleeve 17 and the three-jaw chuck 12 are connected through pin holes, and the three claws The chuck 12 clamps and fastens the shape memory alloy electrode 18, and the workpiece 19 and the shape memory alloy electrode 18 are sealed through the water sealing fixture 13;

步骤二:其中双轴数控平台1的X进给轴与Z进给轴通过导线分别与电源3的正负级连接,控制系统2通过信号传输控制双轴数控平台1的X进给轴按设定参数运动,Z进给轴停止运动;Step 2: The X feed axis and the Z feed axis of the dual-axis CNC platform 1 are respectively connected to the positive and negative stages of the power supply 3 through wires, and the control system 2 controls the X feed axis of the dual-axis CNC platform 1 through signal transmission. Set the parameters to move, and the Z feed axis stops moving;

步骤三:压力计4、抽水泵5、供液阀6、温度调控设备7、过滤器8、电解液槽9、回液阀10组成电解液循环系统,温度调控设备7用于调控加工过程中的电解液温度的变化;Step 3: Pressure gauge 4, water pump 5, liquid supply valve 6, temperature control equipment 7, filter 8, electrolyte tank 9, and liquid return valve 10 form an electrolyte circulation system, and temperature control equipment 7 is used to control the processing process The change of electrolyte temperature;

步骤四:对前面安装的零部件的位置进行检测和校对;Step 4: Detect and check the position of the previously installed parts;

步骤五:电源3通电,控制系统2通过信号传输控制双轴数控平台1的X进给轴按设定参数运动,X进给轴带动工件19向前进给,Z进给轴固定不动;同时,压力计4、抽水泵5、供液阀6、温度调控设备7、过滤器8、电解液槽9、回液阀10组成的电解液循环系统工作,温度调控设备7调控加工过程中的电解液温度随着加工位置的变化而变化;形状记忆合金电极18随着电解液温度的变化产生相应变形,由于形状记忆合金电极18与弹簧连接套17与三爪夹头12进行了浮动装夹,所以弹簧连接套17与三爪夹头12随着形状记忆合金电极18的变形而上下运动,如图5所示;弹簧连接套17结构如图4所示,变形回复过程如图6-7所示;Step 5: The power supply 3 is powered on, and the control system 2 controls the X feed axis of the dual-axis CNC platform 1 to move according to the set parameters through signal transmission. The X feed axis drives the workpiece 19 to move forward, and the Z feed axis is fixed; at the same time , pressure gauge 4, water pump 5, liquid supply valve 6, temperature control equipment 7, filter 8, electrolyte tank 9, liquid return valve 10, the electrolyte circulation system works, temperature control equipment 7 regulates the electrolysis during processing The temperature of the liquid changes with the change of the processing position; the shape memory alloy electrode 18 is deformed correspondingly with the change of the electrolyte temperature, because the shape memory alloy electrode 18 and the spring connecting sleeve 17 and the three-jaw chuck 12 are floating and clamped, Therefore, the spring connecting sleeve 17 and the three-jaw chuck 12 move up and down with the deformation of the shape memory alloy electrode 18, as shown in Figure 5; the structure of the spring connecting sleeve 17 is shown in Figure 4, and the deformation recovery process is shown in Figure 6-7 Show;

步骤六:加工完成后,电源3断电,电解液循环系统停止工作,拆下形状记忆合金电极18;Step 6: After the processing is completed, the power supply 3 is powered off, the electrolyte circulation system stops working, and the shape memory alloy electrode 18 is removed;

步骤七:将变形后的形状记忆合金电极18加热至设定温度,使其回复变形;Step 7: heating the deformed shape memory alloy electrode 18 to a set temperature to make it return to deformation;

步骤八:循环上述过程,完成后续多次的加工。Step 8: Repeat the above process to complete subsequent processing.

Claims (2)

1.一种形状记忆合金电极自主可控变形的电解加工方法,其特征在于包括以下过程:1. An electrolytic machining method for autonomously controllable deformation of a shape memory alloy electrode, characterized in that it comprises the following processes: 采用形状记忆合金作为电极材料,通过热处理使形状记忆合金电极在不同温度下对应不同的零件型面线形状;The shape memory alloy is used as the electrode material, and the shape memory alloy electrode is made to correspond to different part surface line shapes at different temperatures through heat treatment; 利用浮动夹具安装形状记忆合金电极;所述浮动夹具是指利用弹簧夹持端结构根据夹持对象长短自动调节两夹持端距离的夹具;The shape memory alloy electrode is installed with a floating fixture; the floating fixture refers to a fixture that uses the spring clamping end structure to automatically adjust the distance between the two clamping ends according to the length of the clamping object; 在加工时,通过调控电解液温度而调控形状记忆合金电极温度,以使形状记忆合金电极在不同位置产生对应零件型面线的变形;其中形状记忆合金最高温度低于其相变温度;During processing, the temperature of the shape memory alloy electrode is adjusted by adjusting the temperature of the electrolyte, so that the shape memory alloy electrode generates deformation corresponding to the surface line of the part at different positions; wherein the highest temperature of the shape memory alloy is lower than its phase transition temperature; 通过以下方式确保形状记忆合金在对应变形温度,产生正确变形,且最高温度低于其相变温度:The correct deformation of the shape memory alloy at the corresponding deformation temperature is ensured by the following methods, and the maximum temperature is lower than its phase transition temperature: 设定形状记忆合金电极(18)的相变温度为T0℃,电解液初始温度为T1℃,在大变形加工过程中,形状记忆合金电极(18)共经历i次变形,每次变形间隔的加工时间相同,每完成一次变形时,对应的电解液温度为T1+i·ΔT℃;Set the phase transition temperature of the shape memory alloy electrode (18) as T 0 °C, and the initial temperature of the electrolyte as T 1 °C, during the large deformation process, the shape memory alloy electrode (18) undergoes a total of i deformations, each deformation The processing time at intervals is the same, and when one deformation is completed, the corresponding electrolyte temperature is T 1 +i·ΔT°C; 在第一次变形过程中,由法拉第定律、欧姆定律等电解加工基本定律可知,In the first deformation process, it can be known from the basic laws of electrolytic machining such as Faraday's law and Ohm's law,
Figure FDA0003936600100000011
Figure FDA0003936600100000011
I=i·SI=i·S 式中:为阴、阳极之间的电压;i为电流密度;κ为电解液电导率;Δ为加工间隙;S为加工面积;In the formula: the voltage between the negative and the anode; i is the current density; κ is the conductivity of the electrolyte; Δ is the processing gap; S is the processing area; 由于形状记忆合金电极(18)电阻率极低,因此忽略其产生的焦耳热,所以在加工过程中,焦耳热主要由电解液产生;Since the resistivity of the shape memory alloy electrode (18) is extremely low, the Joule heat generated by it is ignored, so during the processing, the Joule heat is mainly generated by the electrolyte;
Figure FDA0003936600100000012
Figure FDA0003936600100000012
而焦耳热所导致加工后电解液温度的上升为T2 The increase in electrolyte temperature after processing caused by Joule heat is T 2
Figure FDA0003936600100000013
Figure FDA0003936600100000013
式中:Q为焦耳热;t为加工时间;l为电解液带走的焦耳热占比;In the formula: Q is the Joule heat; t is the processing time; l is the proportion of the Joule heat taken away by the electrolyte; 为了避免形状记忆合金电极(18)在第一次变形过程中产生与之不对应的变形,则In order to avoid the deformation of the shape memory alloy electrode (18) that does not correspond to it during the first deformation process, then T2<T1+ΔTT 2 <T 1 +ΔT 由此类推,By analogy, Ti<T1+i·ΔTT i <T 1 +i·ΔT 化简得:Simplified:
Figure FDA0003936600100000021
Figure FDA0003936600100000021
即通过降低电解液电导率或增大电解液带走得焦耳热占比,来保证形状记忆合金电极(18)在加工过程中产生正确变形;That is, by reducing the conductivity of the electrolyte or increasing the proportion of Joule heat taken away by the electrolyte, it is ensured that the shape memory alloy electrode (18) is correctly deformed during processing; 此外,为了避免形状记忆合金电极(18)相变,则最终变形温度应小于形状记忆合金电极(18)相变温度In addition, in order to avoid the phase transition of the shape memory alloy electrode (18), the final deformation temperature should be lower than the phase transition temperature of the shape memory alloy electrode (18) T1+i·ΔT<T0 T 1 +i·ΔT<T 0 因此需要合理选择变形温度;Therefore, it is necessary to choose the deformation temperature reasonably; 完成加工后,利用材料的形状记忆效应,通过对形状记忆合金电极加热使其回复形状,用于下次加工。After the processing is completed, the shape memory effect of the material is used to heat the shape memory alloy electrode to restore its shape for the next processing.
2.实现权利要求1所述的形状记忆合金电极自主可控变形的电解加工方法的装置,特征在于:2. The device for realizing the electrolytic machining method of autonomously controllable deformation of the shape memory alloy electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that: 所述装置由双轴数控平台(1)、控制系统(2)、电源(3)、压力计(4)、抽水泵(5)、供液阀(6)、温度调控设备(7)、过滤器(8)、电解液槽(9)、回液阀(10)、连接杆(14)、导流体(15)、浮动夹具、封水夹具(13)、形状记忆合金电极(18)、工件(19)组成;The device consists of a two-axis numerical control platform (1), a control system (2), a power supply (3), a pressure gauge (4), a water pump (5), a liquid supply valve (6), a temperature control device (7), a filter device (8), electrolyte tank (9), liquid return valve (10), connecting rod (14), guide body (15), floating fixture, water sealing fixture (13), shape memory alloy electrode (18), workpiece (19) composition; 其中工件(19)通过螺钉与连接杆(14)连接,连接杆(14)安装在双轴数控平台(1)的X进给轴上;Wherein the workpiece (19) is connected with the connecting rod (14) by a screw, and the connecting rod (14) is installed on the X feed axis of the biaxial numerical control platform (1); 导流体(15)安装在双轴数控平台(1)的Z进给轴上,形状记忆合金电极(18)通过浮动夹具安装在于导流体(15)与双轴数控平台(1)之间,工件(19)与形状记忆合金电极(18)通过封水夹具(13)完成密封;The guide body (15) is installed on the Z feed axis of the two-axis CNC platform (1), and the shape memory alloy electrode (18) is installed between the guide body (15) and the two-axis CNC platform (1) through a floating fixture. (19) complete sealing with the shape memory alloy electrode (18) through the water sealing fixture (13); 其中双轴数控平台(1)的X进给轴与Z进给轴通过导线分别与电源(3)的正负级连接,控制系统(2)通过信号传输控制双轴数控平台(1)的X进给轴与按设定参数运动,Z进给轴停止运动;The X feed axis and the Z feed axis of the two-axis CNC platform (1) are respectively connected to the positive and negative stages of the power supply (3) through wires, and the control system (2) controls the X axis of the two-axis CNC platform (1) through signal transmission. The feed axis moves according to the set parameters, and the Z feed axis stops moving; 其中压力计(4)、抽水泵(5)、供液阀(6)、温度调控设备(7)、过滤器(8)、电解液槽(9)、回液阀(10)组成电解液循环系统,温度调控设备(7)用于调控加工过程中的电解液温度的变化;Among them, the pressure gauge (4), the water pump (5), the liquid supply valve (6), the temperature control equipment (7), the filter (8), the electrolyte tank (9), and the liquid return valve (10) form the electrolyte circulation system, the temperature control device (7) is used to control the change of the temperature of the electrolyte in the process of processing; 所述的浮动夹具由两组夹头组成,它们均由限位螺钉(16)、弹簧连接套(17)和三爪夹头(12)组成;三爪夹头(12)夹持形状记忆合金电极的一端后安装于弹簧连接套(17);一个弹簧连接套(17)通过限位螺钉(16)安装于导流体(15)上,另一个弹簧连接套(17)通过限位螺钉(16)安装于双轴数控平台(1)上。The floating fixture is composed of two sets of chucks, which are all composed of limit screws (16), spring connecting sleeves (17) and three-jaw chucks (12); the three-jaw chucks (12) clamp the shape memory alloy One end of the electrode is installed on the spring connection sleeve (17); one spring connection sleeve (17) is installed on the guide body (15) through the limit screw (16), and the other spring connection sleeve (17) is installed on the guide body (15) through the limit screw (16) ) is installed on the two-axis numerical control platform (1).
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