CN115739082A - Preparation of carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst and method for treating cyanide-containing wastewater - Google Patents
Preparation of carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst and method for treating cyanide-containing wastewater Download PDFInfo
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- CN115739082A CN115739082A CN202211578479.8A CN202211578479A CN115739082A CN 115739082 A CN115739082 A CN 115739082A CN 202211578479 A CN202211578479 A CN 202211578479A CN 115739082 A CN115739082 A CN 115739082A
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- copper oxide
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- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanide Chemical compound N#[C-] XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000005750 Copper hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910001956 copper hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- JJLJMEJHUUYSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L Copper hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Cu+2] JJLJMEJHUUYSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- HRZFUMHJMZEROT-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium disulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)S([O-])(=O)=O HRZFUMHJMZEROT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 235000010262 sodium metabisulphite Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229940001584 sodium metabisulfite Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 78
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- MPTQRFCYZCXJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) chloride dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cu+2] MPTQRFCYZCXJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cu2+ Chemical compound [Cu+2] JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001431 copper ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 41
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011949 solid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001364 causal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/584—Recycling of catalysts
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- Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of cyanide-containing wastewater treatment, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst and a method for treating cyanide-containing wastewater; the invention prepares the carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst by converting the nano copper hydroxide colloid into the characteristic nano copper oxide colloid and finally loading the characteristic nano copper oxide colloid by active carbon. The carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst is used for treating the low-concentration cyanide-containing wastewater, namely, the cyanide in the cyanide-containing wastewater is oxidized by adding the nano copper oxide catalyst and sodium metabisulfite, aeration is not needed, the reaction pH is kept to be 7-9.5, the removal rate of the cyanide is well ensured, the process is simple, and the generation of a large amount of foam can be avoided.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of cyanide-containing wastewater treatment, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst and a method for treating cyanide-containing wastewater.
Background
In the field of cyanide-containing wastewater treatment, the sulfur dioxide-air method is a common methodIn a certain pH value range, SO is utilized under the catalysis of copper 2 Oxidation of cyanides in wastewater by synergistic action with air, known as sulfur dioxide-air oxidation, often abbreviated as SO 2 the/Air process, also known as the causal process. Copper salt is needed to be added as a catalyst in the process of treating the cyanide-containing wastewater by the scientific method, and aeration is needed at the same time. The addition of copper salt sometimes causes the concentration of copper ions in treated effluent to exceed the standard, the aeration also increases the operation cost, and the aeration of some cyanide-containing wastewater also generates a large amount of foam, thereby influencing the normal operation of the process and increasing the cost. Aiming at the problem, the copper oxide catalyst is prepared, and can be reused without consuming copper salt while treating cyanide-containing wastewater without aeration.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the problems, the invention provides a method for preparing a carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst and treating cyanide-containing wastewater, wherein the carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst is prepared by a chemical method, sodium pyrosulfite and the nano copper oxide catalyst are added into the cyanide-containing wastewater in the treatment process of the low-concentration (total cyanide is less than 150 mg/L) cyanide-containing wastewater, aeration is not needed, the reduction of the total cyanide and easily released cyanide in the cyanide-containing wastewater treated after stirring reaction for 2 hours is obvious, the prepared carbon-supported nano copper oxide catalyst is used for replacing copper salt, and the problems of overproof of the copper ions in the effluent and energy consumption aeration after the cyanide-containing wastewater is treated are solved.
A preparation method of a carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst comprises the following steps:
step 1, preparing a solution A by using copper chloride dihydrate, copper sulfate or copper nitrate as raw materials and deionized water as a solvent, so that the concentration of copper ions is 4 mM/L-48 mM/L;
step 2, preparing a sodium citrate or polyvinylpyrrolidone solution B, so that the molar ratio of copper in the solution A to sodium citrate or polyvinylpyrrolidone in the solution B is 1:0.5 to 1:1; fully stirring and mixing the solution B and the solution A at normal temperature to obtain a solution C;
step 3, preparing a sodium hydroxide solution D, wherein the molar ratio of copper in the solution C to sodium hydroxide in the sodium hydroxide solution D is 1:0.5 to 1:2;
step 4, uniformly stirring and mixing the solution C and the solution D according to the equal volume to obtain a nano copper hydroxide colloid E;
and 5, adding a hydrogen peroxide solution with the mass fraction of 30% into the nano copper hydroxide colloid E, uniformly stirring to obtain nano copper oxide sol F, and ensuring that the molar ratio of copper to hydrogen peroxide in the nano copper oxide sol F is 1:0.5 to 1:1;
and 6, adding activated carbon into the nano copper oxide sol F for loading, and then carrying out solid-liquid separation to obtain the carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst.
And in the step 6, 80-400 meshes of active carbon is added into the nano copper oxide sol F according to the loading rate of 0.5-5% for loading.
A method for treating cyanide-containing wastewater by adopting the carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst comprises the following steps:
placing the prepared carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst into low-concentration cyanide-containing wastewater with the total cyanide concentration less than 150mg/L, adding sodium pyrosulfite, adding sodium hydroxide to keep the reaction pH between 7 and 9.5, stirring for reaction for 1 to 2 hours, filtering, and recycling the filtered carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst.
The dosage of the carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst is 1-4 g/L.
The dosage of the sodium pyrosulfite is 1 to 2g/L.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention prepares the carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst by converting the nano copper hydroxide colloid into the characteristic nano copper oxide colloid and finally loading the characteristic nano copper oxide colloid by active carbon. The carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst is used for treating the low-concentration cyanide-containing wastewater, namely, the cyanide in the cyanide-containing wastewater is oxidized by adding the nano copper oxide catalyst and sodium metabisulfite, aeration is not needed, the reaction pH is kept to be 7-9.5, the removal rate of the cyanide is well ensured, the process is simple, and the generation of a large amount of foam can be avoided.
The nano copper oxide catalyst prepared by the method is a clean and environment-friendly medicament, does not generate secondary pollution, and is economic and environment-friendly. After the nano copper oxide catalyst is used for oxidation and catalysis, the catalyst can be recycled, cyanide in the cyanide-containing wastewater with low concentration can be efficiently treated, the treatment cost is low, the process is simple, and the stable operation is easy.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples. It is to be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not limiting of the invention.
A preparation method of a carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst comprises the following steps:
step 1, preparing a solution A by using copper chloride dihydrate, copper sulfate or copper nitrate as raw materials and deionized water as a solvent, so that the concentration of copper ions is 4 mM/L-48 mM/L; wherein mM/L is millimole per liter;
step 2, preparing a sodium citrate or polyvinylpyrrolidone solution B, so that the molar ratio of copper in the solution A to sodium citrate or polyvinylpyrrolidone in the solution B is 1:0.5 to 1:1; preparing a sodium citrate or polyvinylpyrrolidone solution B from copper and sodium citrate or polyvinylpyrrolidone according to a certain proportion, and fully stirring and mixing the solution B and the solution A at normal temperature to obtain a solution C;
step 3, preparing a sodium hydroxide solution D, wherein the molar ratio of copper in the solution A to sodium hydroxide in the sodium hydroxide solution D is 1:0.5 to 1:2; namely, the molar ratio of copper to sodium hydroxide in the solution A is 1:0.5 to 1:2, preparing a sodium hydroxide solution D;
step 4, uniformly stirring and mixing the solution C and the solution D according to the equal volume to obtain a nano copper hydroxide colloid E; firstly, preparing copper hydroxide colloid, and then converting the copper hydroxide colloid into characteristic nano copper oxide sol.
And 5, adding a hydrogen peroxide solution with the mass fraction of 30% into the nano copper hydroxide colloid E, uniformly stirring to obtain nano copper oxide sol F, and ensuring that the molar ratio of copper to hydrogen peroxide in the nano copper oxide sol F is 1:0.5 to 1:1;
and 6, adding activated carbon into the nano copper oxide sol F for loading, and then carrying out solid-liquid separation to obtain the carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst.
In the step 6, 80-400 meshes of active carbon is added into the nano copper oxide sol F according to the loading rate of 0.5-5% for loading.
A method for treating cyanide-containing wastewater by adopting the carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst comprises the following steps:
the prepared carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst is arranged in an amount of 1-4 g/L and placed in low-concentration cyanide-containing wastewater with the total cyanide concentration less than 150mg/L, 1-2 g/L of sodium metabisulfite is added, the reaction pH is kept between 7 and 9.5 by adding sodium hydroxide, the mixture is stirred and reacted for 1-2 hours and then filtered, the filtered carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst is recycled, and the cyanide in the filtrate is obviously removed.
Example 1
(1) Preparation of copper solution
Weighing a certain amount of copper chloride dihydrate, adding 100mL of deionized water to dissolve the copper chloride dihydrate, transferring the copper chloride dihydrate into a volumetric flask to a constant volume of 500mL to obtain 4mM/L copper chloride aqueous solution, and storing the copper chloride aqueous solution in a shade place for later use.
(2) Preparation of dispersing agent
Taking 10mL of copper chloride aqueous solution, fixing the volume to 25mL, and mixing the copper chloride aqueous solution and the dispersant sodium citrate according to a molar ratio of 1:0.5, weighing a certain amount of dispersant sodium citrate, dissolving in pure water, fully and uniformly stirring, and finally fixing the volume to 25mL.
(3) Preparation of sodium hydroxide solution
According to the molar ratio of copper to sodium hydroxide of 1:0.5, dissolving a certain amount of sodium hydroxide in a certain amount of pure water to prepare a sodium hydroxide solution, and metering the volume to 50mL.
(4) Preparation of copper hydroxide sol
And mixing 25mL of copper chloride aqueous solution with 25mL of dispersant solution, stirring at the rotating speed of 400r/min, and then adding 50mL of sodium hydroxide solution to obtain the nano-copper hydroxide sol.
(5) According to the molar ratio of copper to hydrogen peroxide of 1:0.5 dropwise adding 30% hydrogen peroxide into the copper hydroxide sol, and uniformly stirring to finally obtain the nano copper oxide sol, wherein the sol process is light yellow and has obvious Tyndall effect.
(6) Catalyst prepared from activated carbon-loaded copper sol
And adding 80-mesh active carbon into the copper sol according to the loading rate of 0.5% for loading, and loading for 1h to obtain the carbon-supported nano copper catalyst.
(7) 1g of the prepared carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst is added into 500mL of low-concentration cyanide-containing wastewater of a certain enterprise and continuously stirred, 1g of sodium metabisulfite is added, and the pH value of the reaction is kept to be 7 by adding sodium hydroxide, and the reaction is carried out for 2 hours.
(8) After reacting for 2h, carrying out solid-liquid separation, wherein the solid catalyst can be recycled, and the detection and comparison results of the filtrate are as follows:
therefore, the method can obviously remove the cyanide in the filtrate, and the removal rate is more than 90 percent.
Example 2:
(1) Preparation of copper solution
Weighing a certain amount of copper sulfate, adding 100mL of deionized water for dissolving, transferring to a volumetric flask for metering to 500mL to obtain 48mM/L copper sulfate aqueous solution, and storing in a shade place for later use.
(2) Preparation of dispersing agent
Taking 10mL of copper sulfate solution, fixing the volume to 25mL, and mixing the copper sulfate solution and the dispersant polyvinylpyrrolidone according to a molar ratio of 1:1 weighing a certain amount of dispersant polyvinylpyrrolidone, dissolving in pure water, fully and uniformly stirring, and finally fixing the volume to 25mL.
(3) Preparation of sodium hydroxide solution
According to the molar ratio of copper to sodium hydroxide of 1:2, dissolving a certain amount of sodium hydroxide in a certain amount of pure water to prepare a sodium hydroxide solution, and metering to 50mL.
(4) Preparation of copper hydroxide sol
Mixing 25mL of copper solution with 25mL of dispersant solution, stirring at the rotating speed of 1000r/min, and then adding 50mL of sodium hydroxide solution to obtain the nano copper hydroxide sol.
(5) According to the molar ratio of copper to hydrogen peroxide of 1:1, dropwise adding 30% hydrogen peroxide into the copper hydroxide sol, and uniformly stirring to finally obtain the nano copper oxide sol, wherein the sol process is light yellow and has obvious Tyndall effect.
(6) Preparation of catalyst by using activated carbon loaded copper sol
Adding 400-mesh active carbon into the copper sol according to the loading rate of 5% for loading, and loading for 1h to obtain the carbon-loaded nano copper catalyst.
(7) 4g of the prepared carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst is added into 500mL of low-concentration cyanide-containing wastewater of a certain enterprise and continuously stirred, 2g of sodium metabisulfite is added, and the pH value of the reaction is kept at 9.5 by adding sodium hydroxide, and the reaction is carried out for 1h.
(8) After reacting for 1h, carrying out solid-liquid separation, wherein the solid catalyst can be recycled, and the detection result of the filtrate is as follows:
| name (R) | Total cyanide concentration (mg/L) | Concentration of easily released cyanide (mg/L) |
| Low concentration cyanide-containing waste water | 124.9 | 31.7 |
| After sodium pyrosulfite treatment | 55.63 | 3.75 |
| After sodium pyrosulfite and catalyst are treated | 1.51 | 0.94 |
It can be seen that the process results in significant cyanide removal from the filtrate.
Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, the scope of the present invention is not limited to the details of the foregoing embodiments, and any simple modifications within the technical scope of the present invention and the technical solutions and inventive concepts thereof disclosed by the present invention may be equally replaced or changed by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention.
It should be noted that the various technical features described in the above embodiments can be combined in any suitable manner without contradiction, and the invention is not described in any way for the possible combinations in order to avoid unnecessary repetition.
In addition, any combination of the various embodiments of the present invention can be made, and the same should be considered as the disclosure of the present invention as long as the idea of the present invention is not violated.
Claims (6)
1. A preparation method of a carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, preparing a solution A by using copper chloride dihydrate, copper sulfate or copper nitrate as raw materials and deionized water as a solvent, so that the concentration of copper ions is 4 mM/L-48 mM/L;
step 2, preparing a sodium citrate or polyvinylpyrrolidone solution B, so that the molar ratio of copper in the solution A to sodium citrate or polyvinylpyrrolidone in the solution B is 1:0.5 to 1:1; fully stirring and mixing the solution B and the solution A at normal temperature to obtain a solution C;
step 3, preparing a sodium hydroxide solution D, wherein the molar ratio of copper in the solution C to sodium hydroxide in the sodium hydroxide solution D is 1:0.5 to 1:2;
step 4, uniformly stirring and mixing the solution C and the solution D according to the equal volume to obtain a nano copper hydroxide colloid E;
and 5, adding a hydrogen peroxide solution with the mass fraction of 30% into the nano copper hydroxide colloid E, uniformly stirring to obtain nano copper oxide sol F, and ensuring that the molar ratio of copper to hydrogen peroxide in the nano copper oxide sol F is 1:0.5 to 1:1;
and 6, adding activated carbon into the nano copper oxide sol F for loading, and then carrying out solid-liquid separation to obtain the carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst.
2. The preparation method of the carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst according to claim 1, wherein in the step 6, 80-400 mesh activated carbon is added into the nano copper oxide sol F according to a loading rate of 0.5-5% for loading.
3. The application of the carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst in the treatment of cyanide-containing wastewater according to any one of claims 1 to 2, which is characterized in that the carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst is applied in the treatment of cyanide-containing wastewater.
4. The application of the carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst in the treatment of cyanide-containing wastewater according to claim 3, characterized in that the specific method comprises the following steps:
placing the prepared carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst into low-concentration cyanide-containing wastewater with the total cyanide concentration less than 150mg/L, adding sodium pyrosulfite, adding sodium hydroxide to keep the reaction pH between 7 and 9.5, stirring for reaction for 1 to 2 hours, filtering, and recycling the filtered carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst.
5. The application of the carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst in the treatment of cyanide-containing wastewater according to claim 4, wherein the dosage of the carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst is 1-4 g/L.
6. The application of the carbon-based nano copper oxide catalyst in the treatment of cyanide-containing wastewater according to claim 4, wherein the amount of the sodium metabisulfite is 1-2 g/L.
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