CN115718392A - Electrochromic device and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Electrochromic device and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN115718392A CN115718392A CN202211377966.8A CN202211377966A CN115718392A CN 115718392 A CN115718392 A CN 115718392A CN 202211377966 A CN202211377966 A CN 202211377966A CN 115718392 A CN115718392 A CN 115718392A
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 13
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000001755 magnetron sputter deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000013077 target material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005566 electron beam evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 52
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 9
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- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
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- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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Abstract
The invention relates to an electrochromic device and a preparation method thereof. An electrochromic device comprising, stacked in order from bottom to top: a carrier, a bottom electrode, a second layer, an electrolyte layer, a fourth layer, and a top electrode; one of the second layer and the fourth layer is an electrochromic layer, and the other is an ion storage layer; the electrolyte layer adopts SiO 2 . The invention solves the problems of high process temperature, expensive raw materials, poor electron blocking capability and over-thick electrolyte layer in the prior art.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the field of materials, in particular to an electrochromic device and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Electrochromism refers to a phenomenon that optical properties (reflectivity, transmittance, absorption, and the like) of a material undergo a reversible color change under the action of an applied electric field, and is visually represented as a reversible change in color and transparency. Materials having electrochromic properties are called electrochromic materials, and color-changing devices made with electrochromic materials are called electrochromic devices. In recent years, electrochromic glass is adopted in the fields of aviation, automobiles and the like, and the development trend of the technology is further promoted. With further maturation of the related art and reduction of production costs, electrochromic technology will be applied to a wider market.
Electrochromic devices are of various types, and can be roughly classified into three types, namely liquid, gel and solid, according to the states of electrodes and electrolytes. Wherein the solid state electrochromic device, which is entirely of inorganic material, has optimal environmental stability, safety and applicability, as well as excellent cycle life. The inorganic all-solid-state electrochromic device mainly comprises a base material/cover plate (made of transparent or light-reflecting materials such as glass and the like), a bottom electrode, a top electrode, an electrochromic layer, an ion storage layer and an electrolyte layer. Wherein the performance of the electrolyte layer is closely related to the memory performance, the color change speed, the working energy consumption and the cycle life of the device.
The inorganic solid electrolyte commonly reported at present mainly comprises Ta 2 O 5 、LiTaO 3 、Nb 2 O 3 、LiNbO 2 And the like and their lithium-containing salts. The materials need to use rare metals such as Ta and Nb, generally need high-temperature preparation, and can generate resource bottlenecks after large-scale commercialization. Meanwhile, the electrolyte has poor electron blocking capability and is easy to generate leakage current, so that the color memory effect of the device is poor, and if certain color or transmittance needs to be maintained, voltage needs to be continuously applied to counteract the influence of the leakage current. This results in increased device power consumption and reduced device lifetime. In addition, because these materials have poor performance in terms of electron blocking capability, a relatively high thickness is required to be deposited to improve the electron blocking property, and the corresponding thickness usually reaches hundreds of nanometers, so that the preparation time is long. Thicker films not only reduce device fabrication efficiency, but also increase cost and loss.
The invention is therefore set forth.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly aims to provide an electrochromic device and a preparation method thereof, and solves the problems of high process temperature, expensive raw materials, poor electron blocking capability and over-thick electrolyte layer in the prior art.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions.
A first aspect of the present invention provides an electrochromic device, which includes, stacked in order from bottom to top: a carrier, a bottom electrode, a second layer, an electrolyte layer, a fourth layer, and a top electrode; one of the second layer and the fourth layer is an electrochromic layer, and the other is an ion storage layer; the electrolyte layer adopts SiO 2 。
The invention adopts SiO 2 As electrolyte layer, instead of Ta 2 O 5 、LiTaO 3 、Nb 2 O 3 、LiNbO 2 And the like, solves a plurality of problems in the prior art. For example: siO 2 2 The alloy can be formed by sputtering under normal temperature conditions, and the whole device can be prepared at room temperature in the preparation process, so that the alloy can be suitable for non-temperature-resistant base materials such as polymer substrates. SiO 2 2 The elements in the Chinese herbal medicine belong to abundant elements and cannot be developed into resource bottlenecks. SiO 2 2 The electrolyte membrane layer has high electron blocking capability and does not have obvious leakage current effect, so the performance in the aspects of use energy consumption and cycle life is obviously improved. SiO 2 2 The thickness is only tens of nanometers, which is far lower than the thickness of the traditional electrolyte, and the electrolyte has excellent electron barrier property, so the advantages of preparation efficiency and cost are obviously improved.
In addition, compared with an electrochromic device with a multi-layer electrolyte structure, the invention adopts SiO 2 The single-layer electrolyte has a simpler structure, is easier to prepare, has a thin thickness and low leakage current, and is beneficial to improving the color-changing response speed.
The materials and thicknesses of the various layers of the present invention may be further optimized to improve memory, color change speed, energy consumption and cycle life, as exemplified below.
Further, the electrochromic layer adopts Li x WO 3 And x is 0.2 to 1.
When the doping concentration of lithium meets the above conditions, the technical effect of color change can be achieved.
Further, the ion storage layer adopts NiO which is mixed with Li x WO 3 The color changing layer has better adaptation effect and can simultaneously improve the performances of memory performance, color changing speed, working energy consumption, cycle life and the like.
Further, the bottom electrode and the top electrode are made of ITO, and the electrode material has high electric conductivity, high visible light transmittance, high mechanical hardness and good chemical stability, and has outstanding advantages so far.
Further, the carrier is glass or other substrate, which is determined according to the device application field.
Further, the thickness of the bottom electrode and the top electrode is each independently 50nm to 500nm.
Furthermore, the thickness of the electrolyte layer is 20-150 nm, which is much smaller than that of the electrolyte layer in the existing electrochromic device, so that the color change speed can be greatly improved.
Further, the thickness of the electrochromic layer is 100-500 nm.
Further, the thickness of the ion storage layer is 100-400 nm.
In some embodiments, the thickness of each layer satisfies the above conditions at the same time, which provides better adaptability and improved memory performance, color change speed, energy consumption and cycle life.
A second aspect of the present invention provides a method for preparing the electrochromic device described above, which comprises: depositing a bottom electrode, a second layer, an electrolyte layer, a fourth layer and a top electrode on the carrier in sequence; among them, the electrolyte layer is preferably formed by a room-temperature magnetron sputtering method or an electron beam evaporation method.
The method is compatible with the preparation process of the existing electrochromic device, and only needs to adjust materials.
The "room temperature" in the present invention generally refers to a state where heating and cooling are not actively performed.
Further, the electrolyte layer is formed by magnetron sputtering under a gas pressure of 0.5 to 3Pa, and the sputtering power density is preferably 2 to 10W/cm 2 (ii) a When the electrolyte layer is subjected to magnetron sputtering, si is preferably used as a target material, and Ar (Ar-O) is preferably used 2 ) a In an atmosphere having a flow ratio of 15 to 20 (Ar-O) 2 ) a Means Ar and O 2 Mixing gas of 9. The invention has high controllability compared with thermal evaporation by adopting a magnetron sputtering mode, and is more suitable for engineering preparation.
In addition, the invention can also use SiO x (x is more than 0 and less than 2) is taken as a target material, the flow ratio of each gas in the gas flow is adaptively adjusted, and SiO is formed by magnetron sputtering 2 。
Further, the electrochromic layer comprises two steps: deposition of WO 3 And depositing lithium, preferably by vacuum physical sputtering, preferably at a pressure of 0.5Pa or less, which enables the lithium to penetrate into the WO more uniformly 3 In (1). Deposition of SiO 2 And the order of depositing lithium may be interchanged.
In summary, compared with the prior art, the invention achieves the following technical effects:
(1) With SiO 2 The material can replace the electrolyte material in the prior electrochromic device, meet the room temperature preparation requirement, and has no problems of expensive raw materials, poor electron barrier capability and over-thick electrolyte layer.
(2) Applying high-pressure magnetron sputtering technology to SiO 2 The preparation method is easy to obtain the film layer with good conformality and uniform element distribution.
(3) Lithium in the electrochromic layer is doped by a vacuum physical deposition technology, so that the color change response speed can be improved.
The foregoing description is only an overview of the technical solutions of the present application, and the present application can be implemented according to the content of the description in order to make the technical means of the present application more clearly understood, and the following detailed description of the present application is given in order to make the above and other objects, features, and advantages of the present application more clearly understandable.
Drawings
Various additional advantages and benefits will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating the preferred embodiments and are not to be construed as limiting the application. Moreover, like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of an electrochromic device according to example 1;
fig. 2 (a) to (e) are graphs of the photoelectric properties of the electrochromic device of example 1, in which (a) the optical adjustment transmittance data; (b) -a plot of time dependent transmittance at wavelength 707nm for 40s for 1.8V coloration and 30s for +1.5V fade; (c) Current density versus time for plot (b); (d) The optical density and charge density curve of the electrochromic device at 707nm wavelength; (e) a cycle life test data chart of the electrochromic device.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following examples are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present application more clearly, and therefore are only used as examples, and the protection scope of the present application is not limited thereby.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs; the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the application; the terms "including" and "having," and any variations thereof, in the description and claims of this application and the description of the above figures are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions.
In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the technical terms "first", "second", and the like are used only for distinguishing different objects, and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number, specific order, or primary-secondary relationship of the technical features indicated. In the description of the embodiments of the present application, "a plurality" means two or more unless specifically defined otherwise.
Reference herein to "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the application. The appearances of the phrase in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments. It is explicitly and implicitly understood by one skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein can be combined with other embodiments.
In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the term "and/or" is only one kind of association relationship describing an associated object, and means that three relationships may exist, for example, a and/or B, and may mean: a exists alone, A and B exist simultaneously, and B exists alone. In addition, the character "/" herein generally indicates that the former and latter related objects are in an "or" relationship.
Example 1
Firstly cleaning 7 omega/9633ITO glass, adopting deionized water, absolute ethyl alcohol and acetone, carrying out ultrasonic cleaning for 10 minutes according to the above steps, drying, and then conveying to vacuum coating equipment for film deposition. First depositing an electrochromic layer WO 3 Then depositing metallic lithium with the deposition amount of x ≈ 0.5 (Li) x WO 3 ) Impregnation of lithium Metal into WO 3 Layer, redeposit electrolyte layer SiO 2 And then depositing an ion storage layer NiO, and finally depositing a top electrode (the diameter of all targets is 7.5cm, and specific process parameters are shown in the following table 1).
Table 1 deposition process conditions in example 1
a Ar+O 2 The mixed gas ratio is (Ar: O) 2 ＝9∶1)
The structure of this embodiment is as shown in fig. 1, which sequentially comprises from bottom to top: a carrier 001, a bottom electrode 002, an electrochromic layer 003, an electrolyte layer 004, an ion storage layer 005, and a top electrode 006. In other embodiments, the order of the electrochromic layer 003 and the ion storage layer 005 may be reversed.
The electrochromic properties of this example are shown in fig. 2 (a) to (e), and the results show that the device of the present invention is excellent in all of the properties of memory property, color change speed, power consumption for operation, and cycle life.
Examples 2 to 3
The difference from example 1 is that the doping concentration of lithium is different, x is x =0.2 and x =1, respectively, and the rest is the same as example 1.
Comparative example 1
The difference from example 1 is that an electrolyte layer SiO is deposited 2 The pressure was adjusted to 0.3Pa, as in example 1.
Comparative example 2
The difference from example 1 is in SiO 2 The thickness ratios of the electrolyte layers were varied, and the thicknesses of the electrolyte layers were 20nm and 150nm, respectively, as in example 1.
Comparing the performance of the devices obtained with the above examples and electrolyte thickness, the results show that: when the doping concentration of lithium is low, the device is shallow in coloring state, and the adjustment range of the transmittance is obviously narrowed; when lithium ions contain high lithium, the fading state color of the device is dark, which indicates that the lithium ions are difficult to be completely released from the electrochromic layer, and the corresponding transmittance adjusting range is narrow. When the electrolyte layer is SiO 2 When the deposition air pressure is lower, the film layer of the device is more compact, the fading speed of the device is obviously reduced, and the voltage applied by fading is correspondingly increased. When the electrolyte layer is SiO 2 When the thickness is lower, the leakage current is relatively larger; along with the increase of the thickness, the leakage current is obviously reduced, and the fading speed and the transmittance regulation range performance are improved; when the thickness is further increased, the device discoloration rate decreases and the discoloration voltage increases, which may be primarily associated with a further increase in electrolyte layer thickness and a decrease in ion conduction rate.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present application, and not to limit the same; although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; these modifications and substitutions do not depart from the spirit of the embodiments of the present application, and they should be construed as being included in the scope of the claims and description of the present application. In particular, the technical features mentioned in the embodiments can be combined in any way as long as there is no structural conflict. The present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed herein, but rather to cover all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. An electrochromic device, characterized by comprising, stacked in order from bottom to top: a carrier, a bottom electrode, a second layer, an electrolyte layer, a fourth layer, and a top electrode; one of the second layer and the fourth layer is an electrochromic layer, and the other is an ion storage layer; the electrolyte layer adopts SiO 2 。
2. The electrochromic device according to claim 1, wherein said electrochromic layer employs Li x WO 3 And x is 0.2 to 1.
3. The electrochromic device of claim 2 wherein said ion storage layer employs NiO.
4. The electrochromic device of claim 1 wherein said bottom electrode and said top electrode are ITO;
and/or the carrier is glass.
5. The electrochromic device according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the thickness of said bottom electrode and said top electrode are each independently from 50 to 500nm.
6. The electrochromic device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the thickness of said electrolyte layer is from 20 to 150nm.
7. The electrochromic device according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the electrochromic layer has a thickness of 100 to 500nm;
and/or the thickness of the ion storage layer is 100-400 nm.
8. A method of making an electrochromic device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, comprising: sequentially depositing a bottom electrode, a second layer, an electrolyte layer, a fourth layer and a top electrode on the carrier; among them, the electrolyte layer is preferably formed by a room-temperature magnetron sputtering method or an electron beam evaporation method.
9. The method for producing an electrochromic device according to claim 8, wherein the electrolyte layer is formed by magnetron sputtering under a gas pressure of 0.5 to 3Pa, and a sputtering power density is preferably 2 to 10W/cm 2 (ii) a When the electrolyte layer is subjected to magnetron sputtering, si is preferably used as a target material, and Ar (Ar-O) is preferably used 2 ) a In an atmosphere having a flow ratio of 15 to 20 (Ar-O) 2 ) a Means Ar and O 2 Mixing gas of 9.
10. The method of manufacturing an electrochromic device according to claim 8, wherein the electrochromic layer comprises two steps: deposition of WO 3 And depositing lithium, preferably depositing lithium by vacuum physical sputtering, wherein the pressure of the vacuum physical sputtering is preferably below 0.5 Pa.
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