CN115630802A - Ecological restoration space planning method combining with ecological system service supply and demand - Google Patents
Ecological restoration space planning method combining with ecological system service supply and demand Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an ecological restoration space defining method combining ecological system service supply and demand, belonging to the field of ecological environment assessment, and the method comprises the following steps: selecting water source conservation, soil maintenance, biological diversity maintenance, carbon fixation and oxygen release, water quality purification and flood regulation and storage ecosystem services, quantitatively evaluating the correlation of the ecosystem service degradation, supply and demand and basic ecological elements of mountainous water, forest, field, lake and grassland, constructing an ecological degradation space, a supply and demand balance space and an element correlation space, and coupling to form a basin integrated ecological protection and restoration space. The method breaks through the defects that the conventional ecological restoration is mainly based on small scale, single ecological restoration engineering and single target, combines the supply and demand characteristics, the flow process and the path of the ecological system service, comprehensively considers the relevance of multiple elements and multiple targets, is more favorable for improving the comprehensive effect of ecological restoration and guiding accurate, systematic and scientific ecological protection restoration engineering, and also has good applicability as an evaluation method in the area planning of the ecological system.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of ecological environment assessment, and particularly relates to an ecological restoration space planning method combining ecological system service supply and demand.
Background
Along with the development of urbanization around the drainage basin, ecological problems such as river flood disasters, ecological damages of riparian zones, water environment pollution, ecological system degradation, bank line ecological degradation, flood disasters and the like occur in the drainage basin, ecological system services and human welfare are gradually linked by current drainage basin ecological restoration, ecological system service requirements such as grain production and consumption, landscape culture services, water resource supply, non-point source pollution, soil conservation, water source conservation and the like are related, many scholars consider that drainage basin ecological protection restoration not only needs ecological system service importance identification and ecological damage space identification, but also needs to be established in the angle of ecological system service supply and demand, and various ecological system service requirements needed by human beings are met.
Practical experience of water environment treatment and protection in China and even countries in the world for years proves that although water pollution and damage of water ecosystem are outstanding manifestations of basin ecology and environmental problems, the root cause is mainly that upstream and peripheral land ecosystem are changed variously, and further water environment quality is reduced and water ecosystem is degraded. In order to repair a damaged ecosystem and improve the service supply level of the watershed ecosystem, identification of a watershed key ecosystem repair space, such as a riparian zone, a watershed upstream forest ecosystem, a river wetland and the like, is urgently needed.
At present, on one hand, watershed ecosystem restoration needs to be matched with ecosystem service supply and demand, a watershed ecological protection restoration assessment technical method based on ecosystem service supply and demand is constructed, and the relationship between watershed ecological restoration and human welfare can be effectively established; on the other hand, the protection and restoration of mountain-water forest field, lake and grass people systems are required to be carried out according to the correlation of the ecological system, the ecological protection and restoration space can be landed better, the ecological protection and restoration planning can be scientifically guided and applied to the river basin ecological protection and restoration planning, and the sustainable development of the river basin natural social economic composite system can be realized.
Through the above analysis, the problems and short plates existing in the prior art are: the balance between ecological problem causes and ecological system service supply and demand cannot be integrally considered from the perspective of a drainage basin, and a composite method model for identifying key areas of ecological protection and restoration cannot be well integrated.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the technical problems in the background art, the invention provides an ecological restoration space defining method combining the supply and demand of an ecological system service, couples the supply and demand of the ecological system service and ecological relevance of mountainous water, forest, lake and grass people to a river basin ecological protection restoration key area identification method, fully considers the requirements of a river basin natural-social-economic system and the welfare of river basin human beings, breaks through the limitation that the traditional method only evaluates from the perspective of ecological system service supply degradation, and constructs a river basin ecological system protection restoration key area identification method model.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problem is as follows:
an ecological restoration space defining method combining the supply and demand of an ecosystem service comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: determining a watershed evaluation range, performing natural social and economic local survey, and acquiring natural, economic and remote sensing data of a watershed evaluation year;
step two: quantitatively evaluating the supply quantity of each ecosystem service in a designated area year through water source conservation, soil conservation, biological diversity maintenance, carbon fixation and oxygen release, water quality purification and flood regulation and storage ecosystem service, constructing an ecosystem service comprehensive degradation index, and forming a watershed ecological degradation space according to the service degradation condition of a key ecosystem; analyzing and evaluating the water source conservation, soil conservation, water and soil conservation and the service supply quantity of the carbon-fixing oxygen-releasing ecosystem, evaluating the function of the ecosystem, finding out the symptom nodes of ecological problems, and distinguishing and analyzing an ecological degradation space;
step three: from the aspect of guaranteeing human welfare, by taking sensitivity and vulnerability of an ecosystem as reference, analyzing water source conservation, soil conservation, biological diversity maintenance, carbon fixation and oxygen release, water quality purification and flood regulation and storage of ecosystem service demand, dividing ecosystem service flow types, calculating the satisfying conditions of natural supply and human demand of ecosystem services through the ecosystem service flow, constructing an ecosystem service comprehensive supply and demand satisfying index based on global-ex-situ, local-in-situ and directed service flow, and forming a supply and demand balancing space;
step four: quantifying the ecological system element relevance of the evaluation years of the designated area by using the basic ecological elements of mountains, water, forests, fields, lakes, grasses and people to construct a local ecological system and form an element relevance space; cutting in from a complete watershed water ecosystem and analyzing element association space;
step five: coupling the ecological degradation space, the supply and demand balance space and the element association space to form a watershed ecological restoration space and generate an ecological system protection key area.
Preferably, in the first step, the nature, economy and remote sensing data includes terrain data, climate data, hydrological data, population density, total area production value, statistical data, energy consumption, land utilization, vegetation index and the like, the remote sensing data needs to be processed into a grid format and unified with a projection coordinate system and a spatial scale, and the statistical data needs to be connected and processed into corresponding spatial unit vector data.
Preferably, the second step specifically includes:
in the assessment area, a water quantity balance equation is adopted to calculate the supply quantity of water source conservation services, a specific ecological system service ecological degradation space is formed after standardization, and the calculation formula is as follows:
in the formula, Q Conservation of water source Is the water conservation quantity, and the unit is m 3 /a；A i Is the area of the i-th ecosystem and has the unit of m 2 ；P i The unit is the runoff yield and rainfall capacity of the i-th ecological system and is mm/a; r i The unit is the earth surface runoff of the i-th ecological system and is mm/a; ET i The evapotranspiration of the i-th ecological system is in mm/a; i is the type of the i-th ecosystem in the accounting area, i =1,2,3,\8230;, n; calculating the water source conservation substance quantity by adopting a water quantity balance method, wherein a water quantity balance equation means that water keeps mass conservation in an ecological system in a certain time and space, namely the water source conservation quantity of the ecological system is the difference value between rainfall input and storm runoff and the water consumption quantity of the ecological system;
in an evaluation area, calculating the soil conservation service supply quantity by adopting a RUSLE water and soil loss equation, and forming a specific ecosystem service ecological degradation space after standardization, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
Q erosion control ＝R×K×L×S×(1-C)#
In the formula: q Erosion control The unit is t/a, which is the soil erosion control amount; r is a rainfall erosion force factor, K is a soil erodability factor, and L is a slope length factor and is dimensionless; s is a gradient factor and is dimensionless; c is a vegetation coverage and management factor without dimension, and in the RUSLE water and soil loss equation, the calculation principle of each factor is as follows:
rainfall erosion force factor R: and (3) quantifying by adopting a monthly scale calculation formula provided by Wischmeier and Smith:
in the formula: p is annual average rainfall in mm; pi is the average monthly rainfall in the ith month and is unit mm;
the soil erodability factor K is calculated according to the following formula:
in the formula, K EPIC Representing the soil erodibility factor before correction, K representing the soil erodibility factor after correction, and CLA, SIL, SAN and C respectively representing the percentage contents of clay grains less than 0.002mm, powder grains 0.002-0.05 mm, sand grains 0.05-2 mm and organic carbon;
vegetation coverage factor C: the value is between 0 and 1, the smaller the C value is, the stronger the water and soil retention capacity of the vegetation is, and the smaller the soil loss is;
c values of forests, bushes and grasslands are calculated according to the annual vegetation coverage f of the research area:
the vegetation coverage f is calculated from the regional annual average NDVI:
the soil conservation quantity, namely the soil erosion quantity reduced by the ecosystem (the difference measure of the potential soil erosion quantity and the actual soil erosion quantity) is selected as the evaluation index of the soil conservation function of the ecosystem. The actual soil erosion refers to the soil erosion amount under the current ground vegetation coverage condition, and the potential soil erosion refers to the soil erosion amount which can occur under the condition without ground vegetation coverage;
in the assessment area, an InVEST habitat quality module is adopted to calculate the supply amount of the biodiversity maintenance service, and a specific ecosystem service ecological degradation space is formed after standardization, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
In the formula, Q xj For land use type jThe habitat quality of the habitat grid x in (a),
is a semi-saturation function for degrading habitat H j Converting to habitat mass, wherein z is set to 2.5, k is a customizable half-saturation constant; w is a r The weight coefficient of the threat factor r is normalized, and the sum of all the weight coefficients of the threat factor r is 1; i.e. i rxy Represents the impact of a threat r on the habitat grid at location x at grid y, d xy At a linear distance of grid x from y, d rmax Is the maximum range of threat r; beta is a x Indicating an accessible level of the grid, beta x ∈[0,1]1 means fully accessible, threat impact is greater, 0 is nearly inaccessible; s jr Sensitivity, S, indicating habitat type jr ∈[0,1]Close to 1 indicates higher sensitivity, where j indicates habitat type and r indicates threat category; the biodiversity maintenance service belongs to a support service and is closely related to the basic stability of an ecosystem. The service essence has a spatialization characteristic and is calculated by analyzing land utilization and land cover maps (LULC) and the threat degree of the LULC to biodiversity. By using an InVEST model, the habitat quality, the degradation level, the habitat rarity and the like of the landscape in the region can be evaluated by inputting LULC maps, the sensitivity of LULCs to each threat, the spatial data of distribution and density of each threat, the spatial position of a protected area and the like;
in the evaluation area, the mass balance and photosynthesis equation is adopted to calculate the supply quantity of the carbon-fixing oxygen-releasing service, and a specific ecological system service ecological degradation space is formed after standardization, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
6CO 2 +12H 2 O→C 6 H 12 O 6 +6H 2 O+6O 2
in the formula:
carbon fixation amount for the ecological system; NPP is the net primary productivity of the ecosystem, and is inverted by adopting an improved CASA model. Carbon sequestration service CO for ecosystem 2 Fixation and O 2 The amount of carbon released was estimated by mass balance and photosynthesis equations based on the amount of carbon lost to net primary productivity and soil respiration. According to the photosynthesis equation, O can be released per 1kg of dry matter produced 2 1.19kg, ecosystem fixed CO 2 1.63kg；
In the assessment area, an InVEST nutrient transport ratio model is adopted to calculate the water quality purification service supply quantity, a specific ecosystem service ecological degradation space is formed after standardization, and the calculation formula is as follows:
ALV x ＝HSS x ×pol x
in the above formula, ALV x Represents the adjusted load value of grid cell x; pol x An output coefficient representing a grid cell x; HSS x Representing the hydrologic sensitivity of grid cell x; lambda [ alpha ] x Represents the runoff coefficient of the grid cell x;
representing the average runoff coefficient within the flow domain;
in the assessment area, a flood storage equation is adopted, flood storage service supply amount is measured through flood regulation and flood storage capacity of vegetation and a water body, and a specific service degradation space is formed after standardization;
C fm ＝C vfm +C wfm
C wfm ＝e 4.904 ×A 0.927 ×0.36
in the above formula, C fm Regulating storage capacity for regional flood in unit of m 3 /a，C vfm Is the regulation of vegetation flood, C wfm Regulating storage volume, P, for flood water i For heavy rains and rainfalls, R fi For storm surface runoff, a is the unit area.
Preferably, the ecological degradation space calculation formula of the single ecosystem service is as follows:
in the above formula, CES i Represents a reference year k 1 To evaluation year k 2 The change of the service supply of the ecosystem; NES i Representing the supply value of i-type ecosystem service after k years of normalization, NES epsilon [0,1 ∈]；ES i,k Represents the calculated supply value of class i ecosystem service for k years, max { ES } i }、min{ES i Respectively representing the highest value and the lowest value of the i-type ecosystem service; the single ecosystem service ecological degradation space is a time series analysis, ecological system service variable quantity and change rate calculation are carried out through quantitative evaluation years and reference years, and normalized ecosystem service supply quantity is adopted for calculation. Taking different ecosystem service calculation methods and parameter differences into consideration, carrying out normalization processing through the latest value of the past year, removing dimensions and keeping comparability among different years to a certain extent;
the comprehensive ecosystem service ecological degradation space calculation formula is as follows:
in the above formula, IES k Indicating heald(ii) a converged ecosystem service provision; n represents the number of types of service of the evaluation ecosystem; k represents year. The comprehensive ecological system service ecological degradation space is a terminal composite evaluation standard, ecological system water environment, land environment and atmospheric environment conditions are comprehensively considered, ecological system service supply quantities under multiple targets are added, and the comprehensive ecological system service degradation space facing the system ecological protection target is comprehensively evaluated.
Preferably, the third step specifically includes:
in an assessment area, calculating the demand of water conservation service by adopting an annual water consumption equation, calculating the service flow-human demand satisfaction condition by a directed service flow method, and forming a specific service supply and demand balance interval, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
W＝(W agr +W ind +W urb )
W agr ＝A×I agr
W ind ＝GDP×I ind
W urb ＝POP×I urb
in the above formula: w represents the total quantity of water resource demand of the drainage basin; wagr, wind and Wurb respectively represent the total amount of agricultural water, the total amount of industrial water and the total amount of domestic water, and the unit is ton; iagr is the average water consumption index per square kilometer for field irrigation, and the unit is m 3 A is the area of cultivated land in km 2 (ii) a Iind is the water index of the total value of ten thousand yuan national production, and the unit is m 3 Per thousand yuan, GDP is the total value of kilometers and national production, and the unit is ten thousand yuan/km 2 (ii) a Iurb is the index of the comprehensive water consumption of everyone, and the unit is m 3 Person, POP is kilometer population density, unit person/km 2 (ii) a The water source conservation service requirement is equivalent to the actual use of fresh water resource quantity by human beings, and the three aspects of agricultural water, industrial water and domestic water are quantified;
in an evaluation area, the RUSLE is adopted to correct a water loss equation, the soil maintenance service demand is calculated, the service flow-human demand meeting condition is calculated by a directed service flow method, a specific service supply and demand balancing interval is formed, and the calculation formula is as follows:
A＝R×K×LS×C×P
in the above formula: a is the annual average soil loss per unit area in t/hm 2 * a; r is rainfall/runoff erosion index, and the unit is MJ mm/hm 2 * h, a and K are soil erodability factors, and the unit is t/MJ; LS is the slope length and gradient factor; c is a crop cultivation management factor; p is a water and soil conservation engineering measure factor, and the P factor is calculated by adopting gradient factor model fitting conversion, and the concrete formula is as follows:
P＝0.2+0.03×S
wherein P is a water and soil conservation measure factor, the value distribution range is between 0 and 1, and the water and soil conservation measure effect of the region is in a positive relation with the P factor; s is the average grade, and the unit is%; equating the soil maintenance service requirement to the actual soil erosion amount, and quantifying by correcting the RUSLE general water and soil loss equation model by the United states department of agriculture;
in an evaluation area, calculating biodiversity maintenance service demand by adopting a habitat fragile index, calculating service flow-human demand satisfaction conditions by a local-in-situ service flow method, and forming a specific service supply and demand balance interval, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
HVI i ＝ANT i ×(1-fvc i )×pop i
a universal quantification method is not available for the biodiversity maintenance service requirement, human activities are considered to be a main threat source of a Habitat, quantification is carried out by constructing a Habitat vulnerability Index (HTI), in the formula, the HVI represents the Habitat vulnerability Index, the HVI belongs to [0,1], when the HVI approaches to 1, the higher the Habitat vulnerability degree is, and the higher the biodiversity maintenance service requirement is; i represents a spatial unit; ANT stands for the artificial coverage area in the grid of each square kilometer, and is dimensionless; fvc represents vegetation coverage; pop represents population density per square kilometer grid, and belongs to [0,1], and is a normalized value;
in an evaluation area, calculating the demand of the carbon-fixed oxygen release service by adopting a Kaya carbon emission identity equation, calculating the service flow-human demand meeting condition by a global-ex-situ service flow method, and forming a specific service supply and demand trade-off interval, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
C i ＝CEI×ECI×PGDP×PD i
in the above formula, C i Representing the i-year carbon emission total of the space grid; the CEI is Carbon emission coefficient (Carbon emission intensity) of each type of energy, and refers to the Carbon emission quantity generated by unit energy in the combustion or use process of each type of energy; ECI represents the Energy consumption per ten thousand GDP (Energy consumption intensity) of the area; PGDP represents the total value of national production in the per capita region; PD (photo diode) i Representing spatial grid i population density; the carbon sequestration service demand can be equivalent to the total amount of regional artificial carbon emission, quantified by the Kaya carbon emission identity of IPCC (international universal IPCC), and spatially gridded by population density parameters;
in an assessment area, the quality standard of national surface water is combined with an Invest water source conservation module to calculate the demand quantity of water quality purification service, the service flow-human demand meeting condition is calculated through a directed service flow method, a specific service supply and demand balance interval is formed, and the calculation formula is as follows:
SD i ＝Q conservation of water source ×c
In the above formula, SD i Representing the allowable water pollution amount of the basin range; q Conservation of water source Is the water yield in m 3 (ii) a The value c represents the standard limit value of the III-class water quality of the surface water environment, and the unit is mg/L;
in an assessment area, calculating flood storage service demand by adopting a flood vulnerability index, calculating service flow-human demand meeting conditions by a directed service flow method, and forming a specific service supply and demand balance interval, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
FVI j ＝S j ×(1-ELE i )×SLO j ×POP j
in the above formula, FVI is the flood vulnerability index of the building space; j represents a specific spatial unit; s represents the area of the building space in a grid per kilometer, and the unit is km 2 (ii) a ELE represents DEM elevation in m; SLO represents the gradient; POP represents population density in a grid per kilometer and unit of ten thousand persons/km 2 ；
In the evaluation area, a single ecosystem service flow-human requirement meeting condition is coupled to form a comprehensive ecosystem service supply and demand balance space.
Preferably, the service flow benefit area balance map is generated based on global-ex-situ, local-in-situ and directed service flows, and the calculation formula is as follows:
global-ex-situ service flow trade-off calculation formula:
in the above formula, SD i Representing ecosystem service flow trade-off, SD i >0 represents the benefit area (SBA) space unit i ecosystem service requirement is satisfied by the supply area (SPA), and SD i <0 represents that the service requirements of the ecosystem of the spatial unit i of the benefit area (SBA) cannot be met by the supply area (SPA); ESD (electro-static discharge) i Representing the service demand of the ecosystem of the benefit area;
indicating the average supply capacity of the service universe; m represents the number of global space units; NSD i Representing ecosystem service supply and demand trade-off space, NSD i ∈[0,1]The higher the value, the more serious the ecosystem service imbalance.
Local-in-place service flow trade-off calculation formula:
SD＝SD supply of -SD Demand for
In the above formula, ESB i Representation of the ecosystemIntegrating service flow balance values; ESD (electro-static discharge) i Representing the service demand of the ecosystem of the benefit area; ESS i Representing the service supply of the ecosystem of the supply area;
directed service flow trade-off value calculation formula:
PE i ＝ESS i -ESD i
SD＝P-D
in the above formula, PE i Representing the flow potential energy of the directed service flow; ESD (electro-static discharge) i Representing the service demand of the ecosystem of the benefit area; ESS i Representing the service supply of the ecosystem of the supply area; SD represents the balance condition of the supply and the demand of the ecosystem service flow, P represents the ecosystem service flow of the supply area, and D represents the ecosystem service demand condition of the benefit area; NSD i Representing ecosystem service supply and demand trade-off space, NSD i ∈[0,1]The higher the value, the more serious the ecosystem service imbalance.
Preferably, in the third step, a service flow benefit area tradeoff map is generated based on the directed service flow (S1), the global-ex-situ (S2), and the local-in-situ (S3), and the specific steps include the following steps:
s1-1: constructing a directed service flow potential energy surface through an ecosystem service supply and demand difference value, on the basis, inputting potential energy data as surface grid data by using a flow direction function of an ArcGIS10.2 platform, calculating the flow direction of each grid to the steepest downhill neighborhood through a D8 algorithm, and expressing the flow direction by eight numbers including 1,2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 according to data results to obtain flow direction data of a directed service flow;
s1-2: generating a directed service flow supply area (SPA) and a benefit area (SBA), wherein the supply area is obtained by extracting a positive value area in the potential energy surface, and on the premise that the ecological system service in the area meets the local demand, the surplus ecological system service is transferred to other areas through the directed service flow; the benefit area is obtained by extracting a negative value area in the potential energy surface, and the ecological system service in the area cannot meet the local demand.
S1-3: using a 'flow' tool in an ArcGIS10.2 platform to input flow direction data as 'flow direction grid data' and supply area (SPA) data as 'weight grid data', and obtaining an ecosystem service flow space flow result of each grid;
s1-4: based on the flow and the demand in each spatial grid unit, calculating the difference between the flow and the total potential demand through a grid calculator, and judging the condition that the ecological system service flow provided by a supply area meets the demand of a benefit area in each service flow index, wherein the formula is as follows:
S＝P-D
wherein, S represents the satisfaction degree of the benefit area requirements under the condition of considering the service flow; p is ecosystem service flow traffic; d is the state system service demand;
s1-5: coupling the service type supply and demand conditions of each ecosystem, wherein normalization processing is required to be carried out according to the evaluation year before coupling, and the formula is as follows:
wherein NSD i Representing the normalized ecosystem service flow supply and demand satisfaction condition; SD i Representing the ecosystem supply and demand flow satisfaction, SD max 、SD min Respectively satisfying the highest value and the lowest value of the supply and demand of the single service;
s2: the global-ex-situ service flow supply and demand condition is mainly related to total supply quantity, the service flow supply and demand are characterized by calculating the difference value of grid average supply quantity and demand quantity, normalization is carried out through the maximum value, an ecosystem service supply and demand balance space is generated, the calculation process is carried out in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool, and the specific formula is as follows:
s3: the local-in-place service flow calculation takes the difference between the service supply quantity and the demand quantity as the service flow supply and demand condition because the supply area (SPA) is overlapped with the benefit area (SBA), and generates a local-in-place service flow supply and demand balance space by normalizing through the maximum value, wherein the calculation process is carried out in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool, and the specific formula is as follows:
SD＝SD supply of -SD Demand for
Integrating the supply and demand conditions of the service flow of each ecosystem service type through an ArcGIS software grid calculator, wherein the formula is as follows:
the ISD represents the supply and demand condition of the service flow of the comprehensive ecological system, namely supply and demand balance space; n represents the number of calculated ecosystem service types; NSD i And expressing the condition that the normalized ecosystem service flow meets the demand and supply.
Preferably, the fourth step specifically comprises the following steps:
depicting elements of ecological systems of mountains, rivers, forests, lakes, grasses and people in watershed based on DEM and land utilization data to form stream
A domain ecosystem element relevance map;
constructing element association of a local ecosystem from bottom to top by adopting a GeoPAT mode-based space division method and combining ArcGIS space statistics to form a drainage basin ecosystem element association unit;
the element relevance of the elements of the mountain, water, forest, field, lake and grassland of the local ecological system is calculated by adopting an ELSA method to form an element relevance space of the watershed ecological system, and the method formula is as follows:
E i ＝E ai +E ci #
d ij ＝|c i -c j |#
in the above formula, w ij Is a binary weight used for measuring whether the pixel is in the size of the neighborhood defined by the observation point i; d ij Represents x i And x j Difference between, m represents the number of classes in the entire dataset, p k Is m within a local distance from the observation point i ω Probability of kth class of classes, m i Is the largest possible number of classes within a local distance from observation point i, if the number of observations within the local distance from observation point i (including observation point i) is greater than the number of classes in the entire dataset (Σ) j w ij >m), then m) i Equal to the total number of categories, or else equal to the number of observations (Σ) within a local distance from site i j w ij ≤m)；E ai Attribute distances between the observation points and adjacent scenic spots are summarized, the value range is between 0 and 1, the low value indicates that the similarity between the adjacent observation points is high, otherwise, the similarity is low; e ci Represents the Shannon entropy by log 2 m i Normalization to between 0 and 1 makes datasets with different numbers of categories comparable;
the mountain elements are obtained by screening areas with the elevation larger than 500 meters and the gradient larger than 45 degrees in the DEM through an ArcGIS software grid calculator, the human elements are obtained by reclassifying the coverage types in land utilization through the ArcGIS software and respectively corresponding to rivers, woodlands, cultivated lands, lakes, grasslands and urban construction land, and the mountain elements are integrated with the water, forests, fields, lakes, grasses and human elements through an ArcGIS inlaying tool.
Preferably, the step five: coupling the ecological degradation space, the supply and demand balance space and the element association space to form a drainage basin ecological restoration space, generating an ecological system protection restoration reference map, specifically multiplying the ecological degradation space and the supply and demand balance space by an ArcGIS software grid calculator to obtain a final ecological protection restoration space, and identifying an ecological protection restoration key area based on ecological element system association, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
ERI i ＝IES i ×ISD i ×E i
ERI in the above formula i And representing an integrated ecological protection restoration space, coupling the three types of spaces through an ArcGIS software grid calculator, and identifying an ecological protection restoration key area based on ecological element system association.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the method can provide decision reference for watershed ecological protection workers, is used as an ecological assessment method in the integrated protection and restoration work of mountainous and watery forest fields, lakes and grasses, and has high applicability. The invention provides a method for identifying a critical area for coupling ecosystem service supply and demand and ecological relevance of mountain and water forest field lake and grass people to a watershed ecological protection restoration, fully considers the requirements of a watershed natural-social-economic system and watershed human welfare, breaks through the limitation that the traditional method only evaluates from the ecological system service supply degradation angle, designs a cascading framework for service supply-human benefit-system restoration by using technical means such as an InVEST model, remote sensing, GIS and the like, constructs a critical area identification method model for the watershed ecosystem protection restoration, can accurately identify key areas influencing human welfare and ecological stability under different element systems, and guides accurate ecological restoration. The method can provide decision reference and theoretical basis for the ecological protection of the drainage basin, and has higher applicability as an evaluation method in the regional planning of an ecological system.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of the service ecological degradation space distribution of the integrated ecosystem of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a spatial distribution of the integrated ecosystem service supply and demand trade-off in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of the spatial distribution of the association of the basic elements of the ecosystem of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a distribution diagram of key areas for integrated protection and restoration of an ecosystem according to the present invention
Detailed Description
The technical aspects of the embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings
Having thus described the invention in detail and by way of illustration, it is to be understood that the embodiments described are illustrative only of a few embodiments of the invention and are not to be taken as the only embodiments described. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention.
Selecting a Yanxi river basin in the three gorges area, wherein the evaluation year is 2020, the reference year is 2000, and the detail is shown
An ecological restoration space defining method combining with the supply and demand of ecosystem service is explained in detail, as shown in fig. 1, the method comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: determining a drainage basin range, performing natural social and economic local survey, and acquiring natural, economic and remote sensing data of a drainage basin evaluation year;
step two: quantitatively evaluating the supply quantity of each ecosystem service in a designated area year through water source conservation, soil conservation, biological diversity maintenance, carbon fixation and oxygen release, water quality purification and flood regulation and storage ecosystem service, constructing an ecosystem service comprehensive degradation index, and forming a watershed ecological degradation space according to the service degradation condition of a key ecosystem;
step three: from the aspect of guaranteeing human welfare, by taking sensitivity and vulnerability of an ecosystem as reference, analyzing water source conservation, soil conservation, biological diversity maintenance, carbon fixation and oxygen release, water quality purification and flood regulation and storage of ecosystem service demand, dividing ecosystem service flow types, calculating the satisfying conditions of natural supply and human demand of ecosystem services through the ecosystem service flow, constructing an ecosystem service comprehensive supply and demand satisfying index based on global-ex-situ, local-in-situ and directed service flow, and forming a supply and demand balancing space;
step four: quantifying the ecological system element relevance of the evaluation years of the designated area by using the basic ecological elements of mountains, water, forests, fields, lakes, grasses and people to construct a local ecological system and form an element relevance space;
step five: and coupling the ecological degradation space, the supply and demand balance space and the element association space to form a drainage basin ecological restoration space and generate an ecological system protection restoration reference map.
Further preferably, the data of the drainage basin is obtained as shown in table 1 below, the remote sensing data needs to be processed into a grid format and unified with a projection coordinate system and a spatial scale, and statistical data needs to be connected and processed into corresponding spatial unit vector data.
TABLE 1#
Generating an ecological system service ecological degradation space: selecting water source conservation, soil conservation, biological diversity maintenance, carbon fixation and oxygen release, water quality purification and flood regulation and storage ecosystem service as evaluation standards, and the specific process is as follows:
1. generating an ecological system service ecological degradation space:
calculating the ecological degradation space of the water conservation service:
preparing data: the land utilization, rainfall and evapotranspiration grid data are acquired through public data, and the data time is 2000-2020; the surface runoff data is calculated by rainfall (mm) and the average surface runoff coefficient alpha, the calculation process is carried out in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool, and the surface runoff coefficient alpha is shown in a table 2.
TABLE 2 surface runoff coefficient
(II) generating water source conservation service supply, wherein the calculation process is carried out in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool to obtain the water source conservation service supply of the Yangxi river basin in 2000 and 2020, and the specific formula is as follows:
in the formula, Q Conservation of water source Is the water source conservation quantity, and the unit is m 3 /a；A i Is the area of the i-th ecosystem and has the unit of m 2 ；P i The unit of the rainfall is mm/a; r i The unit is the earth surface runoff of the i-th ecological system and is mm/a; ET i The evapotranspiration of the i-th ecological system is in mm/a; i is the type of ecosystem of the ith class in the accounting area, i =1,2,3, \8230;, n.
And (III) generating a water source conservation service ecological degradation space, wherein the calculation process is carried out in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool by calculating and evaluating 2020 and 2000 water source conservation service supply quantity changes and normalizing to [0,1], and the specific formula is as follows:
in the above formula, CES i Represents a reference year k 1 To evaluation year k 2 The change of the service supply quantity of the ecological system; NES i Representing the supply value of i-type ecosystem service after k years of normalization, NES epsilon [0,1 ∈]；ES i,k Represents the calculated supply value of class i ecosystem service for k years, max { ES } i }、min{ES i Represents the highest and lowest value of the class i ecosystem service, respectively.
And (3) soil maintenance service ecological degradation space calculation:
preparing data: the rainfall erosion force factor R is calculated through year-scale and month-scale rainfall grid data, wherein the month-scale rainfall data is obtained through meteorological site monitoring data spatial interpolation, the operation process is completed in an ArcGIS10.2 reverse distance weighted Interpolation (IDW) tool, and the rainfall erosion force factor formula is as follows:
the soil erodibility factor K is quantified by soil texture data, comprises clay grains less than 0.002mm, powder grains 0.002 mm-0.05 mm, sand grains 0.05 mm-2 mm and the percentage content of organic carbon, and the calculation process is carried out in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool, and the specific formula is as follows:
the terrain factor LS is expressed by the terrain relief degree, quantification is carried out through the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the elevation, the calculation process is carried out in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool, and the specific formula is as follows:
LS＝DEM max -DEM min
and the vegetation coverage factor C is quantified by the vegetation coverage f, wherein the vegetation coverage is obtained by calculating NDVI data, all the calculation processes are carried out in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool, and the specific formula is as follows:
(II) generating a soil conservation service supply quantity, wherein the calculation process is carried out in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool to obtain the soil conservation service supply quantity of the Yanxi river basin in 2000 and 2020, and the specific formula is as follows:
Q erosion control ＝R×K×L×S×(1-C)#
In the formula: q Erosion control The unit is t/a, and is the soil erosion control quantity; r is a rainfall erosion force factor, K is a soil erodability factor, and L is a slope length factor and is dimensionless; s is a gradient factor and is dimensionless; c is vegetation cover and management factor, and is dimensionless.
And (III) the calculation process of the ecological degradation space of the soil conservation service is the same as that of the water source conservation service, and the ecological degradation space of the soil conservation service is generated without being described in detail.
Biodiversity maintenance service ecological degradation space calculation:
preparing data: the threat factors are quantized from a construction land, a farmland and a bare land to generate a single threat factor map layer, and the non-threat factor value in the land utilization data is assigned to be acquired by Nodata through an ArcGIS10.2 reclassification tool to respectively obtain the threat factor map layers of the construction land, the farmland and the bare land; the attribute table of the stress factors is obtained by referring to related researches, and is specifically shown in table 3; sensitivity table by
Obtained by reference to the relevant studies, see in particular table 4.
TABLE 3 threat factor Attribute Table
| MAX_DIST | WEIGHT | THREAT | DECAY |
| 8 | 0.6 | agr | linear |
| 12 | 1 | con | exponential |
| 5 | 1 | bare | exponential |
TABLE 4 sensitivity table
| LULC | NAME | HABITAT | L_agr | L_con | L_bare |
| 1 | Agr | 0.5 | 0 | 0.8 | 0.4 |
| 2 | Forest | 1 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.6 |
| 3 | Shurb | 1 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.5 |
| 4 | Grass | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.5 |
| 5 | Waters | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.5 |
| 6 | Bare | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| 7 | |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
And (II) generating the biodiversity maintenance service supply, wherein the calculation process is carried out in an InVEST 3.9.2 habitat quality module, corresponding data such as land utilization, a stress factor table, a sensitivity table and the like are input for operation, and the biodiversity maintenance service supply in the Xiangxi river basin in 2000 and 2020 is obtained, and the calculation formula is as follows:
in the formula, Q xj For the habitat quality of habitat grid x in land use type j,
is a semi-saturation function for degrading habitat H j Converting to habitat mass, where z is set to 2.5, k is a customizable half-saturation constant; w is a r The weight coefficient of the threat factor r is normalized, and the sum of all the weight coefficients of the threat factor r is 1; i.e. i rxy Representing the effect of threat r on the habitat grid at location x at grid y, d xy At a linear distance of grid x from y, d rmax Is the maximum range of threat r; beta is a x Indicating an accessible level of the grid, beta x ∈[0,1]1 means fully accessible, threat impact is greater, 0 is nearly inaccessible; s. the jr Sensitivity of the type of habitat, S jr ∈[0,1]Close to 1 indicates higher sensitivity, where j indicates habitat type and r indicates threat category.
And (III) the calculation process of the ecological degradation space of the biodiversity maintenance service is the same as that of the water source conservation service, and the detailed description is omitted here, so that the ecological degradation space of the biodiversity maintenance service is generated. And (3) calculating an ecological degradation space of the carbon-fixing oxygen-releasing service:
preparing data: the net primary productivity NPP data is obtained by online public data download.
(II) generating the supply quantity of the carbon-fixing oxygen-releasing service, quantifying through a mass balance and a photosynthesis equation, and carrying out a calculation process in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool, wherein a specific formula is as follows:
6CO 2 +12H 2 O→C 6 H 12 O 6 +6H 2 O+6O 2
in the formula: q tCO2 Carbon fixation amount for the ecological system; NPP is the net primary productivity of the ecosystem, and is inverted by adopting an improved CASA model.
And (III) the calculation process of the ecological degradation space of the carbon-fixing oxygen release service is the same as that of the water source conservation service, and the description is omitted here, so that the ecological degradation space of the carbon-fixing oxygen release service is generated.
Calculating the ecological degradation space of the water quality purification service:
preparing data: data such as land utilization, DEM, watershed vector boundaries and the like are acquired by early-stage collection; the potential runoff map is used for inputting model parameters and is replaced by standardized annual average rainfall r; the biophysical parameters table is a table mapping each LULC class to its biophysical properties related to nutritional load and retention, only the nitrogen rejection process being considered in the present example, and the biophysical table parameters are as follows in table 5:
TABLE 5 biophysical parameters Table
| lucode | LULC_desc | load_n | eff_n | crit_len_n | proportion_subsurface_n |
| 1 | |
100 | 0.5 | 25 | 0.5 |
| 2 | forest | 2.8 | 0.8 | 300 | 0 |
| 3 | shurb | 2 | 0.8 | 300 | 0 |
| 4 | grass | 8 | 0.75 | 150 | 0 |
| 5 | |
0 | 0.05 | 150 | 0 |
| 6 | bare | 4 | 0.05 | 10 | 0 |
| 7 | |
10 | 0.05 | 10 | 0 |
(II) calculating the supply quantity of the water quality purification service: the above-mentioned relevant data and parameters were entered and calculations were performed by the Nutrient Delivery module (Nutrient Delivery Ratio) of invent 3.9.2, the main conceptual formula of the model and other user-defined parameters required for the model operation in the present example are as follows 6:
ALV x ＝HSS x ×pol x
in the above formula, ALV x Represents the adjusted load value of grid cell x; pol x An output coefficient representing a grid cell x; HSS x Representing the hydrologic sensitivity of grid cell x; lambda [ alpha ] x Represents the runoff coefficient of the grid cell x;
representing the average runoff coefficient within the flow domain.
TABLE 6 nutrient transport Module parameter Table
| Parameter(s) | Value of |
| Calculate Phosphorus | No |
| Calculate Nitrogen | Yes |
| Subsurface Critical Length | 0.5 |
| Subsurface Maximum Retention Efficiency | 0.8 |
| Threshold Flow Accumulation | 1000 |
| Borselli K Parameter | 2 |
And (III) the calculation process of the ecological degradation space of the water quality purification service is the same as that of the water source conservation service, and the description is omitted here, so that the ecological degradation space of the water quality purification service is generated.
And (3) calculating a degradation space of the flood regulation and storage service:
preparing data: the runoff coefficient R is obtained in the soil maintenance service calculation, the rainstorm rainfall grid data is obtained by interpolation of five-year rainstorm rainfall annual average values of the meteorological site monitoring data, the rainstorm event is defined as the rainstorm rainfall, the daily rainfall exceeds 50mm, and the interpolation process is completed by an ArcGIS10.2 reverse distance weighted Interpolation (IDW) tool; the rainstorm surface runoff grid data is the product of rainstorm rainfall and runoff coefficient, and the calculation process is completed in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool.
(II) flood regulation service supply quantity calculation: the flood regulation and storage service mainly considers the flood regulation and storage capacity of vegetation and a water body, the calculation process is carried out in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool, and the specific formula is as follows:
C fm ＝C vfm +C wfm
C wfm ＝e 4.904 ×A 0.927 ×0.36
wherein C is fm Regulating the storage capacity of regional flood in unit ofm 3 /a，C vfm Is the regulation of vegetation flood, C vfm Regulating storage volume, P, for flood water i For heavy rains and rainfalls, R fi For storm surface runoff, a is the unit area.
And (III) the calculation process of the ecological degradation space of the flood storage service is the same as that of the water source conservation service, and the ecological degradation space of the flood storage service is generated without being repeated herein.
Calculating the ecological degradation space of the comprehensive ecological system service:
as shown in fig. 2, the calculation process is performed in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool by coupling water source conservation, soil conservation, biodiversity maintenance, carbon fixation and oxygen release, water quality purification, and flood regulation ecosystem service ecological degradation space, and the specific formula is as follows:
in the above formula, IES k Representing a comprehensive ecosystem service provision situation; n represents evaluation
State system clothes
Number of types of service; k represents year.
2. Generating ecosystem service supply and demand trade-off space
Calculating the supply and demand balance space of the water source conservation service:
preparing data: the water use indexes, including agricultural water, industrial water and domestic water, are obtained from a water resource bulletin, form is connected to vector data of an administrative district through ArcGIS10.2, and spatialization is carried out by a surface-to-grid tool; kilometer gridding farmland area, generating a 1km multiplied by 1km vector surface gridding by a fishing net generating tool through ArcGIS10.2, obtaining farmland gridding data in previous calculation, counting the area of farmland gridding in gridding units to an attribute table by means of a subarea counting tool, and finally carrying out spatialization by a surface-to-grid tool; the GDP and the kilometer population grid data are acquired by the network public data.
(II) generating the demand of the water source conservation service, wherein the calculation process is carried out in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool, and the specific formula is as follows:
W＝(W agr +W ind +W urb )
W agr ＝A×I agr
W ind ＝GDP×I ind
W urb ＝POP×I urb
in the above formula: w represents the total water resource demand of the drainage basin; wagr, wind and Wurb respectively represent the total amount of agricultural water, industrial water and domestic water, and the unit is ton; iagr is the average water usage index per square kilometer for field irrigation, and the unit is m 3 A is the area of cultivated land in km 2 (ii) a Iind is the water index of the total value of ten thousand yuan national production, and the unit is m 3 Per thousand yuan, GDP is the total value of kilometers and national production, and the unit is ten thousand yuan/km 2 (ii) a Iurb is an index of comprehensive water consumption per capita, and the unit is m 3 Person, POP is kilometer population density, unit person/km 2 。
(III) calculating the water source conservation service flow, and calculating the directed service flow through an ArcGIS10.2 hydrological analysis module:
the first step is as follows: generating potential energy grids to supply and demand water source conservation services in 2020 years of evaluation
Quantizing the difference;
the second step: filling the cavities in an ArcGIS10.2 cavity filling tool to fill an abnormally low value in the potential energy grid, so as to avoid forming an error flow direction in the subsequent steps;
the third step: generating a flow direction, finishing in an ArcGIS10.2 flow direction tool, inputting the filled potential energy grid, and generating a flow direction grid by adopting a default D8 algorithm;
the fourth step: flow statistics, which is completed in an ArcGIS10.2 flow tool, a flow direction grid is input, and a region (supply region) with a value greater than 0 in the step 1 is calculated as a weight grid, and the region can be completed by assigning a negative value region to Nodata through a Con function of a grid calculator;
the fifth step: balancing supply and demand of service flows, summing a flow statistical result and a grid of an area (demand area) with a median value smaller than 0 in the step 1, assigning a negative value area to Nodata through a Con function of a grid calculator in the area to obtain the final supply and demand of the water source conservation service flows, wherein the calculation formula is as follows;
SD＝P-D
wherein, SD represents the extent of satisfaction of the benefit area requirements under the scenario in which the service flow is considered; p is ecosystem service flow traffic; d is ecosystem service demand;
the sixth step is the generation of the water source conservation service supply and demand trade-off space, the calculation of the supply and demand trade-off condition is normalized to [0,1], the calculation process is carried out in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool, and the specific formula is as follows:
wherein NSD i Expressing the normalized supply and demand satisfaction condition of the ecosystem service flow; SD i Representing the ecosystem supply and demand flow satisfaction, SD max 、SD min The single service supply and demand meet the highest and lowest values, respectively.
And (3) calculating the space of the supply and demand trade-off of the soil conservation service:
preparing data: the R factor, the K factor, the LS factor and the C factor are calculated in the previous section, and the calculation is not repeated here; the P factor is a water and soil conservation measure factor, a gradient factor model is adopted for fitting and conversion, and the calculation process is carried out in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool, wherein the gradient is calculated by the ArcGIS10.2 gradient tool, and the unit is as follows:
P＝0.2+0.03×S
wherein P is a water and soil conservation measure factor, the value distribution range is between 0 and 1, and the water and soil conservation measure effect of the region is in a positive relation with the P factor; s is the average grade, and the unit is%;
(II) calculating the demand quantity of the soil maintenance service, namely equating the demand quantity of the soil maintenance service to the actual soil erosion quantity, quantizing the demand quantity through a modified RUSLE general water and soil loss equation model of the United states department of agriculture, and performing the calculation process in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool, wherein the specific formula is as follows:
A＝R×K×LS×C×P
in the above formula: a is the annual average soil loss per unit area in t/hm 2 * a; r is rainfall/runoff erosion index, and the unit is MJ mm/hm 2 * h, a and K are soil erodability factors, and the unit is t/MJ; LS is the slope length and slope factor; c is a crop cultivation management factor; p is a water and soil conservation engineering measure factor.
And thirdly, the calculation of the soil conservation service flow is the same as that of the water source conservation service flow, and the detailed description is omitted, so that the soil conservation service balancing space generation is realized.
Biodiversity maintenance service supply and demand trade-off spatial computation:
preparing data: the method comprises the steps of calculating the area of artificial covers in kilometer grids, wherein the artificial covers comprise construction land and farmland, assigning other land types in land utilization to Nodata by using an ArcGIS10.2 heavy classification tool, generating a 1km multiplied by 1km vector surface grid by using an ArcGIS10.2 generating fishing net tool, counting the area of a farmland grid in a grid unit to an attribute table by using a subarea counting tool, and finally performing space gridding by using a surface grid-transferring tool; vegetation coverage, kilometer grid population density, has been obtained in the previous section.
(II) calculating the biodiversity maintenance service demand, wherein the calculation process is carried out in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool, and the specific formula is as follows:
HVI i ＝ANT i ×(1-fvc i )×pop i
a universal quantification method is not available for the biodiversity maintenance service requirement, human activities are considered to be a main threat source of a Habitat, quantification is carried out by constructing a Habitat vulnerability Index (HTI), wherein in the formula, HVI represents the Habitat vulnerability Index, and belongs to [0,1], when the HVI tends to 1, the higher the Habitat vulnerability degree is, the higher the biodiversity maintenance service requirement is; i represents a spatial unit; ANT represents the man-made coverage area in each square kilometer of grid, and is dimensionless; fvc represents vegetation coverage; pop represents population density per square kilometer grid, and belongs to [0,1], and is a normalized value;
and (III) calculating the biodiversity maintenance service flow, wherein the service belongs to a local-in-situ service flow, so the difference between the service supply quantity and the demand quantity is used as the service flow supply and demand condition, and the biodiversity maintenance service supply and demand balance space is generated by normalizing through the maximum value, and the specific formula is as follows:
SD＝SD supply of -SD Demand for
The carbon fixation oxygen release service supply and demand trade-off space calculation:
preparing data: the carbon emission indexes comprise main fossil energy consumption, carbon emission coefficient, carbon emission intensity and the like, and are obtained through Chinese energy yearbook and statistical yearbook; the GDP and the kilometer population grid data are acquired by the network public data.
(II) calculating the demand of the carbon fixation and oxygen release service, wherein the calculation process is carried out in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool, and the specific formula is as follows:
C i ＝CEI×ECI×PGDP×PD i
in the above formula, C i Representing the i-year carbon emission total of the space grid; the CEI is Carbon emission coefficient (Carbon emission intensity) of each type of energy, and refers to the Carbon emission quantity generated by unit energy in the combustion or use process of each type of energy; ECI represents Energy consumption per ten thousand yuan GDP (Energy consistency intensity) of the area; PGDP represents the total value of national production in the per capita region; PD (PD) i Representing spatial grid i population density;
and (III) calculating the carbon-fixing oxygen release service flow, wherein the carbon-fixing service belongs to a global-ex-situ service flow, the supply and demand conditions of the service flow are mainly related to the total supply quantity, the supply and demand of the service flow are described by calculating the difference value between the average supply quantity and the demand quantity of a grid, the normalization is carried out by the maximum value, a biodiversity maintenance service supply and demand balance space is generated, the calculation process is carried out in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool, and the specific formula is as follows:
the water quality purification service supply and demand balance space calculation:
preparing data: the watershed water yield is calculated in the previous section, and the calculation is not repeated;
(II) calculating the demand of water quality purification service, namely calculating the product of the water quality pollution concentration value allowed by the basin range and the water resource quantity (water yield) on each grid unit by taking the water quality standard limit value of the III-class surface water environment as the water quality pollution quantity allowed by the basin range (the water quality standard GB 3838-2002), wherein the calculation process is carried out in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool, and the specific formula is as follows:
SD i ＝Q conservation of water source ×c
Wherein SD i Representing the allowable water pollution amount in the basin range; q Conservation of water source Is the water yield in m 3 (ii) a And c value represents the standard limit value of the III-class water quality of the surface water environment, and the unit is mg/L.
And (III) the calculation of the water quality purification service flow is the same as that of the water source conservation service flow, and the detailed description is omitted here, and the water quality purification service supply and demand balance space generation is realized.
Flood regulation service supply and demand trade-off space calculation:
preparing data: land utilization, DEM and population data are acquired by early-stage data collection, and slope, vegetation coverage and kilometer grid artificial coverage area data are calculated in the previous section and are not repeatedly calculated.
(II) calculating the demand quantity of Flood regulation service, and constructing a Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI) by taking the Vulnerability of cities and towns under the Flood risk as a proxy for the service demand: the higher the vulnerability, the more potential damage from flooding, and the higher the demand for service in the area. And taking the artificial surface density, the elevation, the gradient and the population density as parameters to evaluate the comprehensive substitution indexes of the flood vulnerability indexes of the area. The calculation process is completed in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool, and the specific calculation formula is as follows:
FVI j ＝S j ×(1-ELE i )×SLO j ×POP j
in the above formula, FVI is the flood vulnerability index of the building space; j represents a specific spatial unit; s represents the area of the artificially covered surface in each kilometer of the grid (km) 2 ) (ii) a ELE denotes DEM elevation (m); SLO represents the gradient; POP represents the number of people (ten thousand) per kilometer of the grid. And (III) the calculation of the flood regulation service flow is the same as that of the water source conservation service flow, and the description is omitted here, so that the flood regulation service balances the space generation.
And (3) integrating the ecological system service supply and demand trade-off space calculation:
as shown in fig. 3, the calculation process is performed in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool by coupling water source conservation, soil conservation, biodiversity maintenance, carbon fixation and oxygen release, water quality purification, and flood regulation ecosystem service supply and demand balance space, and the specific formula is as follows:
the ISD represents the supply and demand condition of the service flow of the comprehensive ecological system, namely supply and demand balance space; n represents the number of calculated ecosystem service types; NSD i And expressing the condition that the normalized ecosystem service flow meets the demand and supply.
3. Calculating an association space of the elements of the ecological system:
the method comprises the following steps of (I) generating an ecological system element map, wherein the example of the invention comprises 6 ecological elements including mountains, water, forests, fields, lakes, grasses, people and the like, and an element map layer is formed based on land utilization and DEM coupling, wherein: the mountain elements are obtained by screening out an area with the altitude of more than 500 meters and the gradient of more than 45 degrees in the DEM through an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool; the water, forest, field, lake, grass and human factors are obtained by reclassifying the coverage types in land utilization through ArcGIS software, and respectively correspond to rivers, forest lands (shrubs and the like), cultivated land, lakes (reservoirs, wetlands and the like), grasslands and urban construction lands. And integrating mountain elements with water, forests, fields, lakes, grasses and human elements through an ArcGIS mosaic tool to obtain a final element map.
And (II) generating an ecological system space association unit, dividing a mountain and water forest field lake and grass element association area from bottom to top based on an element space mode, realizing the process in GPAT 2.1, outputting a result as grid TIF data in the GPAT 2.1, generating a SHP format bottom layer association unit by using ArcGIS10.2 grid surface inversion, determining a main ecological element and a secondary ecological element by counting the area of the ecological elements in each bottom layer association unit, coupling the ecological elements into a specific mountain and water forest field lake and grass element association unit, and mainly completing the process in an ArcGIS10.2 field calculator.
And (III) calculating element association space of the ecological system, quantizing the strong and weak association among all elements of the mountain, water, forest, lake and grasses of the ecological system in a space unit through ELSA indexes based on spatial entropy, performing the calculation process by using R software, and calling ELSA and raster packages at the same time, wherein as shown in figure 4, 1km multiplied by 1km is taken as the scale of the local ecological system in the embodiment of the invention, and the difference among the elements is processed at the same time at equal scale to generate the element association space.
4. Ecological protection restoration space calculation:
the method comprises the steps of (A) integrating ecological degradation space, supply and demand balance space and element association space of a Xiangxi river basin, wherein the three spaces respectively represent local ecological system degradation condition, local ecological system service supply and demand imbalance condition and local ecological system landscape forest, lake, grass people and other element system association degree, an integrated ecological protection restoration space is formed, the higher the value is, the more serious the degradation and supply and demand imbalance of the local ecological system where a pixel is located are, the more obvious the dependence between ecological system elements is, the stronger the systematicness is, and the more urgent the integrated ecological restoration measures are to be developed. The integrated ecological protection restoration space calculation process is carried out in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool, and the specific formula is as follows:
ERI i ＝IES i ×ISD i ×E i
ERI in the above formula i And representing an integrated ecological protection and restoration space, coupling the three spaces by an ArcGIS software grid calculator, and identifying an ecological protection and restoration key area based on ecological element system association.
And (II) as shown in fig. 5, recognizing a critical area for ecological protection and restoration, dividing an ecological protection and restoration space into 5 levels according to a natural breakpoint method by using an ArcGIS10.2 reclassification tool, and sequentially arranging a protection area, a transition area, a general area, an important area and a critical area from a low value area to a high value area.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. An ecological restoration space planning method combining with the supply and demand of ecosystem service is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: determining a drainage basin evaluation range, performing natural social economic local survey, and acquiring natural, economic and remote sensing data of a drainage basin evaluation year;
step two: quantitatively evaluating the supply quantity of each ecosystem service in a designated area year through water source conservation, soil conservation, biological diversity maintenance, carbon fixation and oxygen release, water quality purification and flood regulation and storage ecosystem service, constructing an ecosystem service comprehensive degradation index, and forming a watershed ecological degradation space according to the service degradation condition of a key ecosystem;
step three: from the aspect of guaranteeing human welfare, by taking sensitivity and vulnerability of an ecosystem as reference, analyzing water source conservation, soil conservation, biological diversity maintenance, carbon fixation and oxygen release, water quality purification and flood regulation and storage of ecosystem service demand, dividing ecosystem service flow types, calculating the satisfying conditions of natural supply and human demand of ecosystem services through the ecosystem service flow, constructing an ecosystem service comprehensive supply and demand satisfying index based on global-ex-situ, local-in-situ and directed service flow, and forming a supply and demand balancing space;
step four: quantifying the ecological system element relevance of a designated area by using basic ecological elements of mountains, water, forests, fields, lakes, grasses and people to construct a local ecological system and form an element relevance space;
step five: and coupling the ecological degradation space, the supply and demand balance space and the element association space to form a drainage basin integrated ecological protection restoration space and generate a key ecological system protection restoration area.
2. The method for defining the ecological restoration space combined with the supply and demand of the ecosystem according to claim 1, wherein in the first step, the natural, economic and remote sensing data comprise terrain data, climate data, hydrological data, population density, total production value of a region, statistical data, energy consumption, land utilization, vegetation index and the like, the remote sensing data are processed into a grid format and unified projection coordinate system and space scale, and the statistical data are processed into corresponding space unit vector data in a connected mode.
3. The method for defining the ecological restoration space combined with the supply and demand of the ecosystem service according to claim 1, wherein the second step specifically comprises:
in the assessment area, a water quantity balance equation is adopted to calculate the supply quantity of water source conservation services, a specific ecological system service ecological degradation space is formed after standardization, and the calculation formula is as follows:
in the formula, Q Conservation of water source For water source culvertThe unit of the amount of nourishment is m 3 /a；A i Is the area of the i-th ecosystem and has the unit of m 2 ；P i The unit of the rainfall is mm/a; r i The unit is the earth surface runoff of the i-th ecological system and is mm/a; ET i The evapotranspiration of the i-th ecological system is in mm/a; i is the type of the ith ecosystem in the accounting area, i =1,2,3, \8230;, n;
in an evaluation area, calculating the soil conservation service supply quantity by adopting a RUSLE water and soil loss equation, and forming a specific ecological system service ecological degradation space after standardization, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
Q erosion control ＝R×K×L×S×(1-C)#
In the formula: q Erosion control The unit is t/a, which is the soil erosion control amount; r is a rainfall erosion force factor, K is a soil erodability factor, and L is a slope length factor without dimension; s is a gradient factor and is dimensionless; c is a vegetation coverage and management factor without dimension, and in the RUSLE water and soil loss equation, the calculation principle of each factor is as follows:
rainfall erosive power factor R: and (3) quantifying by adopting a monthly scale calculation formula provided by Wischmeier and Smith:
in the formula: p is annual average rainfall in mm; pi is the average monthly rainfall in the ith month and is unit mm;
the soil erodability factor K is calculated according to the following formula:
in the formula, K EPIC Representing the soil erodibility factor before correction, K representing the soil erodibility factor after correction, and CLA, SIL, SAN and C respectively representing the percentage contents of clay grains less than 0.002mm, powder grains 0.002-0.05 mm, sand grains 0.05-2 mm and organic carbon;
vegetation coverage factor C: the value is between 0 and 1, the smaller the C value is, the stronger the water and soil retention capacity of the vegetation is, and the smaller the soil loss is;
c values of forests, shrubs and grasslands are calculated according to the current annual vegetation coverage f of the research area:
the vegetation coverage f is calculated from the regional annual average NDVI:
in the assessment area, an InVEST habitat quality module is adopted to calculate the supply amount of the biodiversity maintenance service, and a specific ecosystem service ecological degradation space is formed after standardization, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
In the formula, Q xj For the habitat quality of habitat grid x in land use type j,
is a half-saturation function for degrading habitat j Converting to habitat mass, where z is set to 2.5, k is a customizable half-saturation constant; w is a r The weight coefficients of the threat factors r are normalized, and the sum of the weight coefficients of all the threat factors is 1; i.e. i rxy Representing the effect of threat r on the habitat grid at location x at grid y, d xy At a linear distance of grid x from y, d rmax Is the maximum range of threat r; beta is a beta x Representing the accessible level of the grid, beta x ∈[0,1]1 means fully accessible, threat impact is greater, 0 is nearly inaccessible; s. the jr Sensitivity of the type of habitat, S jr ∈[0,1]Close to 1 indicates higher sensitivity, where j indicates habitat type and r indicates threat category;
in the evaluation area, the mass balance and photosynthesis equation is adopted to calculate the supply quantity of the carbon-fixing oxygen-releasing service, and a specific ecological system service ecological degradation space is formed after standardization, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
6CO 2 +12H 2 O→C 6 H 12 O 6 +6H 2 O+6O 2
in the formula: q tCO2 Carbon fixation amount for the ecological system; NPP is net primary productivity of the ecological system, and an improved CASA model is adopted for inversion;
in the assessment area, an InVEST nutrient transport ratio model is adopted to calculate the water quality purification service supply quantity, a specific ecosystem service ecological degradation space is formed after standardization, and the calculation formula is as follows:
ALV x ＝HSS x ×pol x
in the above formula, ALV x Represents the adjusted load value of grid cell x; pol (polar and polar) type medicine x An output coefficient representing a grid cell x; HSS x Representing the hydrologic sensitivity of grid cell x; lambda [ alpha ] x Represents the runoff coefficient of the grid cell x;
representing the average runoff coefficient within the flow domain.
In an assessment area, a flood storage equation is adopted, flood regulation and storage service supply amount is measured through flood regulation and storage capacity of vegetation and a water body, and a specific service degradation space is formed after standardization.
C fm ＝C vfm +C wfm
C wfm ＝e 4.904 ×A 0.927 ×0.36
In the above formula, C fm Regulating storage capacity for regional flood in unit of m 3 /a，C vfm Is the regulation of the volume of vegetation flood, C wfm Regulating storage volume, P, for flood water i For heavy rains and rainfalls, P fi For storm surface runoff, a is the unit area.
4. The ecological restoration space defining method combining with the supply and demand of the ecosystem service according to the claim 3, wherein the ecological degeneration space calculation formula of the single ecosystem service is as follows:
in the above formula, CES i Represents a reference year k 1 To evaluation year k 2 The change of the service supply quantity of the ecological system; NES i Represents the supply value of i-type ecosystem service after k years of normalization, NES belongs to [0,1]]；ES i,k Calculated supply value, max { ES, representing class i ecosystem service for k years i }、min{ES i Respectively representing the highest value and the lowest value of the i-type ecosystem service;
the comprehensive ecosystem service ecological degradation space calculation formula is as follows:
in the above formula, IES k Representing a comprehensive ecosystem service provision situation; n represents the number of types of service of the evaluation ecosystem; k represents year.
5. The ecological restoration space defining method combining with the supply and demand of the ecosystem service according to claim 1, wherein the third step specifically comprises:
in an assessment area, an annual water consumption equation is adopted to calculate the water source conservation service demand, a directed service flow method is used to calculate the service flow-human demand meeting condition, and a specific service supply and demand balancing interval is formed, wherein the service demand calculation formula is as follows:
W＝(W agr +W ind +W urb )
W agr ＝A×I agr
W ind ＝GDP×I ind
W urb ＝POP×I urb
in the above formula: w represents the total water resource demand of the drainage basin; wagr, wind and Wurb respectively represent the total amount of agricultural water, industrial water and domestic water, and the unit is ton; iagr is the average water usage index per square kilometer for field irrigation, and the unit is m 3 A is the area of cultivated land in km 2 (ii) a Iind is the water index of the total value of ten thousand yuan national production, and the unit is m 3 Per thousand yuan, GDP is the total value of kilometers and national production, and the unit is ten thousand yuan/km 2 (ii) a Iurb is the index of the comprehensive water consumption of everyone, and the unit is m 3 Person, POP is kilometer population density, in units of person/km 2 ；
In an evaluation area, calculating the soil conservation service demand by adopting an RUSLE water and soil loss equation, calculating a service flow-human demand meeting condition by a directed service flow method, and forming a specific service supply and demand trade-off interval, wherein a service demand calculation formula is as follows:
A＝R×K×LS×C×P
in the above formula: a is the annual average soil loss per unit area in t/hm 2 * a; r is rainfall/runoff erosion index, and the unit is MJ mm/hm 2 * h, a, K are soil erodibility factors, and the unit is t/MJ; LS is the slope length and gradient factor; c is a crop cultivation management factor; p is a water and soil conservation engineering measure factor, and the P factor is calculated by adopting gradient factor model fitting conversion, and the concrete formula is as follows:
P＝0.2+0.03×S
wherein P is a water and soil conservation measure factor, the value distribution range is between 0 and 1, and the water and soil conservation measure effect of the region is in a positive relation with the P factor; s is the average grade, and the unit is%;
in an evaluation area, calculating biodiversity maintenance service demand by adopting a habitat vulnerability index, calculating service flow-human demand satisfaction conditions by a local-in-situ service flow method, and forming a specific service supply and demand trade-off interval, wherein a service demand calculation formula is as follows:
HVI i ＝ANT i ×(1-fvc i )×pop i
in the formula, HVI represents the habitat vulnerability index, the HVI belongs to [0,1], when the HVI approaches to 1, the higher the habitat vulnerability degree is, and the higher the biodiversity maintenance service requirement is; i represents a spatial unit; ANT stands for the artificial coverage area in the grid of each square kilometer, and is dimensionless; fvc represents vegetation coverage; pop represents population density per square kilometer grid, and belongs to [0,1], and is a normalized value;
in an evaluation area, calculating the demand of carbon-fixed oxygen-release service by adopting Kaya carbon emission identity, calculating service flow-human demand satisfaction condition by a global-ex-situ service flow method, and forming a specific service supply and demand balance interval, wherein a service demand calculation formula is as follows:
C i ＝CEI×ECI×PGDP×PD i
in the above formula, C i Representing the i-year carbon emission total of the space grid; the CEI is Carbon emission coefficient of each type of energy, which refers to the Carbon emission quantity generated by unit energy in the combustion or use process of each type of energy; ECI represents the Energy consumption intensity of each ten thousand yuan GDP of the region; PGDP represents the total value of national production in homo region; PD (photo diode) i Representing spatial grid i population density;
in an assessment area, the quality standard of national surface water is combined with an Invest water source conservation module to calculate the water quality purification service demand, a service flow-human demand meeting condition is calculated by a directed service flow method, and a specific service supply and demand balancing interval is formed, wherein the service demand calculation formula is as follows:
SD i ＝Q conservation of water source ×c
In the above formula, SD i Representing the allowable water pollution amount of the basin range; q Conservation of water source Is the water yield in m 3 (ii) a The value c represents the standard limit value of the III-class water quality of the surface water environment, and the unit is mg/L;
in an assessment area, calculating flood storage service demand by adopting a flood vulnerability index, and calculating service flow-human demand meeting conditions by a directed service flow method to form a specific service supply and demand balancing interval, wherein a service demand calculation formula is as follows:
FVI j ＝S j ×(1-ELE i )×SLO j ×POP j
in the above formula, FVI is the flood vulnerability index of the building space; j represents a specific spatial unit; s represents the area of the building space in a grid per kilometer, and the unit is km 2 (ii) a ELE denotes DEM elevation, in m; SLO represents the gradient; POP represents population density in grid per kilometer, and unit ten thousand persons/km 2 ；
In the evaluation area, a single ecosystem service flow-human requirement meeting condition is coupled to form a comprehensive ecosystem service supply and demand balance space.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the service flow benefit area balance map is generated based on global-ex-situ, local-in-situ and directed service flows, and the calculation formula is as follows:
global-ex-situ service flow trade-off calculation formula:
in the above formula, SD i Represents ecosystem service flow trade-off, SD i >0 represents the benefit area space unit i ecosystem service requirement is satisfied by the supply area, and SD i <0 represents that the ecosystem service requirement of the spatial unit i of the benefit area cannot be met by the supply area; ESD (electro-static discharge) i Representing the service demand of the ecosystem of the benefit area;
indicating the average supply capacity of the service universe; m represents the number of global space units; NSD i Representing ecosystem service supply and demand trade-off space, NSD i ∈[0,1]The higher the value, the more serious the ecosystem service imbalance.
Local-in-place service flow tradeoff calculation formula:
SD＝SD supply of -SD Demand for
In the above formula, SD represents an ecosystem service flow trade-off value; SD Demand for Representing the service demand of the ecosystem of the benefit area; SD Supply of Representing the service supply of the ecosystem of the supply area;
directed service flow trade-off value calculation formula:
PE i ＝ESS i -ESD i
SD＝P-D
in the above formula, PE i Representing directed service flow potential energy; ESD (electro-static discharge) i Representing the service demand of the ecosystem of the benefit area; ESS i Representing the service supply of the ecosystem of the supply area; SD represents the balance condition of the ecological system service flow supply and demand, P represents the ecological system service flow of the supply area, and D represents the ecological system service demand condition of the benefit area; NSD i Representing ecosystem service supply and demand trade-off space, NSD i ∈[0,1]The higher the value, the more serious the ecosystem service supply and demand imbalance.
7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the step three comprises generating a service flow benefit area balance map based on directed, global-ex-situ, and local-in-situ service flows, and the method comprises the following steps:
s1-1: constructing a directed service flow potential energy surface through an ecosystem service supply and demand difference value, on the basis, inputting potential energy data as surface grid data by using a flow direction function of an ArcGIS10.2 platform, calculating the flow direction of each grid to the steepest downhill neighborhood of the grid through a D8 algorithm, and expressing the flow direction by eight numbers of 1,2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 in total according to data results to obtain flow direction data of directed service flow;
s1-2: generating a directed service flow supply area and a benefit area, wherein the supply area is obtained by extracting a positive value area in the potential energy surface, and on the premise that the ecological system service in the area meets the local demand, the surplus ecological system service is transferred to other areas through the directed service flow; the benefit area is obtained by extracting a negative value area in the potential energy surface, and the ecological system service in the area cannot meet the local demand.
S1-3: and (3) inputting flow direction data as flow grid data and feeding area data as weight grid data by using a flow tool in an ArcGISI 10.2 platform, and obtaining an ecosystem service flow space flow result of each grid.
S1-4: based on the service flow and the demand in each spatial grid unit, calculating the difference value between the flow and the demand of the supply area through a grid calculator, and judging the condition that the flow of the ecosystem service flow provided by the supply area meets the demand of the benefit area in the directed ecosystem service flow, wherein the formula is as follows:
SD＝P-D
the SD represents the benefit area requirement satisfaction degree under the condition of considering the service flow; p is ecosystem service flow traffic; d is ecosystem service demand;
s1-5: coupling the service type supply and demand conditions of each ecosystem, wherein normalization processing is required to be carried out according to the evaluation year before coupling, and the formula is as follows:
wherein NSD i Representing the normalized ecosystem service flow supply and demand satisfaction condition; SD i Representing the ecosystem supply and demand flow satisfaction, SD max 、SD min The single service supply and demand respectively meet the highest value and the lowest value.
S2: the global-ex-situ service flow supply and demand condition is mainly related to total supply quantity, the service flow supply and demand are characterized by calculating the difference value of grid average supply quantity and demand quantity, normalization is carried out through the maximum value, an ecosystem service supply and demand balance space is generated, the calculation process is carried out in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool, and the specific formula is as follows:
s3: the local-in-situ service flow calculation is carried out, because a supply area is overlapped with a benefit area, the difference between service supply quantity and demand quantity is used as the service flow supply and demand condition, normalization is carried out through the maximum value, a local-in-situ service flow supply and demand balance space is generated, the calculation process is carried out in an ArcGIS10.2 grid calculator tool, and the specific formula is as follows:
SD＝SD supply of -SD Demand for
Integrating the supply and demand conditions of service flows of various ecosystem service types, and performing the operation through an ArcGIS software grid calculator, wherein the formula is as follows:
the ISD expresses the supply and demand condition of the service flow of the comprehensive ecological system, namely, the supply and demand balance space; n represents the number of calculated ecosystem service types; NSD i Representing normalized ecosystem service flow supply and demandThe situation is satisfied.
8. The method for defining the ecological restoration space combined with the supply and demand of the ecosystem service according to claim 1, wherein the fourth step specifically comprises the following steps:
in the evaluation area, elements of the ecological system of the river basin, the mountains, rivers, forests, lakes, grasses and people are described based on the DEM and the land utilization data to form a map of relevance of the elements of the river basin ecological system;
in an evaluation area, constructing element association of a local ecosystem from bottom to top by adopting a GeoPAT mode-based space division method and combining ArcGIS space statistics to form a river basin ecosystem element association unit;
in the evaluation area, the element relevance of the elements of the mountain, water, forest, lake and grassland of the local ecological system is calculated by adopting an ELSA method to form an element relevance space of the watershed ecological system, and the method formula is as follows:
E i ＝E ai +E ci #
d ij ＝|c i -c j |#
in the above formula, w ij The binary weight is used for measuring whether the pixel is in the size of the neighborhood defined by the observation point i or not; d ij Denotes x i And x j Difference between, m represents the number of classes in the entire dataset, p k Is m within a local distance from the observation point i ω Probability of kth class of classes, m i Is a station from observation point iThe maximum possible number of classes within a partial distance, if the number of observations of observation point i is included within a local distance from observation point i, is greater than the number of classes (Σ) in the entire dataset j w ij >m), then m i Equal to the total number of categories, otherwise equal to the number of observations (Σ) within a local distance from site i j w ij ≤m)；E ai Attribute distances between the observation points and adjacent scenic spots are summarized, the value range is between 0 and 1, the low value indicates that the similarity between the adjacent observation points is high, otherwise, the similarity is low; e ci Represents the Shannon entropy by log 2 m i The data sets with different categories are normalized to be between 0 and 1, so that the data sets with different categories have comparability;
the mountain elements are obtained by screening out areas with the altitude of more than 500 meters and the gradient of more than 45 degrees in the DEM through an ArcGIS software grid calculator; the human elements are obtained by reclassifying the coverage types in land utilization through ArcGIS software, respectively correspond to rivers, forest lands, cultivated lands, lakes, grasslands and urban construction lands, and are obtained by integrating mountain elements with water, forests, fields, lakes, grasses and human elements through an ArcGIS mosaic tool.
9. The ecological restoration space defining method combining with the supply and demand of the ecosystem service according to claim 1, wherein the step five is as follows: coupling the ecological degradation space, the supply and demand balance space and the element association space to form a watershed ecological restoration space, generating an ecological system protection restoration reference map, multiplying the ecological degradation space and the supply and demand balance space by an ArcGIS software grid calculator to obtain a final ecological protection restoration space, and identifying an ecological protection restoration key area based on ecological element system association, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
ERI i ＝IES i ×ISD i ×E i #
ERI in the above formula i And representing an integrated ecological protection restoration space, coupling the three types of spaces through an ArcGIS software grid calculator, and identifying an ecological protection restoration key area based on ecological element system association.
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| CN116227747A (en) * | 2023-05-08 | 2023-06-06 | 生态环境部华南环境科学研究所(生态环境部生态环境应急研究所) | Service function evaluation method for specific area ecosystem of river basin |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116227747A (en) * | 2023-05-08 | 2023-06-06 | 生态环境部华南环境科学研究所(生态环境部生态环境应急研究所) | Service function evaluation method for specific area ecosystem of river basin |
| CN116934015A (en) * | 2023-07-11 | 2023-10-24 | 广东省科学院广州地理研究所 | Space-time dynamic analysis method, device and equipment for urban and aquatic ecological functions |
| CN116628519A (en) * | 2023-07-17 | 2023-08-22 | 河海大学 | Ecological fragile area identification method and system |
| CN116628519B (en) * | 2023-07-17 | 2023-09-29 | 河海大学 | Ecological fragile area identification method and system |
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