CN115624086A - Method for avoiding overhigh material center temperature in fermentation process - Google Patents
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/12—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes by fermentation of natural products, e.g. of vegetable material, animal waste material or biomass
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/14—Pretreatment of feeding-stuffs with enzymes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
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- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
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- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for avoiding overhigh material center temperature in a fermentation process, which comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing a zymophyte agent, a fermentation material and a complex enzyme to form a mixture, and then fermenting to obtain a fermentation product; the bacteria in the fermentation bacteria agent are anaerobic fermentation microorganisms. The anaerobic fermentation microbial community without aerobic propagation is directly used for anaerobic fermentation, the anaerobic fermentation has weak metabolic activity, slow propagation and less heat production, the problem of overhigh central temperature of the fermentation material is solved from the heat production source, the digestion energy or metabolic energy originally contained in the material cannot be lost, and the vitamins of the material are prevented from being damaged. The fermentation process of the invention is a fermentation process mainly based on enzymolysis, and the enzymolysis fermentation does not generate heat. Compared with the prior art, the invention can prevent the central temperature of the material from being overhigh, does not need to additionally add substances for inhibiting aerobic fermentation, improves the content of nutrient substances of the material, reduces the loss of metabolic energy and vitamins and improves the product quality.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fermentation, and relates to a method for avoiding overhigh material center temperature in a fermentation process.
Background
The material is easy to generate heat in the fermentation process, so that the central temperature of the material is overhigh, the vitamins in the material are easy to damage, and the requirement on cooling equipment matched with fermentation is high.
The conventional combination of fermentation inoculants is the classical combination of bacillus subtilis, saccharomycetes and lactic acid bacteria, and the inoculation amount is generally 10 5 -10 6 CFU/g, aerobic fermentation of bacillus subtilis is utilized, free oxygen is consumed, and an anaerobic fermentation environment is created, so that the growth of anaerobic probiotics such as lactic acid bacteria and the like is promoted. And the quantity of the bacillus subtilis is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude more than that of the lactobacillus and the microzyme, namely, the bacillus subtilis is mainly used for aerobic fermentation, so that the material generates a large amount of heat, the activity of the subsequent lactobacillus and microzyme is adversely affected, and the quality of the material is affected. The speed of the aerobic fermentation for hydrolyzing the protein is obviously higher than that of the anaerobic fermentation, but the excessive aerobic fermentation time can cause the excessive loss of the dry matter of the bean pulp, and the amino acid hydrolysis causes the nitrogen loss and the putrefactive ammonia taste.
CN202111199374.7 discloses a silage fermentation device and a fermentation method thereof, the fermentation device provided by the patent is provided with a temperature adjusting device, one function of the temperature adjusting device is to stir materials to prevent local temperature of the fermented materials from being too high, and the other function of the temperature adjusting device is to reduce oxygen content in a fermentation tank body to prevent silage from putrefaction caused by aerobic fermentation. In order to prevent the aerobic fermentation caused by excessive oxygen in the fermentation material in the stirring process, the patent introduces an inert gas or an aerobic strain inhibitor such as ethanol liquid and the like for inhibiting the aerobic fermentation into the fermentation material through a rotating pipe and other components. This method requires the additional addition of substances that inhibit aerobic fermentation.
CN202010377988.9 discloses a rice husk organic fertilizer fermentation method, and this patent overturns the fermentation material according to the material temperature of manual measurement in order to avoid the temperature too high, consumes manpower in the fermentation process, and is difficult to avoid the harmful effects that human factors produced the fermentation process.
CN201910779504.0 discloses a production method of an organic fertilizer, which performs primary fermentation and secondary fermentation propagation in steps, avoids inactivation of beneficial bacteria caused by overhigh temperature of the primary fermentation, fully propagates the beneficial bacteria and increases effective viable count. The fermentation process of the patent is two-step fermentation, the time consumption is long, and the production efficiency is low.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for avoiding overhigh central temperature of materials in a fermentation process, and overcomes the defects that substances for inhibiting aerobic fermentation are additionally added in the fermentation process to prevent overhigh central temperature of the materials, the labor consumption is high, the production efficiency is low, the requirement on cooling equipment matched with the fermentation is high, and the like in the prior art.
The purpose of the invention can be realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for avoiding excessive core temperature of a material during fermentation, the method comprising the steps of:
mixing and stirring the zymophyte agent, the fermentation material and the complex enzyme uniformly to form a mixture, and then fermenting to obtain a fermentation product; the bacteria in the fermentation bacteria agent are anaerobic fermentation microorganisms.
Further, the fermentation bacteria agent comprises lactic acid bacteria and yeast.
Further, the concentration of the lactic acid bacteria is 1 × 10 11 ～5×10 11 CFU/g, the concentration content of the yeast is 3 multiplied by 10 10 ～7×10 10 CFU/g。
Furthermore, the mass ratio of the fermentation inoculum to the fermentation material is 1 (1000-1500).
Further, the compound enzyme comprises protease, amylase and cellulase.
Further, the complex enzyme comprises 2.0 × 10 protease 6 ～4.0×10 6 U/kg, amylase 2.0X 10 6 ～3.5×10 6 U/kg and cellulase 1.0X 10 6 ～2.0×10 6 U/kg。
Furthermore, the mass ratio of the complex enzyme to the fermentation material is 1 (1500-2000).
Further, the fermentation material comprises soybean meal, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, palm meal or peony seed meal.
Furthermore, the fermentation temperature is 30-35 ℃, and the fermentation time is 72-96h.
Furthermore, the water content of the fermented material is 50-60%.
The fermentation microbial inoculum used by the invention contains huge microbial communities (the total microbial content reaches more than billion CFU/g), the microbial communities comprise lactic acid bacteria and saccharomycetes, aerobic propagation is not needed, the anaerobic fermentation is directly carried out, the anaerobic fermentation metabolic activity is weak, the propagation is slow, and therefore, the relative heat production is less.
The fermentation process of the invention is a fermentation process mainly based on enzymolysis, air participation is not needed, and the enzymolysis fermentation does not need to propagate microorganisms, so the heat is not generated.
The invention utilizes the symbiotic mechanism of lactic acid bacteria and yeast, the yeast provides nutrient factors such as pyruvate, vitamins, amino acid and the like for the lactic acid bacteria, and the lactic acid bacteria provides energy sources for the yeast. For example, in the process of fermenting soybean meal, the substrate material decomposed by lipase and protease produced by yeast is lactobacillusThe growth of the lactic acid bacteria provides nutrient substances, and simultaneously metabolizes lactate produced in the growth process of the lactic acid bacteria to generate aromatic substances, the yeast uses the lactic acid bacteria to degrade lactose into galactose as a carbon source, and the yeast uses the lactate to increase the pH value of the soybean meal so as to promote the growth of the lactic acid bacteria. The combination of lactobacillus and yeast does not need the participation of aerobic bacillus subtilis, so the combination does not produce heat by metabolism, and the inoculation amount reaches 10 8 CFU/g, aerobic propagation is not needed, and anaerobic fermentation is directly carried out.
The invention limits the water content of the fermentation material to 50-60%. Solid fermentations, while having a lower water content, are also differentiated. The materials with water content of about 20-40% are most prone to heat, for two reasons:
(1) Under the condition that the water content is 20-40%, microorganisms have certain activity and can start fermentation, but the heat generated by fermentation is not absorbed by enough water, and the heat cannot be dissipated due to the slow transmission speed of substances in the solid material, so that the heat in the material is high, the temperature can rise to above 60 ℃, the material is very hot, the material is burned, and a large amount of vitamins are lost;
(2) Under the condition that the water content is 20-40%, the materials become very loose, even loose compared with the condition that water is not added, because the materials absorb water and expand, but do not fully absorb water and expand, certain rigidity is kept, and therefore the materials are mutually supported, a large space is formed among the materials, a large amount of air is hidden in the space, and microbial aerobic fermentation is caused. In the presence of oxygen, microorganisms multiply faster and generate more heat.
And when the water content is 50-60%, the opposite is true, because the water content is large, the materials are fully expanded and softened by absorbing water, but the materials are mutually bonded, but gaps cannot be formed, and the materials are easy to compact and compress, so that the possibility of air existing in the materials is eliminated, and an absolute anaerobic fermentation environment is formed. In addition, anaerobic fermentation at this water content generates very little heat due to the good heat storage properties of water.
Crude fibers which cannot be utilized by animals in the materials are decomposed in the fermentation process and are converted into glucose which can be utilized by the animals, so that the utilization rate of energy in the materials is improved, and the energy utilization value of the materials is improved through fermentation.
The method mainly comprises the fermentation processes of enzymolysis, lactic acid production, metabolite secretion, material macromolecule decomposition by endogenous catabolic enzymes and proper substrate level phosphorylation to obtain energy and perform proper reproduction:
(1) Enzymolysis, lactic acid production, metabolite secretion and endogenous lyase decomposition of material macromolecules:
the protease in the complex enzyme can act on protein, can hydrolyze the protein which is not suitable for being digested and absorbed by animals in the fermentation material into polypeptide and amino acid, improves the digestibility, reduces the harm of anti-nutritional factors to animal intestinal tracts, and provides an available carbon source for saccharomycetes and lactic acid bacteria. The cellulase is used for decomposing crude fiber to obtain glucose and low sugar which can be used by yeast and lactobacillus; thereby changing the unavailable crude fiber into available sugar energy, and improving the available energy of the fermentation material. Both proteases and cellulases belong to the endogenous catabolic enzymes, since the microorganisms produce less cellulase and are therefore added in vitro. Lactic acid bacteria can metabolize to produce a large amount of lactic acid, and saccharomycetes can metabolize to produce active substances such as yeast cell wall polysaccharide and the like for improving the immunity. The invention adopts the synergistic symbiosis relationship of the bacterial enzymes, and can achieve the synergistic fermentation effect of 1+1 > 3.
(2) Phosphorylation at appropriate substrate levels: when the oxygen is sufficient, the microorganism can carry out glycolysis on 1 glucose molecule to generate pyruvic acid, then acetyl coenzyme A is generated, the pyruvic acid enters tricarboxylic acid circulation to be thoroughly oxidized into carbon dioxide, and 38 ATP and a large amount of heat are generated through oxidative phosphorylation; in the absence of oxygen, namely in an anaerobic environment, the energy and utilization of the microorganisms on glucose can only be realized through a substrate level phosphorylation process, namely, glucose is glycolyzed to generate 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2ATP and 2NADH, and the pyruvic acid is converted into a lactic acid molecule through pyruvate dehydrogenase, so that the microorganisms only obtain a small amount of energy in the process, the negligible heat is released into the environment, and a large amount of energy in the glucose is stored in lactic acid and thalli; in this process, the loss of glucose energy is only within 5%. Although 5% of the digestion energy may be lost in the fermentation, because the material is decomposed, the animal can consume the pre-decomposed material with less energy in the body to digest the material, so the energy is saved, the energy lost by the fermentation material is offset with the saved energy, and the actual energy obtained by the animal is not lost finally.
The inoculation amounts of the lactic acid bacteria and the microzyme are high and respectively reach 10 8 CFU/g and 10 7 CFU/g, the number of bacteria of this dosage is the content that the probiotics is in the plateau phase after the fermented material is fermented through normal oxygen consumption fermentation (self propagation and amplification) and anaerobic fermentation, so the bacterial of this dosage is sufficient to the fermented material, does not need to continue the propagation number again, carry on the anaerobic fermentation directly (namely there is not fermentation that air participates in), the heat production is very little. If the inoculation amount is too high, the strains compete with each other for living space and part of the strains are eliminated, so that waste is generated; if the inoculation amount is too low, the strain needs further propagation and amplification to reach dynamic balance, and the heat production of materials is increased.
The invention limits the enzyme activity of each enzyme in the compound enzyme: the excessive activity of the protease can cause the fermentation material to produce bitter peptide substances, the excessive activity of the cellulase causes unnecessary waste, and the excessive activity of the two enzymes cannot achieve the expected effect.
The invention limits the fermentation temperature to 30-35 ℃: the optimum survival temperature of the yeast is about 32 ℃, the optimum growth temperature of the lactobacillus is about 38 ℃, and the fermentation temperature is reasonably set to be 30-35 ℃ in consideration of appropriate heat generation of fermentation.
The invention limits the fermentation time to 24-72h: the invention adopts a bacteria-enzyme synergistic fermentation mode, organically combines the effects of the added enzyme preparation and the strains, and shortens the fermentation time from the original 72-96h to 24-72h.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
(1) According to the invention, anaerobic fermentation microbiota (lactic acid bacteria and saccharomycetes) which do not need aerobic propagation are adopted and directly enter anaerobic fermentation, the anaerobic fermentation has weak metabolic activity, the propagation is slow, and the heat production is less compared with that of aerobic fermentation, so that the problem of overhigh central temperature of the fermented material is solved from the heat production source, substances for inhibiting the aerobic fermentation are not required to be additionally added, the digestion energy or metabolic energy originally contained in the material cannot be lost, meanwhile, the vitamins in the material are prevented from being damaged, the content of nutrient substances in the material is improved, the loss of the metabolic energy and the vitamins is reduced, and the product quality is improved;
(2) The invention controls the water content of the fermentation material to be 50-60% so as to remove the air in the fermentation material and avoid aerobic fermentation;
(3) The method has the advantages of simple operation, labor saving, no need of prolonging the fermentation time, no influence on the production efficiency and low requirement on cooling equipment matched with fermentation.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in detail below with reference to specific examples. The present embodiment is implemented on the premise of the technical solution of the present invention, and a detailed implementation manner and a specific operation process are given, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments.
In the following examples, unless otherwise specified, all the materials or processing techniques are those conventionally used in the art.
Example 1:
in this example, soybean meal was used as the fermentation material for fermentation. Taking 2kg of zymophyte agent, 2000kg of fermentation material (soybean meal is mixed with water in a mass ratio of 1 to obtain the fermentation material, wherein the water content is 55 percent), and 1kg of complex enzyme, mixing and stirring uniformly to form a mixture, and then fermenting to obtain a fermentation product. Wherein the fermentation bacteria preparation comprises lactobacillus and yeast, and the concentration of lactobacillus is 3 × 10 11 CFU/g, concentration content of yeast is 5 × 10 10 CFU/g. The mass ratio of the fermentation inoculum to the fermentation material is 1:1000.
the complex enzyme comprises protease 3.0 × 10 6 U/kg and cellulase 1.0X 10 6 U/kg. The mass ratio of the complex enzyme to the fermentation material is 1:2000.
the fermentation temperature is 32 ℃, and the fermentation time is 48h.
Comparative example 1:
this comparative example used a conventional fermentation process.
The conventional fermentation method comprises the following steps: 1000kg of soybean meal and 400kg of water are mixed to obtain a fermentation material with the water content of 35%, the fermentation material (1400 kg) and 2kg of fermentation bacteria agent are mixed and stirred uniformly to form a mixture, and then the mixture is fermented to obtain a fermentation product. Wherein the fermentation inoculum comprises Bacillus subtilis, lactobacillus and yeast, and the inoculation amount of Bacillus subtilis is 1 × 10 6 CFU/g, the inoculation amount of lactobacillus in the fermentation material is 4 multiplied by 10 6 CFU/g, the inoculation amount of yeast in the fermentation material is 5 multiplied by 10 5 CFU/g. The fermentation temperature is about 25 ℃ at room temperature, and the fermentation time is 72h.
TABLE 1 data table comparing the contents of ingredients of fermentation products obtained by the method of example 1 and by the conventional fermentation method
Note: the data in the same row are not marked or marked with the same superscript letter to indicate that the difference is not significant (P is more than 0.05), and the marking is completely different to indicate that the difference is significant (P is less than 0.05).
The content of small molecular protein is one of important indexes for evaluating the quality of feed protein and is also one of main indexes for evaluating the quality of meal protein, and the content of acid soluble protein can reflect the degree of degradation of antigen protein and can also reflect the content of peptide to a certain degree. Therefore, the acid soluble protein content can be used for evaluating the protein quality of the treated cake meal feed raw material. In the embodiment 1, the protease is added, and the soybean meal is effectively subjected to enzymolysis through the synergistic effect of the enzymes, and as can be seen from table 1, the method in the embodiment 1 has a better antigen protein decomposition effect and a higher content of acid-soluble protein compared with the conventional fermentation method.
Compared with the conventional fermentation method, in example 1, the mode of mainly anaerobic fermentation is adopted, and the lactic acid bacteria and the yeast are in symbiotic relationship, so that the method is more suitable for the growth of the lactic acid bacteria, and can metabolize to produce more lactic acid, and the method is shown in table 1.
According to the conventional fermentation method, a large amount of oxygen is consumed in the metabolism process of the bacillus subtilis to generate heat, so that the temperature of the material is rapidly increased, the central temperature of the material is overhigh, the damage to vitamins and some beneficial metabolites is large, and therefore the total vitamin content is lower than that of example 1, which is shown in table 1.
The key condition for reducing the heat production during the fermentation process of the present invention is to control the water content of the fermentation material to 50-60% instead of the conventional 20-40% (for the reasons set forth above); secondly, bacillus subtilis is not added (aerobic fermentation can generate heat); thirdly, the inoculation amount of lactic acid and yeast is higher than that of the conventional method, and the bacterial enzymes are fermented synergistically. None of these three conditions is sufficient, otherwise the fermentation will produce a large amount of heat or insufficient fermentation.
The embodiments described above are intended to facilitate a person of ordinary skill in the art in understanding and using the invention. It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications to these embodiments may be made, and the generic principles described herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of the inventive faculty. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and those skilled in the art should make improvements and modifications within the scope of the present invention based on the disclosure of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for avoiding excessive temperature of a material center in a fermentation process is characterized by comprising the following steps:
mixing and stirring the zymophyte agent, the fermentation material and the complex enzyme uniformly to form a mixture, and then fermenting to obtain a fermentation product; the bacteria in the fermentation bacteria agent are anaerobic fermentation microorganisms.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the fermentation inoculum comprises lactic acid bacteria and yeast.
3. According to claim2 the method for avoiding the overhigh temperature of the center of the material in the fermentation process is characterized in that the concentration content of the lactic acid bacteria is 1 x 10 11 ～5×10 11 CFU/g, the concentration content of the yeast is 3 multiplied by 10 10 ～7×10 10 CFU/g。
4. The method for avoiding the overhigh temperature of the center of the material in the fermentation process according to claim 3, wherein the mass ratio of the fermentation inoculum to the fermentation material is 1 (1000-1500).
5. The method for avoiding the excessive temperature of the center of the material in the fermentation process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the complex enzyme comprises protease, amylase and cellulase.
6. The method for avoiding excessive core temperature of materials in fermentation process of claim 5, wherein the complex enzyme comprises protease 2.0 x 10 6 ～4.0×10 6 U/kg, amylase 2.0X 10 6 ～3.5×10 6 U/kg and cellulase 1.0X 10 6 ～2.0×10 6 U/kg。
7. The method for avoiding the overhigh central temperature of the materials in the fermentation process according to claim 6, wherein the mass ratio of the compound enzyme to the fermentation materials is 1 (1500-2000).
8. The method for avoiding the excessive temperature of the material center in the fermentation process according to claim 1, wherein the fermentation material comprises soybean meal, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, palm meal or peony seed meal.
9. The method for avoiding excessive temperature of center of material during fermentation process of claim 1, wherein the fermentation temperature is 30-35 ℃ and the fermentation time is 24-72h.
10. A method of avoiding excessive core temperature of fermented materials in fermentation processes according to claim 1, wherein the water content of the fermented materials is 50-60%.
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| CN102172259A (en) * | 2010-12-10 | 2011-09-07 | 中国农业大学 | Method for controlling solid state fermentation temperature of biological feed |
| KR20160130950A (en) * | 2016-09-26 | 2016-11-15 | 농업회사법인 주식회사 피드업 | A manufacturing methods of fermented soybean meal using lactic acid bacteria |
| CN110150488A (en) * | 2019-05-30 | 2019-08-23 | 中科元生生物技术(天津)有限公司 | A kind of pig feed additive and its preparation method and application |
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| CN102172259A (en) * | 2010-12-10 | 2011-09-07 | 中国农业大学 | Method for controlling solid state fermentation temperature of biological feed |
| KR20160130950A (en) * | 2016-09-26 | 2016-11-15 | 농업회사법인 주식회사 피드업 | A manufacturing methods of fermented soybean meal using lactic acid bacteria |
| CN110150488A (en) * | 2019-05-30 | 2019-08-23 | 中科元生生物技术(天津)有限公司 | A kind of pig feed additive and its preparation method and application |
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