CN115575238A - Axial-flow type hydroelectric generating set bolt detection method and system - Google Patents
Axial-flow type hydroelectric generating set bolt detection method and system Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
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- F03B11/008—Measuring or testing arrangements
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- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
- G01L1/25—Measuring force or stress, in general using wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays, microwaves, neutrons
- G01L1/255—Measuring force or stress, in general using wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays, microwaves, neutrons using acoustic waves, or acoustic emission
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0001—Type of application of the stress
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
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- G01N2203/0062—Crack or flaws
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- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
- G01N2203/0069—Fatigue, creep, strain-stress relations or elastic constants
- G01N2203/0073—Fatigue
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method and a system for detecting bolts of an axial-flow type hydroelectric generating set, and belongs to the technical field of detection of hydroelectric generators. The method is characterized in that bolt pretightening force analysis and evaluation and historical data analysis and evaluation are introduced into conventional bolt crack detection, whether bolt pretightening force meets the resistance to fatigue load under the current working condition can be evaluated through the bolt pretightening force analysis and evaluation, when the bolt pretightening force evaluation is abnormal, the bolt has potential fatigue risk, meanwhile, when the bolt pretightening force and the bolt crack detection are not abnormal, the fatigue trend of the bolt can be analyzed and estimated through the comparative analysis of the detection data and the historical data under the current working condition, and therefore the fatigue of the bolt can be estimated and analyzed to prevent the bolt from being in the bud. The bolt detection device is good in universality and can be suitable for detecting bolts in different positions and different specifications in the axial-flow type hydroelectric generating set.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of hydraulic generator detection, and particularly relates to an axial-flow hydraulic generator set bolt detection method and system.
Background
The hydraulic generator is a generator which takes a hydraulic turbine as a prime mover to convert water energy into electric energy, and is widely applied to the field of hydroelectric generation. The axial-flow type water turbine generator set adopts a large number of coupling bolt connections, and because the water turbine generator rotates at a high speed during operation and is frequently started and stopped, the coupling bolts for connection are easy to generate fatigue cracks, and if the connection is not maintained in time, the bolts can be broken, so that the operation accidents of the whole water turbine generator set are caused.
The coupling bolts are all large bolt structures and are inconvenient to assemble and disassemble, so that the conventional detection for the coupling bolts at present generally adopts a direct observation method or an ultrasonic detection method for detection, wherein the direct observation method is that a detector directly observes whether the coupling bolts generate fatigue cracks through naked eyes, and the detection efficiency is low, the detection accuracy is poor, only obvious cracks can be observed, and the coupling bolts are gradually eliminated in practical application; the ultrasonic detection method is a coupling bolt detection method generally adopted by the existing medium-large hydropower stations, and is used for transmitting ultrasonic pulses to the coupling bolt, receiving the reflected pulses, analyzing and detecting according to the reflected pulses, but the ultrasonic detection method cannot perform pre-estimation analysis on fatigue of the coupling bolt, cannot prevent the fatigue in the past, and is time-consuming in post-processing when multiple bolts are detected.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a bolt detection method and system for an axial-flow type water turbine generator set, which can accurately perform prediction analysis on the fatigue state of a bolt and are suitable for bolt detection of various specifications.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a bolt detection method for an axial-flow type hydroelectric generating set comprises the following steps:
s1: matching stored historical bolt data according to the detected bolt information;
s2: detecting the pretightening force of the detected bolt, and evaluating according to the history bolt data matched in the S1; if the evaluation result is abnormal, turning to S3; if the evaluation result is not abnormal, turning to S4;
s3: detecting cracks of the detected bolt and outputting a detection waveform, and if the detection waveform is abnormal, outputting a detection abnormal result; if the detected waveform is not abnormal, turning to S4;
s4: and comparing and analyzing the detection data of the detected bolt under the current working condition with the historical bolt data, outputting early warning information if the analysis result is abnormal, and otherwise, outputting normal detection information.
Preferably, in S1, the bolt information includes an installation position, specification, model, and preset pretension force of the bolt.
Preferably, in S1, the historical bolt data includes bolt pretightening force data, bolt temperature data, and bolt crack detection waveform data under each operating condition of the axial flow type water turbine generator set.
Preferably, in S2, the pretightening force of the detected bolt is detected by using ultrasonic stress, and temperature compensation is performed.
Further preferably, the ultrasonic stress detection adopts a piezoelectric ultrasonic sensor to measure the flight time of ultrasonic waves in the screw; and the temperature compensation adopts a temperature sensor to measure the temperature of the detected bolt, and compensates the detection result of the pretightening force.
Preferably, in S3, the crack detection of the detected bolt includes performing detection in an oblique direction of ultrasonic longitudinal waves on the end face of the detected bolt and in an axial direction of ultrasonic transverse waves on the unthreaded part of the detected bolt.
Further preferably, the ultrasonic longitudinal wave oblique detection adopts a small-angle longitudinal wave straight probe, and the ultrasonic transverse wave axial detection adopts a transverse wave oblique probe.
The invention discloses a bolt detection system of an axial-flow type hydroelectric generating set, comprising:
the bolt information input subsystem is used for inputting and storing bolt information of bolts at different positions;
the bolt information matching subsystem is used for matching the detected bolt information according to the stored historical bolt data;
the bolt pretightening force detection subsystem is used for detecting and analyzing the pretightening force of the detected bolt;
the bolt crack detection subsystem detects cracks of the detected bolt and outputs a detection waveform;
the historical data analysis subsystem is used for storing historical bolt data and comparing and analyzing the detection data of the detected bolt under the current working condition with the historical bolt data;
and the detection result output subsystem outputs early warning information or normal detection information.
Preferably, the bolt pretension detection subsystem comprises:
the ultrasonic stress detection module is used for detecting the stress of the detected bolt by adopting ultrasonic waves;
temperature compensation module for measuring the temperature of the detected bolt by using a temperature sensor
And the bolt pretightening force evaluation module is used for evaluating the pretightening force of the detected bolt.
Preferably, the bolt crack detection subsystem comprises:
the ultrasonic longitudinal wave oblique detection module is used for performing oblique detection on the end face of the detected bolt by adopting ultrasonic longitudinal waves;
and the ultrasonic transverse wave axial detection module is used for carrying out axial detection on the unthreaded part of the detected bolt by adopting ultrasonic transverse waves.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
one of the most effective means for improving the fatigue life of a bolt pair is to fasten the bolt to a predetermined pre-load force, typically, a fastened bolt only carries about 5% of the dynamic load. Therefore, the resistance of a bolt pair fastened in place to fatigue load is very strong, the alternating stress generated in the bolt is very small and far lower than the limit that the bolt can bear, and when the bolt fails in fatigue, the reason is that the pretightening force of the bolt does not reach the designed value, and then the bolt is exposed to bending moment stress, so that the bolt fails early.
According to the axial flow type hydroelectric generating set bolt detection method, bolt pretightening force analysis and evaluation and historical data analysis and evaluation are introduced in conventional bolt crack detection, whether bolt pretightening force meets the resistance to fatigue load under the current working condition can be evaluated through the bolt pretightening force analysis and evaluation, when the bolt pretightening force evaluation is abnormal, a bolt has a potential fatigue risk, meanwhile, when the bolt pretightening force and the bolt crack detection are not abnormal, the fatigue trend of the bolt can be analyzed and predicted through comparison and analysis of the detection data and the historical data under the current working condition, and therefore prediction and analysis of the fatigue of the bolt are achieved, and the situation that the fatigue of the bolt is in the bud is prevented. The method is good in universality and can be suitable for detecting bolts in different positions and specifications in the axial-flow type water-turbine generator set.
The axial flow type hydroelectric generating set bolt detection system disclosed by the invention is simple in construction, high in automation degree and wide in application range. The bolt information of different installation positions, specifications and models is classified, stored and matched and called through the bolt information input subsystem and the bolt information matching subsystem, so that the problems that data are messy and post-processing is time-consuming when multiple bolts are detected are effectively solved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the detection system of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the position of a bolt detected by ultrasound.
Detailed Description
The invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following figures and specific examples, which are given by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.
As shown in fig. 1, the embodiment provides an axial-flow type hydroelectric generating set bolt detection system, which is different from the conventional ultrasonic detection waveform, and is characterized in that bolt pretightening force analysis and evaluation and historical data analysis and evaluation are introduced into conventional bolt crack detection, and the bolt fatigue is pre-judged and evaluated by combining the bolt pretightening force analysis and evaluation and the historical data analysis and evaluation.
Axial-flow hydroelectric set bolt detecting system includes in this embodiment: the bolt information input subsystem is used for inputting and storing bolt information of bolts at different positions; the bolt information matching subsystem is used for matching the bolt information of the bolt to be detected according to the stored bolt information; the bolt pre-tightening force detection subsystem is used for detecting and analyzing the bolt pre-tightening force; the bolt crack detection subsystem is used for detecting the cracks of the bolt; and the historical data analysis subsystem is used for storing the historical detection analysis data and comparing and analyzing the real-time detection analysis data with the historical detection analysis data. The bolt information input subsystem and the bolt information matching subsystem are mainly used for carrying out data classification pre-storage and matching according to the bolt installation positions, specifications, models and preset pre-tightening forces of different bolts aiming at multi-bolt detection; the bolt information input can be performed by external hardware (such as a keyboard) or voice input, the bolt information matching can be performed by directly reading a label arranged on the bolt and then calling the pre-stored data for matching, or the bolt information matching can be performed by directly inputting the bolt information in a detection field by a worker and then calling the pre-stored data for matching.
The bolt crack detection subsystem in the embodiment comprises an ultrasonic longitudinal wave oblique incidence detection module for detecting the end face of the bolt and an ultrasonic transverse wave axial detection module for detecting the unthreaded part of the bolt; the ultrasonic longitudinal wave oblique incidence detection module and the ultrasonic transverse wave axial detection module can adopt mature ultrasonic detectors, and output data of the ultrasonic detectors are transmitted to a detection system. Ultrasonic wave longitudinal wave oblique incidence detection module and ultrasonic wave transverse wave axial direction detection module have adopted different probe settings in this embodiment, and wherein, ultrasonic wave longitudinal wave oblique incidence detection module adopts the straight probe of low-angle longitudinal wave, and its specification model is 5MHZ, angle 15, and transverse wave axial direction detection module adopts the transverse wave oblique probe, and its specification model is 2.5MHZ.
The ultrasonic longitudinal wave oblique incidence detection module is used for setting the probe at the left end position (the end face of the screw) in the figure 2, detecting by utilizing the longitudinal wave spread angle sound beam, and refracting the main sound beam by a certain angle in order to ensure that the reflection of the main sound beam reaches the optimal condition, so that a small-angle longitudinal wave straight probe is adopted, the detection on the crack of the tooth root of the bolt has better detection precision, and the output waveform is also clear. Ultrasonic transverse wave axial direction detection module uses the primary wave with the probe setting in figure 2 right side upper end position (no screw thread position), main acoustic beam perpendicular to flank of tooth during the detection, and ultrasonic transverse wave axial direction detection module realizes that the screw thread that longitudinal wave directly visited and transverse wave oblique survey combined together detects, and the detection precision is higher, can avoid to the crackle, the far department of tooth root is difficult for detecting or detect the not good enough problem of precision.
The bolt pretightening force detection subsystem comprises an ultrasonic stress detection module and a temperature compensation module, wherein the ultrasonic stress detection module is used for detecting the current pretightening force of the bolt, the ultrasonic stress detection module adopts a piezoelectric ultrasonic sensor to measure the flight time of ultrasonic waves in a screw rod, the flight time difference of the ultrasonic waves in the bolt in a free state and a tightening state of the bolt is mainly used for calculating the current pretightening force of the bolt, and the temperature compensation module adopts a temperature sensor to measure the temperature of the bolt and is used for compensating the bolt elongation caused by the temperature change of the bolt. The bolt pretightening force calculation principle formula is as follows:
f is the pretightening force of the bolt, E is the elastic modulus of the bolt material, and S is the sectional area of the bolt; delta L is the deformation of the bolt, L is the clamping length of the bolt pair, the time difference between the transmitted electric signal and the received electric signal of the bolt is T0 in a free state of the bolt, the time difference between the transmitted electric signal and the received electric signal of the bolt is T1 in a fastening state of the bolt, the deformation delta L of the bolt (ultrasonic flight time = bolt length) is obtained according to the relation between the time difference between the received and transmitted electric signals and the deformation of the bolt, and the system calculates the pretightening force F of the current intelligent bolt according to the delta L. The calculation formula of the bolt deformation temperature compensation amount is as follows: Δ L Supplement device L · α · Δ T, where L is the original length of the bolt, α is the coefficient of expansion, and Δ T is the difference between the temperature of the bolt in the free state and the currently detected temperature; when temperature compensation is involved, the actual deformation amount of the bolt is equal to the sum of the bolt deformation temperature compensation amount and the deformation amount Delta L of the bolt, so that the influence of temperature on detection can be avoided, and the detection precision is improved.
The bolt pre-tightening force evaluation module is used for evaluating the pre-tightening force of the bolt according to the stored preset pre-tightening force information of the bolt and the detected current pre-tightening force information of the bolt; the bolt preset pretightening force information is a range value, the upper limit of the bolt preset pretightening force information is the maximum design pretightening force, the lower limit of the bolt preset pretightening force information is the minimum design pretightening force, and when the detected bolt pretightening force exceeds the range value, the bolt pretightening force abnormity is evaluated.
The historical detection analysis data of the historical data analysis subsystem comprises bolt pretightening force data, bolt temperature data and check waveform data of the bolt crack detection subsystem under each working condition operation condition of the axial-flow type hydroelectric generating set. Under the condition that the bolt pretightening force evaluation and the bolt crack detection waveforms are not abnormal, historical detection data under the current working condition are taken, the detection data and the historical data are compared and analyzed, generally, trend analysis is adopted, the detection data under the working condition and the future detection result trend of the detection data are predicted through the trend analysis, and therefore the advance estimation of the bolt fatigue is achieved.
The working method of the axial flow type hydroelectric generating set bolt detection system comprises the following steps:
in an initial state, inputting and storing bolt information of bolts at different positions, and detecting and executing the following steps: matching stored bolt information according to the installation position, specification and model of a bolt to be detected; step two, detecting bolt pretightening force information and calling the bolt information in the step one; analyzing and evaluating the detected pretightening force information and the preset pretightening force, outputting an evaluation result, executing a fifth step if the evaluation result is abnormal, and outputting a detection abnormal result if the evaluation result is abnormal, wherein the preset pretightening force is a range value, the upper limit of the preset pretightening force is the maximum design pretightening force, and the lower limit of the preset pretightening force is the minimum design pretightening force; step four, detecting the cracks of the bolts, outputting detection waveform data, if the output waveform is not abnormal, executing step five, and if the output waveform is abnormal, outputting a detection abnormal result; comparing and analyzing the detection data under the current working condition with the historical data, outputting an analysis result, if the analysis result is abnormal, outputting early warning information, otherwise, outputting normal detection information; and classifying and storing the detection data under the current working condition according to the installation position, specification and model of the bolt aiming at the detection evaluation data.
It should be noted that the above description is only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and equivalent changes made to the system described in the present invention are included in the protection scope of the present invention. Persons skilled in the art to which this invention pertains may substitute similar alternatives for the specific embodiments described, all without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the claims.
Claims (10)
1. The axial-flow type hydroelectric generating set bolt detection method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: matching stored historical bolt data according to the detected bolt information;
s2: detecting the pretightening force of the detected bolt, and evaluating according to the history bolt data matched in the S1; if the evaluation result is abnormal, turning to S3; if the evaluation result is not abnormal, turning to S4;
s3: detecting cracks of the detected bolt and outputting a detection waveform, and if the detection waveform is abnormal, outputting a detection abnormal result; if the detected waveform is not abnormal, turning to S4;
s4: and comparing and analyzing the detection data of the detected bolt under the current working condition with the historical bolt data, outputting early warning information if the analysis result is abnormal, and otherwise, outputting normal detection information.
2. The method for detecting the bolt of the axial flow type hydroelectric generating set according to claim 1, wherein in S1, the bolt information comprises an installation position, specification, model and preset pretightening force of the bolt.
3. The method for detecting the bolt of the axial flow type water-turbine generator set according to claim 1, wherein in S1, the historical bolt data comprises bolt pretightening force data, bolt temperature data and bolt crack detection waveform data under each working condition operation condition of the axial flow type water-turbine generator set.
4. The method for detecting the bolt of the axial flow type hydroelectric generating set according to claim 1, wherein in S2, the pretightening force of the detected bolt is detected by ultrasonic stress and temperature compensation is carried out.
5. The axial flow type hydroelectric generating set bolt detection method according to claim 4, wherein the ultrasonic stress detection adopts a piezoelectric ultrasonic sensor to measure the flight time of ultrasonic waves in a screw; and the temperature compensation adopts a temperature sensor to measure the temperature of the detected bolt, and compensates the detection result of the pretightening force.
6. The method for detecting the bolt of the axial flow type hydroelectric generating set according to claim 1, wherein in the step S3, the crack detection of the detected bolt comprises the steps of detecting the end face of the detected bolt by using the ultrasonic longitudinal wave in a slant direction and detecting the bolt without the thread by using the ultrasonic transverse wave in an axial direction.
7. The method for detecting the bolt of the axial flow type hydroelectric generating set according to claim 6, wherein the ultrasonic longitudinal wave oblique detection adopts a small-angle longitudinal wave straight probe, and the ultrasonic transverse wave axial detection adopts a transverse wave oblique probe.
8. The utility model provides an axial-flow type hydroelectric set bolt detecting system which characterized in that includes:
the bolt information input subsystem is used for inputting and storing bolt information of bolts at different positions;
the bolt information matching subsystem is used for matching the detected bolt information according to the stored historical bolt data;
the bolt pretightening force detection subsystem is used for detecting and analyzing the pretightening force of the detected bolt;
the bolt crack detection subsystem detects cracks of the detected bolt and outputs a detection waveform;
the historical data analysis subsystem is used for storing historical bolt data and comparing and analyzing the detection data of the detected bolt under the current working condition with the historical bolt data;
and the detection result output subsystem outputs early warning information or normal detection information.
9. The axial flow hydro-turbo generator set bolt detection system according to claim 8, wherein the bolt pretension detection subsystem comprises:
the ultrasonic stress detection module is used for detecting the stress of the detected bolt by adopting ultrasonic waves;
a temperature compensation module for measuring the temperature of the detected bolt by using a temperature sensor
And the bolt pretightening force evaluation module is used for evaluating the pretightening force of the detected bolt.
10. The axial flow hydro-turbo generator set bolt detection system of claim 8, wherein the bolt crack detection subsystem comprises:
the ultrasonic longitudinal wave oblique detection module is used for performing oblique detection on the end face of the detected bolt by adopting ultrasonic longitudinal waves;
and the ultrasonic transverse wave axial detection module is used for carrying out axial detection on the unthreaded part of the detected bolt by adopting ultrasonic transverse waves.
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| CN202211296345.7A CN115575238A (en) | 2022-10-21 | 2022-10-21 | Axial-flow type hydroelectric generating set bolt detection method and system |
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| CN202211296345.7A CN115575238A (en) | 2022-10-21 | 2022-10-21 | Axial-flow type hydroelectric generating set bolt detection method and system |
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