CN115552099A - 具有设置有形状处理部的定子壁的涡轮机压气机 - Google Patents

具有设置有形状处理部的定子壁的涡轮机压气机 Download PDF

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CN115552099A
CN115552099A CN202180033699.XA CN202180033699A CN115552099A CN 115552099 A CN115552099 A CN 115552099A CN 202180033699 A CN202180033699 A CN 202180033699A CN 115552099 A CN115552099 A CN 115552099A
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stator
blade
compressor
wall
rotor
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法比恩·让-米歇尔·阿蒂斯
劳伦特·皮埃尔·塔尔诺斯基
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Safran Helicopter Engines SAS
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D17/00—Regulating or controlling by varying flow
    • F01D17/10—Final actuators
    • F01D17/12—Final actuators arranged in stator parts
    • F01D17/14—Final actuators arranged in stator parts varying effective cross-sectional area of nozzles or guide conduits
    • F01D17/16—Final actuators arranged in stator parts varying effective cross-sectional area of nozzles or guide conduits by means of nozzle vanes
    • F01D17/162—Final actuators arranged in stator parts varying effective cross-sectional area of nozzles or guide conduits by means of nozzle vanes for axial flow, i.e. the vanes turning around axes which are essentially perpendicular to the rotor centre line
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D11/00—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages
    • F01D11/08—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D17/00—Regulating or controlling by varying flow
    • F01D17/10—Final actuators
    • F01D17/12—Final actuators arranged in stator parts
    • F01D17/14—Final actuators arranged in stator parts varying effective cross-sectional area of nozzles or guide conduits
    • F01D17/16—Final actuators arranged in stator parts varying effective cross-sectional area of nozzles or guide conduits by means of nozzle vanes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/14—Form or construction
    • F01D5/141—Shape, i.e. outer, aerodynamic form
    • F01D5/142—Shape, i.e. outer, aerodynamic form of the blades of successive rotor or stator blade-rows
    • F01D5/143—Contour of the outer or inner working fluid flow path wall, i.e. shroud or hub contour
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/40—Casings; Connections of working fluid
    • F04D29/52—Casings; Connections of working fluid for axial pumps
    • F04D29/522—Casings; Connections of working fluid for axial pumps especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F04D29/526—Details of the casing section radially opposing blade tips
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/40—Casings; Connections of working fluid
    • F04D29/52—Casings; Connections of working fluid for axial pumps
    • F04D29/54—Fluid-guiding means, e.g. diffusers
    • F04D29/56—Fluid-guiding means, e.g. diffusers adjustable
    • F04D29/563—Fluid-guiding means, e.g. diffusers adjustable specially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/66—Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing
    • F04D29/68—Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing by influencing boundary layers
    • F04D29/681—Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing by influencing boundary layers especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/66—Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing
    • F04D29/68—Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing by influencing boundary layers
    • F04D29/681—Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing by influencing boundary layers especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F04D29/685—Inducing localised fluid recirculation in the stator-rotor interface
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2220/00—Application
    • F05D2220/30—Application in turbines
    • F05D2220/32—Application in turbines in gas turbines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2220/00—Application
    • F05D2220/30—Application in turbines
    • F05D2220/32—Application in turbines in gas turbines
    • F05D2220/321—Application in turbines in gas turbines for a special turbine stage
    • F05D2220/3216—Application in turbines in gas turbines for a special turbine stage for a special compressor stage
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00—Components
    • F05D2240/10—Stators
    • F05D2240/12—Fluid guiding means, e.g. vanes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2250/00—Geometry
    • F05D2250/20—Three-dimensional
    • F05D2250/29—Three-dimensional machined; miscellaneous
    • F05D2250/294—Three-dimensional machined; miscellaneous grooved
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2260/00—Function
    • F05D2260/60—Fluid transfer
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2260/00—Function
    • F05D2260/60—Fluid transfer
    • F05D2260/606—Bypassing the fluid
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
    • Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种涡轮机，该涡轮机具有压气机，该压气机包括变桨距定子叶片(11)，这些变桨距定子叶片各自径向地在转子毂(6)与围绕该转子毂(6)的定子外壳(3)之间延伸，每个变桨距叶片(11)都包括桨叶(12)，该桨叶具有通过第一径向余隙(J1)与外壳(3)的定子壁(2)间隔开的基部(14)，并且该桨叶具有通过第二径向余隙(J2)与转子毂(6)的转子壁(4)间隔开的端头(17)。外壳(3)的定子壁或转子毂(6)的转子壁(4)具有形状处理部，该形状处理部与桨叶(12)相对，用于对穿过相应的余隙的空气泄漏进行引导。

Description

具有设置有形状处理部的定子壁的涡轮机压气机
技术领域
本发明涉及涡轮机的定子元件，该定子元件包括装备该涡轮机的压气机的变桨距定子叶片，该压气机任选地是轴向或离心式的，本发明既适用于飞行器发动机型涡轮机，也适用于直升机涡轮型涡轮机。
背景技术
一般来说，涡轮机压气机包括围绕主轴线旋转的转子，该转子支承沿该轴线彼此间隔开的若干级移动桨叶；并且涡轮机压气机包括围绕所述组件的旋转的定子外壳，当该组件处于操作中时，气流从上游到下游横穿该组件。在环形空间中循环的气流横穿该组件，该环形空间在内部由转子界定并且在外部由外壳界定。
在两个相继的移动级之间插入称为定子的定子桨叶级，用于纵向引导空气以在空气进入下一个移动级之前将空气解旋。这种定子呈定子桨叶盘形式，该定子桨叶盘由局部围绕转子的外壳承载。
有利地，这些定子级的一个或多个桨叶是变桨距的，使得可以调节桨叶围绕径向轴线或侧倾轴线的角位置，以便使桨叶适配于涡轮机在其使用期间波动的操作条件。
这些变桨距定子桨叶由控制元件控制，这些控制元件动态地调整桨叶的浆距。一般来说，变桨距定子桨叶使得能够在流体流进入紧随定子桨叶的移动级之前适配流体流以扩大可以在没有气动失速风险的情况下使用压气机的操作条件的范围。
在气动失速的情况下，会形成被称为喘振的流体堵塞，该流体堵塞阻碍压气机中的空气循环。这种情况会导致压气机的叶片破裂，即损坏或破坏压气机。为此，排放阀可以设置成打开的，以便对存在于压气机中的空气进行减压，在一定情况下，以防止形成喘振即气动失速条件。
然而，气动失速表示限制压气机的使用条件的范围的关键因素，使得气动失速表示压气机设计和尺寸确定中的重要要素。
本发明的目的是提供一种解决方案，用于限制包括承载变桨距桨叶的定子的压气机中的气动失速风险。
发明内容
为此，本发明涉及一种压气机，该压气机包括定子外壳，该定子外壳承载变桨距定子叶片，这些变桨距定子叶片各自径向地从该定子外壳延伸至转子毂，该转子毂被该定子外壳围绕，每个变桨距叶片都包括桨叶，该桨叶具有通过径向间隙与该外壳的定子壁间隔开的基部，并且其中，该压气机的定子壁在该桨叶的基部处包括形状处理部，该形状处理部布置成引导穿过间隙的空气泄漏。
通过此解决方案，在桨叶基部处横穿间隙的气流被调整成轴向方向，使得更有效地将流动解旋，这限制了压气机的气动失速风险。因此，这使得能够扩大在其中可以使用压气机的操作条件的范围，即压气机的可操作性。
本发明还涉及一种因此限定的压气机，其中，每个桨叶都包括端头，该端头通过另一个径向间隙与转子毂的转子壁间隔开，并且其中，转子壁包括位于桨叶的端头处的形状处理部，该形状处理部布置成引导穿过该另一个间隙的空气泄漏。
本发明还涉及一种因此限定的压气机，其中，定子壁包括形状处理部，该形状处理部包括凹槽，这些凹槽沿其整个长度朝向桨叶基部开口。
本发明还涉及一种因此限定的压气机，其中，转子壁包括形状处理部，该形状处理部包括凹槽，这些凹槽沿其整个长度朝向桨叶端头开口。
本发明还涉及一种涡轮机，该涡轮机包括因此限定的压气机。
附图说明
图1是根据本发明的压气机部分的示意性截面视图；
图2是根据本发明的压气机的变桨距定子叶片的示意性视图；
图3是示出了形成在根据本发明的压气机的定子壁上的轴向凹槽的示意性视图；
图4是示出了形成在根据本发明的压气机的转子壁上的周向凹槽的示意性视图。
具体实施方式
本发明基于这样的观察，即压气机中存在泄漏流会引发气动失速的风险，从而降低一定的泄漏流量使得能够限制气动失速风险，即增加压气机使用条件的范围。
更具体地，本发明使得能够通过限制存在于压气机的变桨距定子桨叶的端头和/或基部的泄漏流来降低气动失速的风险。
在图1中，沿着涡轮机的纵向轴线AX从上游AM到下游AV流动的流体横穿涡轮机压气机部分1。该压气机部分1在此在外部由大致旋转的定子外壳3的定子壁2界定，并且在内部由转子毂6的转子壁4界定，该内壁是大致旋转的并且与纵向轴线AX同轴。
该压气机部分1在此包括旋转级7，定子级8在下游AV紧随该旋转级。旋转级包括由绕轴线AX旋转的毂承载的旋转叶片，可以在图1中看到这些旋转叶片中的一个旋转叶片，在图中旋转叶片被标记为9。定子级8承载定子叶片，可以在图中看到这些定子叶片中的一个定子叶片，在图中定子叶片被标记为11。
级8的每个定子叶片11都是变桨距叶片，包括由根部13承载的桨叶12，该根部由外壳3固持，该变桨距叶片能够绕径向轴线AR旋转，该径向轴线AR可以相对于轴线AX侧倾或倾斜。桨叶12包括面向定子壁2定位的基部14，该基部14由桨叶本体16延伸，该桨叶本体16止于面向转子壁4(即转子毂6的壁)定位的端头17。
如在图2中看到的，一方面，在基部14与定子壁2之间存在第一径向间隙J1，并且类似地，在定子的端头17与转子壁4之间存在第二径向间隙J2。
这些间隙由涡轮机在操作中产生的安装应力和热膨胀应力造成，使得不可能将其去除。在操作中，待由定子级8整流的空气通过穿过由第一间隙J1形成的空隙而泄漏，并且通过穿过由第二间隙J2形成的空隙泄漏。该空气沿着定子壁2和转子壁4从变桨距定子叶片的下表面侧循环到其上表面侧。
一般来说，这些泄漏流会引起穿过定子级的流体流的偏离，这会对定子级的解旋效果产生不利影响。具体而言，流体未充分解旋的事实导致压气机的气动失速风险。
换言之，这些泄漏限制了压气机的可操作性，即可以在没有气动失速风险的情况下使用压气机的操作条件的范围。
根据本发明，外壳的定子壁2包括形状处理部，该形状处理部在图2中的叶片11的区域被标记为18，该形状处理部旨在限制由穿过间隙J1泄漏的流体而引入到主流E中的扰动。该形状处理部旨在矫正穿过间隙的泄漏流的流动方向，以使其恢复成与纵向轴线平行。
该形状处理部例如通过形成在壁2的内面上的凹槽来实现，这些凹槽被布置成对流过间隙J1的、从桨叶的下表面侧到桨叶的上表面侧的流体进行整流。
由于该形状处理部，穿过间隙J1的流体被重新引入到主流E中，该流体在该间隙J1的出口处具有最可能接近主流E沿着上表面在桨叶的基部14处的流体的取向。
有利地，毂的转子壁4还包括标记为19的形状处理部，该形状处理部位于桨叶端头17处，以便减小由穿过第二间隙J2泄漏的流体而引入到主流E中的扰动。
一般来说，凹槽被定向成促进在轴向方向上引导泄漏流，以便促进包括在泄漏区中的流动的解旋。
一般来说，凹槽的取向取决于所讨论的情况，并且取决于压气机的设计。这些凹槽通常是直线的，在纵向凹槽或轴向凹槽的情况下，凹槽具有与轴线的取向相对类似的取向，或具有与纵向轴线的法线类似的取向以形成周向凹槽或螺旋凹槽。
在图3的示例中，外壳的定子壁2包括轴向凹槽21，这些凹槽相对于轴线AX具有较小的角度，以帮助对穿过间隙J1朝向纵向方向的泄漏流进行整流，外壳的壁2是定子壁。
这些凹槽21沿着轴线AX所覆盖的长度小于桨叶沿着轴向方向的长度乘以1.2，并且凹槽与轴向方向AX形成+45°与-45°之间的角度。
在图4的示例中，装备毂的转子壁4的凹槽22是螺旋型的，这些凹槽具有与轴线AX的垂直度类似的取向。因此，当毂旋转时，这些凹槽以从上游到下游前进的无限长蜗杆的方式形成螺旋体，以便在轴向方向AX上对穿过间隙J2的泄漏流进行整流。
这些凹槽22并排设置，凹槽整体沿着一定长度延伸，该长度小于桨叶沿着轴向方向的长度乘以1.2，并且凹槽与轴向方向AX的法线形成+45与-45°之间的角度。
图3和图4所表示的凹槽的示例仅作为指示给出，凹槽更一般地能够具有适配于所讨论的情况的任何形状，特别地，这些凹槽可以是弯曲的而不是直线的。特别地，图3所表示类型的轴向凹槽可以设置在转子壁上，而图4所表示类型的螺旋凹槽可以设置在定子壁上。

Claims (6)

1.一种压气机，所述压气机包括定子外壳(3)，所述定子外壳(3)承载变桨距定子叶片(11)，所述变桨距定子叶片(11)各自径向地从所述定子外壳(3)延伸至转子毂(6)，所述转子毂(6)被所述定子外壳(3)围绕，每个变桨距叶片(11)都包括桨叶(12)，所述桨叶(12)具有通过径向间隙(J1)而与所述外壳(3)的定子壁(2)间隔开的基部(14)，并且其中，所述定子外壳(3)的定子壁包括位于所述桨叶(12)的基部(14)处的形状处理部，所述形状处理部布置成引导穿过所述间隙(J1)的空气泄漏。
2.根据权利要求1所述的压气机，其中，每个桨叶(12)都包括端头(17)，所述端头(17)通过另一个径向间隙(J2)而与所述转子毂(6)的转子壁(4)间隔开，并且其中，所述转子壁(4)在所述桨叶(12)的端头(17)处包括形状处理部(19)，所述形状处理部(19)布置成引导穿过所述另一个间隙(J2)的空气泄漏。
3.根据权利要求1所述的压气机，其中，所述定子壁(2)包括形状处理部(18)，所述形状处理部(18)包括轴向凹槽和周向凹槽(21)，这些凹槽(21)沿其整个长度朝向所述桨叶(12)的基部(14)开口。
4.根据权利要求2所述的压气机，其中，所述转子壁(4)包括形状处理部(19)，所述形状处理部(19)包括轴向凹槽和周向凹槽(22)，这些凹槽(22)沿其整个长度朝向所述桨叶(12)的端头(17)开口。
5.一种涡轮机，所述涡轮机包括根据前述权利要求之一所述的压气机。
6.一种涡轮机，所述涡轮机包括根据权利要求1至4之一所述的压气机，所述压气机包括轴向凹槽和周向凹槽。
CN202180033699.XA 2020-05-06 2021-04-23 具有设置有形状处理部的定子壁的涡轮机压气机 Pending CN115552099A (zh)

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