CN115551806A - 制备氨或甲醇的回路中用于控制压力的方法 - Google Patents
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- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 114
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 107
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 12
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- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
在制备氨或甲醇的回路中用于控制压力的方法,借助压缩机的防喘振控制阀和/或压缩机流量调节阀,用于在新鲜合成气的变化流量供应下再循环回路再循环气体。
Description
本发明涉及在制备氨或甲醇的回路中用于控制压力的方法。更具体地讲,本发明利用压缩机的防喘振控制阀和/或压缩机流量调节阀,用于在新鲜氨或甲醇合成气的变化流量下再循环氨或甲醇回路再循环气体。
例如,常规地,通过使天然气或高级烃的烃进料在燃烧管式蒸汽重整器中通过与蒸汽重整催化剂接触经过吸热蒸汽重整反应,来制备氨合成气。然后将一级重整气体进料到二级绝热重整器,其中气体中的部分氢气和残余量的烃在二级重整催化剂存在下用空气或富氧空气部分氧化。来自二级重整器,粗合成气包含在以上蒸汽重整反应中原料反应期间形成的氢气、氮气、一氧化碳和二氧化碳,并且氮气通过在二级重整步骤中加入空气而引入气体中。
在大规模氨或甲醇合成设备中,一级和二级蒸汽重整可以由自热重整(ATR)代替。
最近,在氨或甲醇合成中使用可再生能源变得更加可行。例如,为了制备氨合成气,已设想将用可再生能源(例如风能和太阳能)操作的通过电解水生产氢气和空气分离用于生产氮气组合。这样产生的氢气和氮气以化学计量比组合形成合成气,用于氨生产。
在氨或甲醇合成中使用可再生能源时的问题是,能源供应依赖于例如风和太阳的自然变化而变化。因此,借助可再生能源生产的新鲜甲醇或氨合成气的流量可显著变化。
由于由平衡限制导致的各个转化器中氨或甲醇合成气的单程转化率相对较低,因此在回路中需要大的未转化合成气的回路再循环流。
为了替代在未转化合成气中的经转化氢气和氮气,必须不断地将新鲜氨合成气的补充气体加入回路再循环气体。与氨合成类似,在甲醇合成回路中经转化的氢气和碳氧化物必须用包含新鲜的氢气和碳氧化物的合成气替代。
在由于新鲜合成气到合成回路的流量变化导致大且频繁的负荷变化的情况下,由负荷变化引入压力变化引起的机械应力将导致无参考的机械应力条件,这可能导致承压设备的机械故障。然而,温度变化将受到限制。
当生产依赖可变流量的原料时,例如绿色氨或甲醇生产的情况,这样的操作条件尤其重要。
传统上,氨和甲醇回路没有专门的压力控制的特征。在到回路的进料流量减小的情况下,回路压力将下降。因此,转化将降低到最终匹配补充流量的程度。在增加进料流量的情况下,压力和转化将增加。由于传统的氨和甲醇设备的负荷在长时间下趋于稳定,因此,缺乏压力控制正常不代表是问题。
对于给定的氨转化器/回路配置,控制回路压力的一种可能方式是改变新鲜氨合成气中的H/N比,即补充气体可降低气体的反应性。在一些情况下,也可通过减少吹扫流量来改变回路中惰性物质的含量,但这与其中补充气体的惰性物质很低的绿色氨生产很少相关。然而,在实践中,用这种方法很难控制回路压力。
我们已发现,通过再循环器(回路再循环压缩机)的防喘振控制,可控制到氨和甲醇反应器的进料气体量。防喘振或反冲阀通常是快速反应的控制元件,用于保护以防由喘振引起振动并由此损坏压缩机。
根据以上发现,本发明提供一种制备氨或甲醇的回路中用于控制压力的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(a)提供新鲜氨或甲醇合成气;
(b)提供回路再循环气体;
(c)提供具有防喘振阀和/或压缩机流量调节阀的回路再循环压缩机;
(d)提供氨或甲醇合成回路;
(e)将新鲜氨或甲醇合成气加入回路再循环气体中;
(f)在回路再循环压缩机中将来自步骤(e)的回路再循环气体加压;和
(g)监测氨或甲醇合成回路中的压力,
其中控制回路再循环气体通过防喘振阀和/或再循环压缩机流量调节阀的流量,以在氨或甲醇合成回路中获得基本恒定的压力。
在负荷变化缓慢(几天或几周)的情况下,通过控制高压氨或甲醇回路分离器中的温度,可补充根据本发明的方法。由此,当进料气体中氨的浓度增加时,可以降低流向氨转化器的回路再循环回路气体的反应性。较高的温度导致较低的反应性和较高的回路压力。
因此,在本发明的一个实施方案中,方法包括控制在制备氨或甲醇的回路中布置的回路分离器中的温度的进一步步骤。
回路分离器在给定的压力和温度,在气体和液体之间平衡下,将液体氨或甲醇产物与来自合成转化器的未转化气体流出物分离。在恒定压力和较高的温度下,在未转化气体得到较高含量的产物,将再循环回到合成转化器。这将降低每次通过的潜在转化,因为合成反应受到平衡限制,导致在恒定压力下合成回路的容量降低。
本发明的优点之一是用于制备氨合成气的操作各种设备的能量可以是由风力机、太阳能电池、水能或其它可再生能源产生的可再生能源。
优选设备包括一个或多个电解单元,例如固体氧化物电解池。
因此,在本发明的一个实施方案中,新鲜氨或甲醇合成气中所含的氢气借助电解水来提供。
在进一步的实施方案中,新鲜氨合成气中所含的氮借助空气分离来提供。
在本发明的再一个实施方案中,新鲜甲醇合成气由水和二氧化碳的共电解来提供。
在本发明的进一步实施方案中,新鲜氨合成气在水和空气的固体氧化物电解池中制备。
图1显示补充气体压缩机、再循环器和合成回路的典型配置。
如果防喘振阀打开,则较少流量流向反应器。在启动期间,其中通过将回路中的气体循环并点燃启动加热器,加热合成反应器,然后防喘振最初将完全打开,以保护再循环器免受喘振,并降低流向反应器的流速,用于容易地控制加热阶段。
同时用相同的阀(防喘振阀)作为压缩机保护和流向反应器的流量控制阀。这是可行的,因为这两个功能永远不会相互矛盾,并且在任何情况下,机器保护都会压倒阀的所有的其它设定点。这个概念在合成启动得到了很好的证明。
使用可再生能源生产合成气将在一整天提供波动的进料气体流速,导致很多且还可能突然的合成压力波动。这可通过根据本发明的方法缓和或甚至消除。
在正常操作中,可用再循环器防喘振阀控制回路压力。在满容量时,阀将保持关闭,并且如果可用的补充气体较少,则通过阀的受控打开相应地减小再循环气体流量。
这将使回路中合成气的转化精确限制在可用的补充气体量,从而保持在回路中有相同的气体量,因而保持恒定的回路压力。
可能有理解回路压力也由补充压缩机速度控制,但情况并非如此,因为补充气体压缩机将提供所需的压力用于回路中给定的转化。
由于本发明的方法控制回路中的转化,以保持恒定的回路压力,因此补充气体压缩机将遵从回路要求。补充气体压缩机可做到这一点并且仍然在其操作窗口(流量相对于排放压力)内的唯一方式是打开其自己的防喘振阀,以补偿可用的较低补充气体流量(见图1和2)。
可能有不允许将防喘振阀用于回路压力控制阀的情况。则替代方案是在不危及压缩机喘振保护的情况下并联安装控制阀,因为防喘振阀打开仍受压缩机要求支配,测量为从两个控制阀到再循环器吸入口得到的流量(见图2)。
由于转化平衡温度保持恒定,确保补充气体和转化器进料气体之间的比例保持恒定的控制将几乎消除转化器和氨回路中的压力和温度波动。
由于防喘振阀具有安全功能,因此,在进料气体流量变化期间,可借助压缩机流量调节阀另外或完全调节从压缩机排放侧到吸入侧的流量。
图1和图2的实例将对气体流量的调低有限制,因为流向转化器的最小流量将取决于转化器和防喘振阀之间的压降比。
图3显示一种配置,其中可以借助回路压力控制器和任选的小型旁通阀将流向转化器的气体流量向下控制到零流量。当减小或关闭回路压力控制器时,合成反应器中的合成气被保留在反应器中,并保持反应器压力。这将允许将回路压力向下控制到非常低的负荷,并且仍然保持回路压力且转化器处于热条件。这在可再生能源和因此合成气生产突然从低负荷回到高负荷,然后合成气转化成氨或甲醇可能基本上瞬时发生的情况下很重要。
图4显示了与图3中所示相似的工艺布局,其中一个或多个阀预见用于控制转化器入口流量、再循环器防喘振流量和补充气体压缩机防喘振流量。补充气体模块由氨合成气中氢气和氮气流量的比例控制器通过相对于氢气流速控制氮气流速来控制。由于在能源供应中可能每天都有很多波动,并因此直接影响氢气流速和氮气流速,氢气和氮气流量的测量可能会在每次波动时有所偏差。补充气体模块中小的变化将在回路再循环气体模块中放大,出于这个原因,期望通过有补充气体的近实时分析仪来改进模块控制器。通常,将普通的气相色谱分析仪用于多个采样点,使从每个采样点到分析仪的管道很长,这导致每次分析的循环时间很长。10-20min的长循环时间不适合模块控制器的调节。实时分析仪可提供10-20秒的循环时间,并且在需要高容量时,模块控制器可以在错误的模块在回路中放大导致容量损失和/或压力增加之前及时采取行动。
在附图中,A定义分析点,F定义流量测量点,P定义压力测量点。
Claims (12)
1.制备氨或甲醇的回路中用于控制压力的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(a)提供新鲜氨或甲醇合成气;
(b)提供回路再循环气体;
(c)提供具有防喘振阀和/或压缩机流量调节阀的回路再循环压缩机;
(d)提供氨或甲醇合成回路;
(e)将新鲜氨或甲醇合成气加入回路再循环气体中;
(f)在回路再循环压缩机中将来自步骤(e)的回路再循环气体加压;和
(g)监测氨或甲醇合成回路中的压力,
其中控制回路再循环气体通过防喘振阀和/或再循环压缩机流量调节阀的流量,以在氨或甲醇合成回路中获得基本恒定的压力。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中压缩机流量调节阀与防喘振阀并联布置。
3.权利要求1或2的方法,其中所述新鲜氨或甲醇合成气的流量由用于新鲜合成气的压缩机的防喘振阀控制。
4.权利要求1至3中任一项的方法,所述方法包括控制在制备氨或甲醇的回路中布置的高压回路分离器中的温度的进一步步骤。
5.权利要求1至4中任一项的方法,其中所述新鲜氨或甲醇合成气中的氢气借助电解水来提供。
6.权利要求5的方法,其中所述电解水在固体氧化物电解池中进行。
7.权利要求1至4的方法,其中所述新鲜甲醇合成气由水和二氧化碳的共电解来提供。
8.权利要求1至6中任一项的方法,其中所述新鲜氨合成气中的氮气借助空气分离来提供。
9.权利要求1至4中任一项的方法,其中所述新鲜氨合成气由水和空气在固体氧化物电解池中制备。
10.权利要求1至9中任一项的方法,其中所述回路再循环气体的流量另外由再循环压缩机下游或上游的回路压力控制器控制。
11.权利要求1至10中任一项的方法,其中所述新鲜氨合成气的模块由氨合成气中的氢气和氮气流量的比例控制器通过相对于氢气流速控制氮气流速来控制。
12.权利要求11的方法,其中所述比例控制器由实时分析仪来补偿。
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