CN1155343C - 医用铣刀 - Google Patents

医用铣刀 Download PDF

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CN1155343C
CN1155343C CNB981083323A CN98108332A CN1155343C CN 1155343 C CN1155343 C CN 1155343C CN B981083323 A CNB981083323 A CN B981083323A CN 98108332 A CN98108332 A CN 98108332A CN 1155343 C CN1155343 C CN 1155343C
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milling cutter
cutter
tooth
milling
medical purposes
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CN1200261A (zh
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������
奥兰多·达·罗尔德
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Mps Pu Lei's Ltd By Share Ltd
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/16Bone cutting, breaking or removal means other than saws, e.g. Osteoclasts; Drills or chisels for bones; Trepans
    • A61B17/1662Bone cutting, breaking or removal means other than saws, e.g. Osteoclasts; Drills or chisels for bones; Trepans for particular parts of the body
    • A61B17/1664Bone cutting, breaking or removal means other than saws, e.g. Osteoclasts; Drills or chisels for bones; Trepans for particular parts of the body for the hip
    • A61B17/1666Bone cutting, breaking or removal means other than saws, e.g. Osteoclasts; Drills or chisels for bones; Trepans for particular parts of the body for the hip for the acetabulum
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/16Bone cutting, breaking or removal means other than saws, e.g. Osteoclasts; Drills or chisels for bones; Trepans
    • A61B2017/1602Mills

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
  • Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Prostheses (AREA)
  • Dental Tools And Instruments Or Auxiliary Dental Instruments (AREA)
  • Surgical Instruments (AREA)

Abstract

医用铣刀,特别适用于矫正手术。该铣刀具有一个用薄壁材料制成的铣刀体,其形状根据使用需要确定,在铣刀表面上有铣刀刀齿,铣刀刀齿的数目和位置根据铣刀的尺寸和形状设定并有规则地排列,铣刀刀齿的排列和铣刀刀齿的形状按一般工业标准确定,其特征在于:铣刀刀齿在铣刀体的表面上设有开口,该开口至少具有一个刀舌、两个刀齿槽、两个侧边和一条参考基准边,参考基准边设置在刀刃的对面,其长度lb比刀刃的长度ls和刀齿槽的宽度lz的总和要短。铣刀刀齿的形状和位置安排是精密确定的。因而,这种铣刀属于一种精密工具,它不仅有利于外科医生的工作,而且可大大提高植入质量。

Description

医用铣刀
技术领域
本发明涉及一种医用铣刀,该铣刀特别适用于矫正手术,铣刀的刀体用薄壁材料制成,其形状根据应用需求确定。铣刀体的表面设有规则排列的铣刀齿。铣刀齿的数目和位置取决于铣刀的尺寸和形状。铣刀齿齿形及铣刀齿位置的精确度按常规工业标准确定。
背景技术
上述类型的铣刀或所谓格栅式铣刀(grating milling cutters)本来是大家公知的,它也指“成型铰刀或铰刀”。在外科学领域,这类工具主要用于矫正手术,用以在骨头上铣出正确的形状,制备出一种安放座穴,以便将植入物尽量可靠地保持在座穴中。适用于这类需求的铣刀类型很多,刀具的形状取决于具体的应用目的。
例如,为了向髋关节座穴植入器件,专利文献WO 95/1379建议使用一种铰刀。而专利文献EP0733 343推荐采用一种广泛使用的铣刀的齿形。上述文献所提及的用于加工髋关节座穴的髋臼铰刀,一般用下述方法制造:首先,将铣刀齿的位置在厚度适当的金属盘上画出。然后,将盘用拉伸或冲压的方法制成所需的形状。下一工序是,在三维毛坯上,在预先所画的位置冲出开口。再用沉头锪削生成刀刃。然后,使用一种顶杆将开口压开,以获得所需的带刀刃及刀槽的铣刀刀齿。
经拉伸或冲压后,铣刀刀体呈三维形状,在普通机床上制成刀齿是极为复杂的。制造这种工具的投资费用与其所带来的产出效益完全不相称。因此,压、沉头锪和冲压开口等工序一般是靠手工完成。于是,其质量具有手工劳动的特点。用来形成铣刀刀齿的各个开口要靠肉眼观察按预先画好的位置来压制,因此,任何人也不能保证压、沉头锪和冲压开口等工序所获得的铣刀刀齿和刀尖的尺寸精确度。用这种方法制成的铣刀都是一次性使用的器件。
还值得注意的是,在传统的制造过程中必须增添大量的修刮工作。铣刀和铣刀齿极不精确,并且铣刀刀齿一般都不锋利,这样,外科医生不得不使劲用力,以便在被处置的骨头上获得所要求的形状和尺寸精度。由于铣刀形状和铣刀刀齿不精确,两把尺寸相同的铣刀会在骨头上铣出不同的植入物座穴。为承接植入物而在骨头上制备的植入物座穴是否具有正确的尺寸形状要取决于外科医生的技巧和所用刀具的质量。
然而,如果外科医生选择正确的铣刀,可以确信,在骨头上铣出的植入物座穴会与由工业生产植入物获得完善的配合。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于寻求一种铣刀刀齿的形状,该齿形能使传统使用的铣刀获得改进:铣刀和铣刀齿可重复生产制造,其质量可达到工业水平,具有百分之一毫米的精确度。此外,外科医生不必费多大力气就可以在骨头上制备出精密的植入物座穴。
根据本发明,技术方案如下:一种医用铣刀,该铣刀具有一个用薄壁材料制成的铣刀体,其形状根据使用需要确定,在铣刀表面上有铣刀刀齿,铣刀刀齿的数目和位置根据铣刀的尺寸和形状设定并有规则地排列,铣刀刀齿的排列和铣刀刀齿的形状按一般工业标准确定,其特征在于:铣刀刀齿在铣刀体的表面上设有开口,该开口至少具有一个刀舌、两个刀齿槽、两个侧边和一条参考基准边,参考基准边设置在刀刃的对面,其长度lb比刀刃的长度ls和刀齿槽的宽度lz的总和要短。
根据本发明,铣刀是一种精确的工具,它不仅有利于外科医生的工作,还可以大大提高能达到的植入质量。
附图说明
在附图中:
图1是根据本发明的铣刀的顶视图;
图2是根据本发明的铣刀的侧视图;
图3是铣刀刀齿的顶视图;
图4是铣刀刀齿沿A-A的剖面图;
图5是铣刀刀齿的顶视图;和
图6是铣刀刀齿与工具沿A-A的剖面图。
具体实施方式
根据本发明,铣刀1的可行实施例如图1和图2所示。铣刀1必须能在骨头上加工出形状一致的植入物座穴。这只能借助于诸如髋臼格栅式铣刀(grating milling cutter)来实现。该铣刀的刀体2是一种尺寸精确的半球面,铣刀刀齿10在铣刀体2上准确排列;铣刀刀齿具有一致的尺寸并能正确切削。
为使铣刀刀体2保持其经拉伸或冲压所形成的形状,在后续制造工序中不得使其产生变形。这是根据本发明通过对铣刀刀齿10的齿形选择来实现的。该齿形可用机械制造方法获得,铣刀刀齿的位置可用CAD(计算机辅助设计)和CAM(计算机辅助制造)工程方法确定,铣刀刀齿10可用机器在铣刀体2上制成,而不必预先画在刀体上。用现代CIM(计算机集成制造)和CAM工程方法可以毫无问题地做到这些。
铣刀刀齿10在铣刀体2上的精确定位允许对铣刀刀齿10的数量进行优化。显然,减少铣刀刀齿数会降低铣刀体2的变形风险;再者,铣刀体2上的铣刀刀齿10的数量过多会削弱铣刀体的稳定性。基于这些理由,希望铣刀体2上的铣刀刀齿10尽量少。此外,如果要刀齿尺寸精确且可重复制造,以保证达到预期的加工性能,只好减少铣刀刀齿10的数目。
该铣刀分三个工序制造。工序一、用拉伸或冲压方法将金属板材制成所需形状的铣刀刀体2的毛坯。工序二、在尺寸精确的铣刀刀体2上,用计算机控制的机床加工出开口15,该开口15有一条尺寸精确的参考基准边11以及带锋利切刃18的刀舌13。这是用现代切削生产工程方法完成的。铣刀刀体2的镦锻和变形都没有问题,即使对于难加工材料也可获得所要求的精确度。工序三、将铣刀刀舌13绕弯边基准a向上弯α角,使铣刀刀刃12处于正确的位置。多数情况下这一工序由手工进行。
为方便手工操作,在确定开口15的形状时,应考虑该开口将用于工具20a的导向,并根据这一需求对开口的总体及各局部组成部分确定形状、标注尺寸和加工制造。例如,可以这样设计:在刀舌13和刀齿槽14的两侧为侧边16,参考基准边11放在与刀舌13相对的位置。这样,工具20a所需要的定位基准也就有了。例如,可以用参考基准边11和刀齿槽14精确定位。这种方法的好处在于,刀舌13和侧边16可以比较自由地配置,并有利于从开口15处排除切屑,这也是铣刀在使用中必须具备的一种功能。
在铣刀的制造过程中,开口15或其中某些组成部分将用作工具20a的模板和导向。无论如何要用参考基准边11确定弯边基准a的位置。这两者之间是用相互尺寸和位置确定的。当用于向上弯刀舌13的工具20a靠紧参考基准边11时,弯边基准a即自动地处于相对于参考基准边11所需的正确位置。对于工具20a的侧导向边定位,可选用刀齿槽14、侧边16或刀舌13的侧刃17的其中之一。
这样,铣刀刀体2将处于工具的下半部20a的上面,并垂直于铣刀刀齿10的平面e(参见图4)的位置。这时,将工具上半部20b用手或机器向下压,当压紧后,工具上下两部20a和20b即将刀舌13处于所要求的位置。
铣刀刀齿10可布置在任何所需形状的铣刀刀体2上。如果在金属平板上制出铣刀刀齿10,就成为一种锉刀,可用来加工任何形状,例如可用以加工骨端外廓。如上所述的球形铣刀刀体2,主要用于准备髋关节修复术中的植入物座穴。圆柱形铣刀刀体2则可用于髋部修复术中准备股骨的植入物座穴。就像球形托座必须保持在骨盆中那样,装入股骨中的假肢胫骨也应准确定位。在这些应用场合,座穴的质量取决于所用工具的质量。
刀刃12的形状在上述应用中具有重要的作用。如图3所示,刀刃可以只由一个刀舌13构成。图5则表示由多个刀舌13构成刀刃的可能性。如图3所示,若使铣刀刀齿沿与A-A呈一角度的R方向运动,可获得特殊效果。在这种情况下,铣刀刀齿10上处于R方向上的刀尖19首先参加切削。
刀舌13的哪一部份构成刀刃12是重要的。切刃18显然必须锋利,以使只有切刃18构成刀刃的切削刃。这对于主要沿A-A方向运动的简单铣刀1可能足够。在多数情况下,刀刃12不仅由切刃18构成,还包括侧刃17和刀尖19,均使其锋利就很重要,这样,侧刃17,切刃18和刀尖19一起构成了刀刃12。

Claims (7)

1.一种医用铣刀(1),该铣刀具有一个用薄壁材料制成的铣刀体(2),其形状根据使用需要确定,在铣刀表面(3)上有铣刀刀齿(10),铣刀刀齿的数目和位置根据铣刀的尺寸和形状设定并有规则地排列,铣刀刀齿(10)的排列和铣刀刀齿的形状按一般工业标准确定,其特征在于:铣刀刀齿(10)在铣刀体(2)的表面(3)上设有开口(15),该开口(15)至少具有一个刀舌(13)、两个刀齿槽(14)、两个侧边(16)和一条参考基准边(11),参考基准边(11)设置在刀刃(12)的对面,其长度lb比刀刃(12)的长度ls和刀齿槽(14)的宽度lz的总和要短。
2.如权利要求1所述的医用铣刀,其特征在于:铣刀体(2)是金属平板。
3.如权利要求1所述的医用铣刀,其特征在于:铣刀体(2)呈球形。
4.如权利要求1所述的医用铣刀,其特征在于:铣刀体(2)呈圆柱形。
5.如权利要求1所述的医用铣刀,其特征在于:铣刀体(2)具有一三维形状。
6.如权利要求1所述的医用铣刀,其特征在于:刀刃(12)由刀舌(13)的切刃(18)构成。
7.如权利要求1所述的医用铣刀,其特征在于:刀刃(12)由切刃(18)和侧刃(17)构成。
CNB981083323A 1997-05-22 1998-05-21 医用铣刀 Expired - Lifetime CN1155343C (zh)

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CH01196/97A CH692178A5 (de) 1997-05-22 1997-05-22 Fräser für medizinische Zwecke.
CH1196/97 1997-05-22
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US5968049A (en) 1999-10-19
EP0879577A2 (de) 1998-11-25
EP0879577A3 (de) 2000-05-10
CN1200261A (zh) 1998-12-02
EP0879577B1 (de) 2005-10-26
CH692178A5 (de) 2002-03-15

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