CN115461592A

CN115461592A - Solid projectile, intermediate for manufacturing solid projectile and method for manufacturing solid projectile

Info

Publication number: CN115461592A
Application number: CN202080094982.9A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 迈克尔·迈思特; 唐纳德·梅耶; 马尔库斯·布赫; 保罗·霍华德
Original assignee: Luage Modern Technology Co ltd
Current assignee: Luage Modern Technology Co ltd
Priority date: 2019-12-30
Filing date: 2020-12-30
Publication date: 2022-12-09
Also published as: WO2021136814A1; KR20220118543A; EP4085229A1; CA3163606A1; US20220381542A1; DE102019135875A1; WO2021136814A8; BR112022013086A2; AU2020416542A1; IL294324A

Abstract

The invention relates to a solid projectile for ammunition, in particular having a caliber of less than 13mm, wherein the solid projectile is made of iron, in particular soft iron, having a carbon content of more than 0.05%.

Description

Solid projectile, intermediate for manufacturing solid projectile and method for manufacturing solid projectile

Technical Field

The present invention relates to a solid projectile for ammunition, in particular a solid projectile having a caliber of less than 13 mm. Furthermore, the invention relates to an intermediate for producing such a solid projectile. Furthermore, the invention provides a method for producing such a solid projectile.

Background

For environmental and health reasons, in particular in the practice of shooting, the use of lead as a material for solid projectiles is increasingly unsuitable. Thus, there is a conflict of interest in the choice of materials for the solid projectile, particularly between good precision and flight range and environmental compatibility. Alternative materials for lead (such as tin, zinc, copper) have proven less suitable due to their low density, which will ensure better environmental compatibility, but will involve significant losses in terms of precision and flight range. Furthermore, alternatives to solid projectiles of steel or brass have a decisive disadvantage in terms of barrel life and resistance to press-through the barrel of a firearm (durchpressworkstage duration). This results in unfavorable internal ballistics. The pressure during the powder burn-off is too high and the resulting muzzle velocity is too low.

From US 4,109,581 a solid projectile made of soft iron is known. The solid projectile includes a ogive shaped projectile front, an adjoining slightly conical drive belt (which takes up about 1/3 to 1/4 of the length of the projectile), and a conical projectile tail. The ballistics, in particular the accuracy and the flight range of the projectile according to US 4,109,581 have proven to be disadvantageous. In addition, the elongated drive belt has an adverse effect on the internal trajectory of the projectile.

Disclosure of Invention

The object of the present invention is to overcome the drawbacks of the prior art and in particular to provide a solid projectile which is compatible with the environment and health and has improved ballistics, in particular accuracy.

Said object is solved by the subject-matter of

claims

1, 8, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21 and 22.

Accordingly, a solid projectile for ammunition, in particular a solid projectile having a caliber of less than 13mm, is provided. Calibre is commonly referred to as a measure of the outer diameter of the projectile or bullet and the inner diameter of the barrel of the firearm. For example, a solid projectile according to the invention may also be used with ammunition having a caliber of less than 7mm or up to 5.6 mm. In contrast to full-shell projectiles, which typically comprise a projectile shell made of a deformable material, such as a copper-zinc alloy, and a projectile core disposed therein (in particular pressed therein) that is manufactured separately from the projectile shell, solid projectiles do not comprise a separate projectile shell. In particular, the solid projectile is made in one piece.

According to an aspect of the invention, the solid projectile is made of iron, in particular soft iron, having a carbon content of more than 0.05%. It has been found that by increasing the carbon content, the hardness and tensile strength of the solid projectile are increased, which has a positive effect on projectile ballistics. By means of the solid projectile according to the invention, an environmentally compatible solid projectile with improved ballistics is produced. Furthermore, it has been found that the carbon content according to the invention has a corrosion protection effect on solid projectiles. In addition, the increased carbon content also helps limit diffusion between the barrel of the firearm and the solid projectile as the solid projectile is fired from the firearm.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the carbon content is in the range of 0.06% to 1.14%, in particular in the range of 0.08% to 0.12%. Such a carbon range has proven to be particularly advantageous in terms of ballistics. In particular, it has been found that when the carbon content is too high, the brittleness of the solid projectile increases too much, which has a negative impact on the manufacture and formability of the solid projectile.

In an exemplary embodiment, the solid projectile according to the invention is made of a material which, in addition to iron, also contains at least one further transition metal, for example selected from manganese and copper, the transition metal having in particular a mass fraction of 0.01% to 1.2% or 0.3% to 1%.

In another exemplary embodiment of the invention, the material of the solid projectile may include at least one additional additive selected from carbon groups, nitrogen groups and/or oxygen groups. For example, the at least one additive may be a metalloid. For example, the at least one additive may have a weight percentage of at least 0.01% to at most 0.48%.

In another exemplary embodiment, the iron of the solid projectile has a manganese content of 0.01% to 0.8%, in particular 0.03% to 0.6%.

According to a further improved example, the iron has a silicon content of less than 0.5%, in particular less than 0.4% or less than 0.3%.

In another exemplary embodiment, the iron has a phosphorus content in the range of 0.01% to 0.04%, in particular in the range of 0.02% to 0.03%.

Furthermore, it can be provided that the iron has a sulfur content in the range of 0.01% to 0.04%, in particular in the range of 0.02% to 0.03%.

In another exemplary embodiment, the iron has a copper content of less than 0.4%, in particular less than 0.3% or less than 0.25%.

For example, the solid projectile may be made of Saartahl C ₁₀ And C, preparing.

In a further refinement, the solid projectile according to the invention does not contain lead.

According to another aspect of the present invention which may be combined with the preceding aspects and exemplary embodiments, there is provided a solid projectile for ammunition, in particular a solid projectile having a caliber of less than 13 mm. The solid projectile is made of iron. In particular, the solid projectile is made in one piece and/or lead-free.

Furthermore, the solid projectile comprises a particularly ogive-shaped projectile head, an at least partially cylindrical drive belt abutting the projectile head for guiding the solid projectile in the barrel of the firearm, and a projectile tail abutting the drive belt. When reference is made in this specification to a head, a nose, a side of the head or a front side, or a tail, a tail or a rear side, this is to be understood with reference to the longitudinal axis of the projectile pointing in the direction of flight of the projectile. For example, the drive belt may be designed such that it engages in a convex-concave (Zug-Feld-profile) profile of the barrel of the firearm, which in particular serves to rotate the solid projectile to stabilize the trajectory of the projectile as it slides within the barrel of the firearm.

According to this aspect of the invention, the projectile tail includes a bottom portion, in particular a power transmission component facing the firearm, such as a firing pin, and a projectile base portion leading to the bottom portion. The projectile base is at least partially concavely tapered in the direction of the bottom. This means that the projectile base need not extend fully concave, in particular need not taper fully concave from the drive belt to the bottom of the projectile. In an alternative embodiment, the projectile base tapers completely concavely from the drive belt to the projectile bottom. In another exemplary embodiment, a substantially cylindrical projectile base section is adjoined on the rear side of the drive belt and on the front side of the concave section of the projectile base, the projectile base section having a smaller outer diameter than the guide belt. According to the invention, it has been found that there is a mass loss due to the lower density of the iron material compared to the lead material used in the standard, which can, however, be compensated in terms of ballistics and/or precision by the constructive design of the projectile tail according to the invention. By providing a projectile base, additional mass is added to the solid projectile, with concavity having a positive effect on the ballistics of the solid projectile, particularly stabilizing the solid projectile during flight, but without increasing the resistance of the solid projectile to punch through within the firearm barrel.

According to a further improved example of a solid projectile, the radius of curvature of the outer profile defining the base of the projectile is in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 times the maximum projectile outer diameter. For example, the radius of curvature is about 0.2 times the maximum outer diameter of the projectile. The largest outer diameter of the projectile is in the region of the drive belt.

According to a further improved example of a solid projectile, the at least partially concave projectile base extends in the longitudinal direction of the solid projectile by 0.2 to 0.6 times the maximum projectile outer diameter, in particular by 0.4 times the maximum projectile outer diameter, which may be in the region of a drive belt, for example. The length of the projectile base has been determined to be advantageous in providing additional mass and creating an aerodynamic projectile structure whose resistance to pressure penetration within the firearm barrel is positively affected.

In another exemplary embodiment of a solid projectile, the base comprises an outer diameter in the range of 0.6 to 0.9 times the maximum projectile outer diameter. In particular, the outer diameter is about 0.8 times the maximum outer diameter of the projectile. For example, the concave section of the projectile base opens directly into the projectile base, which is concentrically arranged relative to the longitudinal axis of the projectile. For example, the base has a rear end face oriented substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the projectile.

According to another aspect of the invention which may be combined with the preceding aspects and exemplary embodiments, there is provided a solid projectile for ammunition, in particular a solid projectile having a caliber of less than 13 mm. The solid projectile is made of iron and/or is lead-free.

Furthermore, the solid projectile comprises a particularly ogive-shaped projectile head, an at least partially cylindrical drive belt abutting the projectile head for guiding the solid projectile in the barrel of the firearm, and a projectile tail abutting the drive belt. For example, the drive belt may be designed such that it engages in a convex-concave profile of the firearm barrel, which is specifically used to rotate the solid projectile to stabilize the trajectory of the projectile as it slides within the firearm barrel.

According to this aspect of the invention, the transition from the projectile tail into the drive belt is formed by an outer profile projection where the outer diameter of the solid projectile increases continuously or abruptly. According to the invention, it has been found that by providing an external profile protrusion (as seen from the tail of the projectile) or an external profile indentation (as seen from the head of the projectile), the so-called breathing phenomenon of the barrel is ensured. Due to the outer contour protrusion, a particular radial widening of the barrel may be achieved when the pressure increases during firing, thereby allowing a smooth sliding of the solid projectile within the firearm barrel when the pressure increases during firing. It has been found that the gases generated inside the barrel of the firearm as a result of the combustion process are forced into an angled annular space region during firing, which is formed on the outside by the inner surface of the barrel of the firearm and on the inside by a trailing outer profile projection from the projectile tail into the drive belt. Thus, the firearm barrel is at least slightly elastically expanded in the radial direction, so that the press-through resistance inside the firearm barrel can be reduced. This also reduces wear between the outer surface of the solid projectile and the inner surface of the firearm barrel and therefore reduces wear. Transverse to the longitudinal axis of the projectile (i.e. in the radial direction), it is preferred that the outer profile projection is less than 0.2mm deep. The outer contour protrusion may, for example, extend straight or be concavely curved. Furthermore, the outer profile protrusion may ensure that the solid projectile is movable in a transition fit in a convex profile (Feldprofil). One advantage of the transition fit is that the press-through resistance is reduced. By means of the transition fit, it is also possible to regulate the gas slip, which depends on the type of solid projectile, which is an important influencing factor in terms of the accuracy of the solid projectile. Furthermore, the transition fit may delay the course of the initial plunging operation in time, so that when the firearm is fired, the impact on the solid projectile and the firearm barrel (the so-called initial impact) may be reduced (short term dynamics).

According to a further improved example of a solid projectile of the present invention, the outer profile projection has an inclination in the range of 10 ° to 90 °, in particular in the range of 20 ° to 80 °, 30 ° to 70 ° or in the range of 40 ° to 80 ° with respect to a projectile longitudinal axis which is oriented in the longitudinal direction of the solid projectile.

Furthermore, the solid projectile comprises a particularly ogive-shaped projectile head and an at least partially cylindrical driving band adjoining the projectile head for guiding the solid projectile in the barrel of the firearm. For example, the drive belt may be designed such that it engages in a convex-concave profile of the firearm barrel, which is specifically used to rotate the solid projectile to stabilize the trajectory of the projectile as it slides within the firearm barrel.

According to this further aspect of the invention, the transition from the drive belt into the projectile head is formed by an outer profile recess where the outer diameter of the solid projectile decreases continuously or abruptly. In accordance with the present invention, it has been found that providing an outer profile recess allows for smooth sliding of a solid projectile within a firearm barrel. Thus, wear between the outer surface of the solid projectile and the inner surface of the firearm barrel may be reduced. For example, the outer contour depressions may extend straight or be concavely curved. Furthermore, the outer profile depression may ensure that the solid projectile is movable in the convex profile with a transition fit. By means of the transition fit, it is also possible to regulate the gas slip, which depends on the type of solid projectile and is an important influencing factor in terms of the accuracy of the solid projectile. Furthermore, the transition fit may delay the course of the initial pressing operation in time, so that when the firearm is fired, the impact (so-called initial impact) on the solid projectile and the firearm barrel may be reduced (short term dynamics). The reduction in initial impact positively affects the life of the firearm barrel and the accuracy of the solid projectile.

According to a further improved example of a solid projectile according to the invention, the outer profile projection from the projectile tail into the drive belt and/or the outer profile recess from the drive belt into the projectile head has a radial depth dimensioned transversely to the projectile longitudinal axis of less than 0.5mm, in particular less than 0.4mm, 0.3mm or 0.2mm. By means of the radial projection of the drive belt relative to the projectile tail and/or projectile head, it is ensured that substantially only the drive belt engages in the recess profile of the firearm barrel or slides along it during firing. In this regard, wear between the firearm barrel and the outer surface of the solid projectile may be reduced.

According to another aspect of the present invention which may be combined with the preceding aspects and exemplary embodiments, there is provided a solid projectile for ammunition, in particular a solid projectile having a caliber of less than 13 mm. The solid projectile is made of iron and/or is lead-free.

The solid projectile includes an at least partially cylindrical drive belt for guiding the solid projectile in the barrel of the firearm, in particular for engagement in a groove of the male-female profile of the barrel of the firearm. The convex-concave profile is particularly useful for rotating a solid projectile as it slides within a firearm barrel in order to stabilize the trajectory of the projectile.

According to another aspect of the invention, the at least partially cylindrical drive belt has an axial length, dimensioned in the longitudinal direction of the solid projectile, in the range of 10 to 100 times the difference in the convex-concave profile of the firearm barrel. The inventors of the present invention have found that the length of the cylindrical drive belt is too large to be suitable for use with a solid iron projectile. For example, it can be provided that an axial section of the drive belt (which deviates from the cylindrical shape before the drive belt forms a cylindrical drive belt section) abuts a particularly ogive-shaped projectile head. For example, the cylindrical drive belt section may be sized such that a circumferential line of contact is formed between the drive belt and the inner surface of the firearm barrel.

The solid projectile includes a particularly ogive-shaped projectile head having a substantially flat end face oriented in the direction of the projectile longitudinal axis. The flat end face may for example be produced by cutting to length. For example, the flat end face has a diameter which is at least 10%, in particular 15%, at least 20% or at least 25% of the diameter of the bottom of the projectile. On the one hand, it has been found that the flat head-side end has a positive influence on the external ballistics of the solid projectile, in particular the solid projectile flies more stably, so that the solid projectile accuracy can be improved. Another advantage is that less force is required to produce a solid projectile during manufacturing, such as during forming, particularly during solid forming.

The solid projectile includes an at least partially cylindrical drive belt for guiding the solid projectile in the barrel of the firearm, in particular for engagement in a groove of the male-female profile of the barrel of the firearm. The convex-concave profile is particularly useful for rotating a solid projectile as it slides within a firearm barrel to stabilize the trajectory of the projectile.

According to a further aspect of the invention, the Vickers hardness in the area of the outer diameter of the drive belt is at most 150HV. For example, the production of a solid projectile according to the invention is carried out in such a way as to provide an iron blank having a certain size and a certain vickers hardness. The inventors of the present invention have found that even in the case of starting materials for iron blanks having a vickers hardness of 140HV, manufacture can be carried out in such a way that the vickers hardness increases only slightly in the region of the outer diameter of the drive belt, in particular up to values of up to 150HV. It has been found that machining, in particular moving and/or displacing, of the ferrous material causes a change in the hardness of the solid projectile. However, the aim during the manufacturing process is to perform only as much forming work as possible, but as little forming work as possible at least in the area of the drive belt. It has been found that with a uniform hardness distribution, the outer ballistic advantage is allowed to be achieved at least in the area of the drive belt and the centre of the projectile, which is close to the central axis of the projectile in the axial direction.

According to a further improved example of a projectile according to the invention, the vickers hardness in the area of the drive belt outer diameter is less than 10%, in particular less than 5% or less than 3% greater than the vickers hardness in the area of the projectile centre at the same height as the projectile longitudinal axis.

According to a further aspect of the invention which may be combined with the aforementioned aspects and exemplary embodiments, there is provided an intermediate for producing a solid projectile, in particular a lead-free solid projectile, formed according to one of the aforementioned embodiments or aspects.

The intermediate comprises iron, especially soft iron, especially Saartahl C ₁₀ C a pre-compaction body having a substantially cylindrical tail section and an adjoining concavely tapered front section. The front section can be produced, for example, by forming, in particular cold forming, such as pressing. For example, the tail section is designed to be further processed into a projectile tail. Furthermore, the front section can be designed for further processing into a particularly ogive-shaped projectile head. The inventors have found that by means of a concave front section, the deformation forces for further processing the intermediate body into a solid projectile can be reduced. Thereby, on the one hand, the manufacturing costs can be reduced, and on the other hand, the variation in hardness occurring in the projectile due to the shaping as described above is reduced. The pre-stressed body also makes it possible to produce more complex solid projectile shapes in a simple manner.

According to another aspect of the invention which may be combined with the preceding aspects and exemplary embodiments, there is provided a method for producing an intermediate body formed according to one of the preceding aspects for producing a particularly lead-free solid projectile, in particular for producing a solid projectile formed according to the preceding exemplary embodiment or aspect of the invention.

First, a cylindrical (in particular lead-free) iron blank is provided. The iron blank has certain external dimensions and hardness, in particular vickers hardness.

The iron blank is then given a concavely tapered shape in the front section. This can be done, for example, by forming, in particular cold forming, in particular pressing. During further processing into a solid projectile, the concave front section can be further processed into a ogive shape, in particular by forming, in particular by cold forming, in particular by pressing.

Adjacent to the front section, an at least partially cylindrical drive belt is formed for guiding a solid projectile in a firearm barrel. The drive belt can be produced by forming, in particular cold forming, in particular pressing.

If necessary, a projectile tail with a constant or at least partially continuously tapering outer diameter is then formed at the rear side of the drive belt, wherein, if necessary, an at least partially concavely tapering projectile base is formed in the region of the projectile tail. The projectile tail may be produced by forming, in particular cold forming, in particular pressing.

According to a further improved example of the method of the invention, the solid projectile is produced in particular by shaping, so that the iron blank is shortened by less than 20%, in particular by less than 15%. Alternatively or additionally, it may be provided that the diameter of the iron blank is increased by at most 25%, in particular by at most 20%. Furthermore, alternatively or additionally, it can be provided that the increase in the vickers hardness in the region of the outer diameter of the drive belt is less than 15%, in particular less than 10%. The production method according to the invention for producing an intermediate body and/or for producing a solid projectile ensures that the necessary material deformation on the iron blank can be reduced, resulting in a hardness distribution in the region of the intermediate body and/or the solid projectile that is significantly more uniform than previously possible in the prior art.

Preferred embodiments are given in the dependent claims.

Drawings

Further characteristics, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent hereinafter from the description of preferred embodiments of the invention, with reference to the accompanying exemplary drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a side view of an exemplary embodiment of a solid projectile in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a side view of an exemplary embodiment of an intermediate body according to the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 is a side view of the solid projectile of FIG. 1 with a hardness profile indicated;

FIG. 4 is a side view of another exemplary embodiment of a solid projectile in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view along line V-V in FIG. 4 with the addition of a firearm barrel;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along line VI-VI in FIG. 4 with the addition of the firearm barrel;

FIG. 7 is a side view of a blank for producing an intermediate body according to the invention and/or for producing a solid projectile according to the invention;

FIG. 8 is a side view of an exemplary embodiment of an intermediate body according to the present disclosure; and

fig. 9 is a side view of another exemplary embodiment of a solid projectile in accordance with the present invention.

Detailed Description

In the following description of an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a solid projectile according to the present invention is generally given the reference numeral 1 and a central body according to the present invention is generally given the reference numeral 100. For the following description of the exemplary embodiments based on the figures, the intermediate body 100 and the solid projectile 1 are made of a ferrous material, in particular C with a carbon content greater than 0.05% ₁₀ C Sasitter (C) ₁₀ C Saarstahl). A decisive advantage of the materials used is their improved environmental compatibility compared with the projectile materials used hitherto, such as in particular lead.

Fig. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of a solid projectile 1 according to the present invention in a side view. The flight direction F is schematically indicated by an arrow and is directed to the right in fig. 1. With reference to the projectile flight direction F, the terms "leading", "cephalad", "anterior" or "anterior" and "caudal", "caudal" or "posterior" are to be understood. Basically, the solid projectile 1 according to the invention can be divided into three main sections: a projectile head 3, a drive belt 5 adjacent thereto, and a projectile tail 7 adjacent the drive belt 5. The projectile head has a substantially ogive shape and tapers in the flight direction F towards a flat end face 11 directed in the flight direction F, forming a ogive 9. Unlike standard known solid projectiles, where the ogive 9 opens into the projectile tip, for example by shaping, the flat end face 11 is formed by cutting the ogive 9 to length. It has been found that flattening the ogive area and the resulting flat end face 11 in this way has a positive effect on the external trajectory of the solid projectile 1 and requires a significantly lower force when producing a head-side projectile ogive, which can be achieved, for example, by shaping.

The pointed arch 9 opens at the rear into the drive belt 5. In the direction of the drive belt 5, the curvature of the ogive 9 decreases continuously, so that the projectile head 3 at least approaches a cylindrical shape immediately before the transition into the drive belt 5. The drive belt 5 generally serves to guide the solid projectile 1 within the firearm barrel 15 (fig. 5, 6) and/or to engage the male-female profile A, B (fig. 5, 6) of the firearm barrel 15. The drive belt 5 determines the maximum outer diameter D of the solid projectile 1 in the solid projectile 1 according to the invention _a,max . This is achieved, inter alia, in that the transition 13 from the drive belt 5 to the projectile head 3 is formed by an outer contour depression where the outer diameter D of the solid projectile 1 is _a And suddenly decreases. The circumferential outer contour depression is schematically indicated in fig. 1 by means of a visible edge marked with reference numeral 15. By means of the outer contour recess 15 it can be ensured that substantially only the drive belt 5 engages in the recess contour of the firearm barrel 15. This is further illustrated below with reference to fig. 4-6. The resistance to the solid projectile 1 being pressed through the firearm barrel 15 can be reduced by minimizing the engagement and/or sliding contact between the solid projectile 1 and the firearm barrel 15 to the substantially preferably narrow drive belt 5.

Furthermore, as shown in fig. 1, the drive belt 5 is also radially offset at the rear from the projectile tail 7, where the projectile tail 7 abuts the drive belt 5. The transition 17 from the projectile tail 7 into the drive belt 5 is formed by an outer profile nose where the outer diameter D of the solid projectile 1 _a Continuously increasing. This is illustrated by two

visible edges

19, 21 which are axially spaced apart in the longitudinal direction of the projectile and between which the outer profile of the solid projectile 1 widens continuously in the radial direction in the direction of the drive belt 5.

The outer contour step in the region of the

transition

13, 17 can have an inclination in the range from 10 ° to 90 ° relative to the longitudinal axis of the projectile oriented in the longitudinal extension of the solid projectile 1, wherein, according to fig. 1, the transition 17 is in the range from 15 ° to 45 °, whereas at the transition 13 a 90 ° outer contour projection is formed from the projectile head 3 into the drive belt 5. Furthermore, the radial depth of the outer contour projection or the outer contour depression to be dimensioned transversely to the longitudinal axis of the projectile is less than 0.5mm, in particular about 0.2mm. In addition to the technical effect of reducing the press-through resistance through the firearm barrel 15, the rear-side outer profile projection from the projectile tail 7 into the drive belt 5 has the technical effect of so-called breathing of the firearm barrel 15 (Atmens). This is achieved because when the firearm is fired, the gas pressure that builds up or builds up creates an elastic widening of the firearm barrel 15, resulting in a more gradual sliding of the solid projectile 1 within the firearm barrel 15. This means that the press-through resistance gradually decreases. It has been found that the generated gas is pressed into the annular space defined between the outer contour projection in the transition 17 and the firearm barrel 15 and thus causes the barrel to expand radially elastically, with the result that there is less wear between the firearm barrel 15 and the solid projectile 1.

According to fig. 1, the projectile tail has a cylindrical tail section 23 directly adjoining the drive belt 5 or the transition 17. At the rear, the cylindrical tail section 23 adjoins a projectile base 27 which opens into the bottom 25 and tapers at least partially concavely in the direction of the bottom 25. Here, the radius of curvature of the concave section 27 of the projectile base is at the maximum projectile outer diameter D _a,max In the range of 0.1 to 0.5 times. The at least partially concave projectile base 27 further extends the maximum projectile outer diameter D in the longitudinal direction of the solid projectile 1 _a,max From 0.2 to 0.6 times. Furthermore, the bottom 25 of the projectile has an outer diameter D at the maximum projectile outer diameter _a,max 0.6 to 0.9 times the outer diameter D _a 。

Furthermore, according to the solid projectile 1 in fig. 1, it is provided that the axial length of the drive belt 5 dimensioned in the longitudinal direction of the solid projectile 1 is in the range of 10 to 100 times the difference in the male-female dimensions of the firearm barrel 15. Convex-The difference in the groove dimensions is understood to be the inner diameter D in the region of the groove dimension A _i (FIG. 6) and inner diameter D in the region of band dimension B _i (fig. 6).

Figure 2 shows a side view of a central body 100 for producing a solid projectile 1 according to the present invention. The intermediate body 100 comprises a pre-pressed body 101, which pre-pressed body 101 has a substantially cylindrical tail section 103 and an adjoining, concavely tapered front section 105. The front section 105 is intended to be further shaped as a particularly ogive shaped projectile head 3. In general, the production of the central body 100 or solid projectile 1 may be accomplished by forming from one piece, in particular cold forming (such as pressing). It was found that by providing the central body 100 with a concavely tapered front section 105, the force required for forming can be reduced. As a result, the ballistics of the solid projectile 1 can be improved. Deformations in the material, in particular in the iron blank and/or in the intermediate body 100, lead to local hardness changes, which have a negative effect on the ballistics. The correlation of the determination is explained with reference to fig. 7 to 9.

Fig. 3 again shows the solid projectile 1 according to fig. 1, wherein the hardness distribution according to Vickers (Vickers) is schematically indicated by a dashed line marking regions of substantially the same Vickers hardness. These regions will be discussed in more detail below: according to the representation of fig. 3, it is understood that the percentage change of the material hardness according to vickers is measured on the finished solid projectile 1 in comparison with the initial hardness according to vickers of the provided iron blank 200 (fig. 7), first the intermediate body 100 according to the invention being produced from the provided iron blank 200 and then the solid projectile 1 according to the invention being produced.

In this example, an initial hardness of 140HV 10/30 for an iron blank was selected, where a test load of 10N was applied for a load time of 30 s. A test load is determined based on the test load. The mass of the finished solid projectile 1 was about 7.3g. The increase in hardness with respect to vickers hardness is indicated on the basis of the dashed area in the side view of the solid projectile 1, which can be divided into local areas having approximately the same hardness. In fig. 3, regions of substantially the same hardness are labeled with the same reference numeral, which will be discussed in detail below.

The maximum percentage hardness change (in particular hardness increase) identified in the front and rear is indicated by reference numeral 29. The hardness increase of more than 40% is measured in the regions immediately adjacent to the projectile base 25 or the front side end face 11, which are symmetrical with respect to the central axis M of the projectile and taper convexly from the respective end face, the projectile base 25 or the end face 11. In region 29, there is a Vickers hardness of at least 200HV 10/30. The majority of the solid projectiles, indicated by reference numeral 35, experienced a hardness increase of about 10% to 20%, such that vickers hardness in the range of 150HV 10/30 to 170HV 10/30 could be measured. In the elongated, approximately elliptical region 33, which extends over about 2/3 to 3/4 of the axial dimension of the solid projectile 1 in the region of the central projectile axis M, minimal hardness variation is introduced in the material. In region 33, the hardness increases by less than 50% so that a Vickers hardness of less than 150HV 10/30 can be measured. Interestingly, the solid projectile 1 according to the invention can achieve a very small increase in hardness of about 7% or a vickers hardness in the range of about 150HV 10/30 in the region of the cylindrical tail section 23 and a portion of the pointed arch 9 in the region of the drive belt 5 and clearly beyond in the axial direction, so that in the region of the convex-concave dimensions of the solid projectile 1 and in the region (region 33) in the vicinity of the projectile central axis M, there is substantially the same vickers hardness. According to the invention, it was found that the uniform hardness distribution formed in this way has a positive effect on the ballistics and accuracy of the solid projectile 1.

Fig. 4 shows another exemplary embodiment of a solid projectile 1 according to the present invention. In the following description, differences from the previous embodiment will be explained in essence in order to avoid repetition. For example, the solid projectile 1 according to fig. 1 and 3 represents a so-called 9mm projectile, while fig. 4 shows a 13mm projectile. Another essential difference of the solid projectile 1 according to fig. 4 is that the

transitions

13, 17 are realized in different ways: in contrast to fig. 1, 3, in the solid projectile 1 according to fig. 4, the head-side transition 13 is formed by an outer profile projection widening radially outwards from the projectile head 3 into the drive belt 5,the outer diameter D of the solid projectile 1 at the profile nose before the outer profile is defined by the narrowed, cylindrical drive belt 5 engaged in the groove dimension A of the firearm barrel 15 _a Continuously increases. Again, at the rear of the drive belt 5, the transition 17 from the drive belt 5 into the projectile tail 7 is formed by an abrupt outer profile recess in which the outer diameter D is in-creased _a And suddenly decreases. In contrast to the embodiment according to fig. 1, 3, the projectile tail 7 adjoining the drive belt 5 on the rear side does not comprise a concave projectile base 27, but rather a chamfered projectile bottom 25 which opens into the elongate cylindrical section 23 of the projectile tail 7 by means of a phase 37 oriented at an angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the projectile.

With reference to fig. 5, 6, fig. 5, 6 are cross-sectional views corresponding to lines v-v and vi-vi, respectively, and with the addition of a firearm barrel 15 schematically, the different outer diameters D of the solid projectile 1 _a Is obvious. The cross-sectional view v-v in fig. 5 is cut along the drive belt 5, while the cross-sectional view vi-vi in fig. 6 is cut at the rear in the region of the cylindrical tail section 23. Schematically and significantly exaggerated, the male-female dimensional profile is indicated in fig. 5, 6, wherein the male dimensional profile is indicated by means of reference sign B and the female dimensional profile is indicated by means of reference sign a. A groove 39 (shown in the form of a notch) disposed on the inner circumference 41 of the firearm barrel 15 is indicated by means of reference numeral 39. From the combination of fig. 5 and 6, it can be seen that the outer diameter D in the region of the drive belt 5 (fig. 5) _a Dimensioned to be greater than the outer diameter D in the region of the cylindrical tail section 23 (FIG. 6) _a . For the sake of clarity, the dimension of the groove 39 in the radial direction is larger than in reality. In addition, the radial distance between the solid projectile 1 and the firearm barrel inner circumferential surface 41 is also shown in exaggerated form. As can be seen in fig. 5, the narrow band cylindrical drive belt 5 is configured to substantially map the groove dimension a of the barrel within the firearm and thus engage the groove 39 of the firearm barrel 15. In contrast, the cylindrical tail section 23 substantially maps the convex dimensional profile B of the firearm barrel 15 and is therefore substantially exclusivelyEngaging in each of the areas 43 arranged between two adjacent grooves 39.

With reference to fig. 7 to 9, the manufacturing method according to the invention is explained on the one hand and the uniform hardness distribution on the manufactured solid projectile 1 according to the invention is discussed again. In fig. 7, a cylindrical iron blank 200 is provided, the cylindrical iron blank 200 having predetermined dimensions, such as an axial length of just less than 30 mm, particularly 28.55 mm, and a diameter of less than 5mm, particularly about 4.7 mm. First, the intermediate body 100 according to the invention (fig. 8) is first formed from an iron blank 200, in particular by forming, preferably cold forming. For this purpose, the concavely tapered front section 105 is preferably formed on the front side by forming, in particular cold forming.

The pre-pressed body 101 produced in this way is then further processed into a solid projectile 1 according to the invention as shown in fig. 9. The iron blank 200 is further machined in such a way that the intermediate body 100 according to fig. 8 undergoes an increase in diameter of about 15% and a decrease in length of about 5%, so that the intermediate body 100 has a length of, for example, 27.09 mm and a diameter of 5.4 mm. Starting from the central body 100, the finished solid projectile 1 according to fig. 9 is again shortened by about 9%, with a diameter increase of about 5% again, so that the solid projectile has a length of, for example, 24.7 mm and a maximum outer diameter D of 5.66 mm _a,max . For example, a 5.56mm solid projectile 1 has a mass of 3.88 g. Relative to the initially provided C ₁₀ An iron blank of C material, which means an increase in the overall diameter of about 20% and a reduction in the overall length of about 13.5%.

The features disclosed in the foregoing description, in the drawings and in the claims may be essential to the implementation of the invention in various embodiments, both individually and in any combination.

List of reference numerals

1. Solid projectile

3. Projectile head

5. Driving belt

7. Projectile tail

9. Cuspidal arch

11. End face

13. 17 transition part

15. Firearm barrel

19. 21 visible edge

23. Tail section

25. Bottom part

27. Projectile base

29. 31, 33, 35 of substantially equal hardness

37. Phase position

39. Groove

41. Inner circumference

43. Region(s)

100. Intermediate product

101. Prepressing body

103. Tail section

105: front section

200. Steel blank

M center shaft

Direction of flight F

A groove profile

B-convex profile

Claims

1. A solid projectile (1) for ammunition, the solid projectile (1) having in particular a caliber of less than 13mm, wherein the solid projectile (1) is made of iron, in particular soft iron, having a carbon content of more than 0.05%.

2. The solid projectile (1) according to claim 1, wherein the carbon content is in the range of 0.06 to 1.14%, in particular in the range of 0.08 to 0.12%.

3. The solid projectile (1) as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the solid projectile (1) is made of a material comprising at least one further transition metal in addition to iron, such as manganese and copper, in particular having a mass fraction of 0.01% to 1.2% or 0.3% to 1%.

4. The solid projectile (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the iron of the solid projectile (1) comprises at least one additive selected from carbon groups, nitrogen groups and/or oxygen groups, wherein in particular the at least one additive is a metalloid, in particular silicon, and/or the at least one additive has a weight percentage of at least 0.01% up to 0.48%.

5. The solid projectile (1) according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said iron has a manganese content of 0.01% to 0.8%, in particular of 0.03% to 0.6%.

6. The solid projectile (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the iron has a silicon content of less than 0.5%, in particular less than 0.4% or less than 0.3%.

7. The solid projectile (1) according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said iron has a phosphorus content in the range of 0.01% to 0.04%, in particular in the range of 0.02% to 0.03%.

8. The solid projectile (1) according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said iron has a sulphur content in the range of 0.01% to 0.04%, in particular in the range of 0.02% to 0.03%.

9. The solid projectile (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the iron has a copper content of less than 0.4%, in particular less than 0.3% or less than 0.25%.

10. A solid projectile (1) for ammunition, in particular a solid projectile (1) according to any of the preceding claims, the solid projectile (1) in particular having a caliber of less than 13mm, the solid projectile (1) being made of iron, the solid projectile (1) comprising a particularly ogive shaped projectile head (3), an at least partially cylindrical drive belt (5) abutting the projectile head (3) for guiding the solid projectile (1) in a firearm barrel (15), in particular for engaging in a groove of a convex-concave profile of a firearm barrel (15), and a projectile tail (7) abutting the drive belt (5), the projectile tail (7) comprising a bottom and a projectile base opening into the bottom and tapering at least partially concavely in the direction of the bottom.

11. The solid projectile (1) of claim 10, wherein the radius of curvature defining the outer profile of the projectile base is in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 times the maximum projectile outer diameter.

12. The solid projectile (1) according to any one of claims 10 to 11, wherein the at least partially concave projectile base extends in the longitudinal direction of the solid projectile (1) from 0.2 to 0.6 times the maximum projectile outer diameter.

13. The solid projectile (1) according to any one of claims 10 to 12, wherein the base comprises an outer diameter in the range of 0.6 to 0.9 times the maximum projectile outer diameter.

14. A solid projectile (1) for ammunition, in particular a solid projectile (1) according to any of the preceding claims, the solid projectile (1) in particular having a caliber of less than 13mm, the solid projectile (1) being made of iron, the solid projectile (1) comprising a particularly ogival shaped projectile head (3), an at least partially cylindrical drive belt (5) abutting the projectile head (3), and a projectile tail (7) adjacent to the drive belt (5) for guiding the solid projectile (1) in a firearm barrel (15), in particular for engaging in a groove of a convex-concave profile of a firearm barrel (15), wherein a transition from the projectile tail (7) into the drive belt (5) is formed by an outer profile projection at which the outer diameter of the solid projectile (1) increases continuously or abruptly.

15. The solid projectile (1) according to claim 14, wherein the outer profile projection has an inclination in the range from 10 ° to 90 ° with respect to a projectile longitudinal axis oriented in the longitudinal direction of the solid projectile (1).

16. A solid projectile (1) for ammunition, in particular a solid projectile (1) according to any of the preceding claims, the solid projectile (1) in particular having a caliber of less than 13mm, the solid projectile (1) being made of iron, the solid projectile (1) comprising a particularly ogive shaped projectile head (3), an at least partially cylindrical drive belt (5) abutting the projectile head (3), and a projectile tail (7) adjacent to the drive belt (5), the drive belt being intended to guide the solid projectile (1) in a firearm barrel (15), in particular to engage in a groove of the convex-concave profile of a firearm barrel (15), wherein the transition from the drive belt (5) into the projectile head (3) is formed by an outer profile recess where the outer diameter of the solid projectile (1) decreases continuously or abruptly.

17. A solid projectile (1) according to claim 16, wherein the outer profile concavity has an inclination in the range from 10 ° to 90 ° with respect to a projectile longitudinal axis oriented in the longitudinal direction of the solid projectile (1).

18. The solid projectile (1) according to any one of claims 14 to 17, wherein the outer profile protrusion and/or the outer profile recess has: a radial depth of less than 0.5mm, in particular less than 0.4mm, 0.3mm or 0.2mm, dimensioned transversely to the projectile longitudinal axis.

19. A solid projectile (1) for ammunition, in particular a solid projectile (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, the solid projectile (1) in particular having a caliber of less than 13mm, the solid projectile (1) being made of iron, the solid projectile (1) comprising a particularly ogival shaped projectile head (3), an at least partially cylindrical drive belt (5) adjoining it for guiding the solid projectile (1) in a firearm barrel (15), in particular for engaging in a groove of a convex-concave profile of a firearm barrel (15), the drive belt (5) having an axial length dimensioned in the longitudinal direction of the solid projectile (1) in the range of 10 to 100 times the difference of the convex-concave profile of the firearm barrel (15).

20. A solid projectile (1) for ammunition, in particular a solid projectile (1) according to any of the preceding claims, the solid projectile (1) in particular having a caliber of less than 13mm, the solid projectile (1) being made of iron, the solid projectile (1) comprising a particularly pointed-arch shaped projectile head (3), the projectile head (3) having a substantially flat end face oriented in the direction of the projectile longitudinal axis, in particular produced by cutting to length.

21. A solid projectile (1) for ammunition, in particular a solid projectile (1) according to any of the preceding claims, the solid projectile (1) in particular having a caliber of less than 13mm, the solid projectile (1) being made of iron, the solid projectile (1) comprising an at least partially cylindrical drive belt (5) for guiding the solid projectile (1) in a firearm barrel (15), in particular for engaging in a groove of a male-female profile of a firearm barrel (15), wherein the vickers hardness in the region of the drive belt outer diameter is at most 150HV.

22. A solid projectile (1) according to claim 21, wherein the vickers hardness in the area of the drive belt outer diameter is less than 10%, in particular less than 5% or less than 3% greater than the vickers hardness in the area of the projectile centre at the same height as the projectile longitudinal axis.

23. Intermediate body (100) for producing a solid projectile (1), the solid projectile (1) being formed in particular according to any one of the preceding claims, the intermediate body (1) comprising a pre-compaction body made of iron having a substantially cylindrical tail (103) and an adjoining concavely tapered front section (105), the front section (105) being produced in particular by forming, in particular cold forming such as pressing.

24. Method for producing an intermediate body (100), in particular according to claim 23, the intermediate body (100) being used for producing a solid projectile (1), in particular for producing a solid projectile (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein a cylindrical iron blank (200) is provided and the iron blank (200) is shaped in a front section (105), in particular by forming, in particular cold forming, in particular pressing, into a concavely tapering shape, wherein in particular the concave front section (105) is shaped by forming, in particular cold forming, in particular pressing, into a pointed arch shape and in particular by forming, in particular cold forming, in particular pressing, an at least partially cylindrical drive belt (5) adjoining the front section (105) for guiding the solid projectile (1) in a firearm barrel (15), and possibly an at least partially continuously tapering outer projectile diameter (7) adjoining the drive belt (5), in particular by forming, in particular cold forming, in particular pressing.

25. Method according to claim 24, wherein the solid projectile (1) is produced in particular by shaping in such a way that the iron blank (200) is shortened by less than 20%, in particular by less than 15%, and/or the diameter of the iron blank is increased by at most 25%, in particular by at most 20%, and/or the Vickers hardness in the region of the drive belt outer diameter is increased by less than 15%, in particular by less than 10%.