CN115322444A - 一种抑菌聚电解质复合物及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本申请公开了一种抑菌聚电解质复合物及其制备方法,所述复合物的制备原料包括羧甲基纤维素钠、壳聚糖。制备方法如下:分别将壳聚糖和羧甲基纤维素钠粉末溶解,后将羧甲基纤维钠缓慢倒入壳聚糖溶液中,期间控制流速和搅拌转速,使得形成质地均匀包埋有羧甲基纤维素钠和壳聚糖且具有网络结构的聚电解质复合物。其对革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌都有一定的抑菌性能。本申请的抑菌聚电解质复合物制备方法简单、耗时少,为制备具有抑菌性的复合物提供一种新方法。同时原材料的制备都来源于可再生资源,且具有生物可降解性,减少了环境的污染。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于天然聚合物技术领域,具体涉及抑菌聚电解质复合物及其制备方法。
背景技术
单一的纯天然聚合物存在机械强度差、尺寸稳定性差、功能性差等缺点,在实际的生产应用中,大多数聚合物需要交联才能保持复杂的结构特征。聚电解质复合物技术因其高封装效率、相对较低的加工成本和室温合成而在超分子研究中脱颖而出。目前对聚合电解质的研究已经扩展到许多领域,包括利用氢键、酰胺化和链的交错作用合成了蒙脱土协同羧甲基纤维素钠和壳聚糖水凝胶用于污水处理研究领域、借助高转速搅拌器将透明质酸钠和壳聚糖充分反应后得到的聚合物冷冻干燥后用于组织再生生物材料研究领域、以及形成包埋药物的聚电解质复合物用药物递送的研究。
天然聚合物中纤维素和甲壳素衍生物对应的衍生物分别是羧甲基纤维素和壳聚糖。不溶性纤维素可以被化学修饰成水溶性纤维素酯或醚类衍生物。溶液中的电离聚电解质可以与带相反电荷的聚电解质形成络合物。由于这种相互作用,两种溶液形式存在的阴离子聚合电解质羧甲基纤维素钠溶液与阳离子聚合电解质壳聚糖溶液反应形成具有网络结构的聚电解质复合物。然而在多数研究中需要加入额外的交联剂以及后续高成本的工艺手段使其具有特殊用途。Cerchiara等在药物递送领域研究中,采用喷雾干燥法制备了包埋万古霉素的壳聚糖和羧甲基纤维素聚电解质复合物的微颗粒,以1:3比例制备的微球收率、包封率和载药量最佳,在pH=7.4时,药物的释放时间延长(Carbohyd Polym, 2016, 143,124-130)。吴淑茗等在复合膜的研究领域中,在羧甲基纤维素钠-壳聚糖聚电解质复合膜的合成工艺中加入聚乙烯醇用于提高整体复合膜在水中的溶解性,其中胺羧甲基纤维素和壳聚糖的比为1:1,聚乙烯醇质量份数为1%时,复合膜模拟人体血清中的吸液倍率达到最大,保水能力优异(云南化工, 2021, 48(4):40-42)。相较于前两者,本发明提出了单纯的羧甲基纤维素钠和壳聚糖两种溶液通过物理共混交联的制备方法合成具有网络结构的聚电解质复合物,不使用任何交联剂,通过优化合成聚电解质复合物的工艺条件,合成了一种具有抑菌性能且质地均匀网络结构的聚电解质复合物。
发明内容
解决的技术问题:本申请主要是解决现有技术中存在的机械强度差、尺寸稳定性差、功能性差等技术问题,提供一种抑菌聚电解质复合物及其制备方法,为医用敷料和污水处理提供了一种简单快捷制备的材料。
技术方案:
一种抑菌聚电解质复合物的制备方法,具体包括如下步骤:
第一步,羧甲基纤维素钠溶液的制备:按质量份数配比取羧甲基纤维素钠1-3份溶解于100份去离子水中,置于50-80℃水浴进行搅拌,直至完全溶解,离心去除气泡,得到羧甲基纤维素钠溶液,溶液储存于4℃冰箱中保存待用;
第二步,壳聚糖溶液制备:按质量份数配比取壳聚糖1-3份溶解于100份含有0.5-2wt%冰醋酸的酸性溶液中,置于30-70℃水浴进行搅拌,离心去除气泡,得壳聚糖溶液待用;
第三步,聚电解质复合物的制备:按质量浓度比羧甲基纤维素钠溶液:壳聚糖溶液=3:1~1:3取羧甲基纤维素钠溶液和壳聚糖溶液,将羧甲基纤维素钠溶液以5滴/s加入壳聚糖溶液中,边加入边搅拌,且用pH计监测反应体系的pH,通过滴加NaOH溶液使反应体系的pH维持在2-6之间,滴加完全后,将混合溶液置于水浴温度4-80℃、800 rpm持续搅拌2 min后,静置过夜以去除制备体系中的气泡,制得抑菌聚电解质复合物。
作为本发明的一种优选技术方案:所述第一步中羧甲基纤维素钠与去离子水质量份数配比为1:100。
作为本发明的一种优选技术方案:所述第二步中壳聚糖与冰醋酸质量份数配比为2:1。
作为本发明的一种优选技术方案:所述第三步中羧甲基纤维素钠溶液与壳聚糖溶液的质量浓度比为1:2。
作为本发明的一种优选技术方案:所述第三步中反应体系的pH为4,反应体系水浴温度为25℃。
作为本发明的一种优选技术方案:所述冰醋酸的酸性溶液按质量百分比由冰醋酸:水=0.5-2:99.5-98配制而成。
本申请还公开了上述制备方法制得的抑菌聚电解质复合物。
有益效果:本申请所述抑菌聚电解质复合物及其制备方法采用以上技术方案与现有技术相比,具有以下技术效果:
1、该聚电解质复合物利用聚电解质复合物自组装的原理和壳聚糖的抑菌性能,利用聚电解质之间的相互静电作用以及大分子之间的范德华力、氢键、疏水相互作用从而改变两者的流变性的特征,合成了一种具有抑菌性能且质地均匀网络结构的聚电解质复合物。
2、相较于之前对于天然聚合物的研究和应用中,需要使用毒性的交联剂(如碳二酰亚胺、戊二醛、甲醛、异氰酸酯)和复杂的工艺手段,本研究通过控制制备体系的组合参数,成功地实现了在不使用额外交联剂的情况下,通过简单的物理共混合成具有抑菌和交联液泡结构的聚电解质复合物的策略。
3、通过磁搅拌器进行简单的物理共混,无需交联,在室温条件下制备出吸水性高、液泡结构交联的抗菌聚电解质复合物(抑菌率达31.3%),为多糖高分子在环境废水处理中的应用提供了可能。
附图说明
图1为本申请的实施例提供的聚电解质复合物的在不同壳聚糖和羧甲基纤维素钠溶液质量浓度比(羧甲基纤维素钠:壳聚糖,wt%:wt%)和聚电解复合物产率关系;
图2为本申请的实施例提供的不同反应体系的pH值呈现的形态照片(a:pH=2;b:pH=3;c:pH=4;d:pH=5);
图3为本申请的实施例提供的反应体系的pH值和聚电解复合物产率关系;
图4为本申请的实施例提供的聚电解质复合物的形态照片(反应体系pH=4,25 ℃;羧甲基纤维素钠和壳聚糖的质量浓度比为1:2;搅拌转速800 rpm,2 min);其中a:所制备的聚电解质复合物在摸具中的形态照片;b: 所制备的聚电解质复合物的交联网状结构具有较强的依附性图;
图5为本申请的实施例提供的聚电解质复合物对大肠杆菌埃希氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈(A:大肠杆菌对照组;B:大肠杆菌抑菌组;C:金黄色葡萄球菌对照组;D:金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌组);
图6为本申请的实施例提供的聚电解质复合物对大肠杆菌埃希氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌在液体培养基的抑菌性能实验图(a:大肠杆菌埃希氏菌抑菌实验组;b:金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌实验组)。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本申请作进一步详细描述,有必要在此指出的是,以下具体实施方式只用于对本申请进行进一步的说明,不能理解为对本申请保护范围的限制,该领域的技术人员可以根据上述申请内容对本申请作出一些非本质的改进和调整。
实施例1
抑菌聚电解质复合物的制备方法,具体包括如下步骤:
第一步,羧甲基纤维素钠溶液的制备:按质量份数配比取羧甲基纤维素钠1份溶解100份于去离子水中,加热条件优选置于60℃水浴进行搅拌,直至完全溶解,离心去除气泡,得到羧甲基纤维素钠溶液,溶液储存于4℃冰箱中保存待用;
第二步,壳聚糖溶液制备:按质量份数配比取壳聚糖1份,溶解于100份含有1%冰醋酸的酸性溶液中(冰醋酸酸性溶液是由冰醋酸:水按质量百分比1:99制得),置于50 ℃水浴进行搅拌,离心去除气泡,得壳聚糖溶液待用;
第三步,按质量浓度比为羧甲基纤维素钠溶液:壳聚糖溶液=3:1、2:1、1:1、1:2、1:3,分别称取羧甲基纤维素钠溶液和壳聚糖溶液制备抑菌聚电解质复合物:将羧甲基纤维素钠溶液以5滴/s边搅拌边加入壳聚糖溶液中,且用pH计监测反应体系的pH,通过滴加NaOH溶液使反应体系的pH维持在4,滴加完全后,将混合溶液置于25 ℃、800 rpm持续搅拌2 min后,静置过夜以去除制备体系中的气泡,得到不同壳聚糖和羧甲基纤维素钠溶液比的抑菌聚电解质复合物;
第四步:通过分光光度法测定上清液中壳聚糖分子和茚三酮生成有色缩合产物,来计算出合成聚电解质复合物的产率。吸收0.5 mL的反应上清液至10mL比色管中。加入1.0mL的乙酸钠缓冲溶液(2mol/L,pH5.5)、1.0 mL茚三酮溶液(1 wt%)、0.5 mL双蒸水,混匀,沸水浴加热15 min。变色后,将溶液迅速冷却至室温,按照比例固定60%乙醇体积加入。在570nm处测量吸光度值并带入标准曲线。
不同羧甲基纤维素钠溶液和壳聚糖的质量浓度浓度比下的抑菌聚电解质复合物产率如图1所示。可以发现的是壳聚糖的浓度与聚电解质复合物的产率呈现正相关,而与羧甲基纤维素钠的浓度无相关性。
实施例2
抑菌聚电解质复合物的制备方法,具体包括如下步骤:
第一步,羧甲基纤维素钠溶液的制备:按质量份数配比取羧甲基纤维素钠1份溶解100份于去离子水中,加热条件优选置于60 ℃水浴进行搅拌,直至完全溶解,离心去除气泡,得到羧甲基纤维素钠溶液,溶液储存于4℃冰箱中保存待用;
第二步,壳聚糖溶液制备:按质量份数配比取壳聚糖2份,溶解于100份含有1%冰醋酸的酸性溶液中(冰醋酸酸性溶液是由冰醋酸:水按质量百分比1:99制得),置于50 ℃水浴进行搅拌,离心去除气泡,得壳聚糖溶液待用;
第三步,按壳聚糖溶液和羧甲基纤维素钠溶液的质量浓度比为2:1,制备抑菌聚电解质复合物:将羧甲基纤维素钠溶液以5滴/s加入壳聚糖溶液中,边搅拌边滴加NaOH溶液,且用pH计监测反应体系的pH,使反应体系的pH分别维持在2、3、4、5、6;滴加完全后,将混合溶液置于室温(25 ℃)、800 rpm持续搅拌2 min后,静置过夜以去除制备体系中的气泡,得不同pH条件下的抑菌聚电解质复合物;
第四步:通过分光光度法测定上清液中壳聚糖分子和茚三酮生成有色缩合产物,来计算出合成聚电解质复合物的产率。吸收0.5 mL的反应上清液至10mL比色管中。加入1.0mL的乙酸钠缓冲溶液(2mol/L,pH5.5)、1.0 mL茚三酮溶液(1 wt%)、0.5 mL双蒸水,混匀,沸水浴加热15 min。变色后,将溶液迅速冷却至室温,按照比例固定60%乙醇体积。在570 nm处测量吸光度值并带入标准曲线。
不同pH条件下抑菌聚电解质复合物状态如图2所示,产率如图3所示。壳聚糖的正电荷与去乙酰化有关,由于氨基的pKa在pH 6.3-7.2,其电荷密度随着pH的增加而下降。羧甲基纤维素钠由于羧基pKa在3.5 ~ 4.0时带负电荷,其电荷密度随着pH值的增加而增加。在pH 3时,壳聚糖侧链上的氨基主要以质子化的形式存在(-NH3 +),而羧甲基纤维素钠的侧链上超过一半的羧基不带电(-COOH),因此,羧甲基纤维素钠与壳聚糖之间存在斥力。这说明反应体系pH为3时,制备的聚电解质复合物具有独立的球状结构,产率较低。最强烈的相互作用发生在复合物的电荷接近中性的点。pH 4时,羧甲基纤维素钠侧链上带负电荷的羧基数量增加,而壳聚糖侧链上的氨基仍然质子化。从宏观照片上还可以对不同pH体系制备的聚电解复合物进行比较。在相同的搅拌速度和时间下,pH 4条件下制备的聚电解质复合物具有致密的交联结构。随着体系pH的增加,壳聚糖的质子化度降低。反应体系的pH值超过6时,pH对产率的影响不大,宏观上可以观察到白色絮凝体的产生。这是由于壳聚糖的晶体结构和分子间氢键形成的乙酰基或初生氨基酸残基的构象特征使得壳聚糖只能在酸性环境中溶解(约pH6.3)。壳聚糖和羧甲基纤维素钠溶液的质量浓度比为2:1,反应体系pH4,所制备的聚电解质质地均一,并且所制备的交联液泡结构的聚电解质相互具有依附性,如图4所示。
实施例3
抑菌聚电解质复合物的平板抑菌实验,具体包括如下步骤:
第一步,大肠杆菌(ATCC 24752)抑菌实验,实验过程:以大肠杆菌(ATCC 24752)为研究对象,评价复合物的抑菌效果。参照实施例2在反应体系为pH=4条件下制备的聚电解质复合物用滤纸析出表面多余水分,用模具切割出相同尺度大小(直径1cm)的聚电解质复合物。将100μL菌悬液(OD600=0.6)接种到Luria-Bertani琼脂平板(酵母提取物 5.0 g/L、胰蛋白胨 10 g/L、NaCl 10.0 g/L、琼脂粉 15 g/L)表面,并用涂布棒将菌液涂布均匀,之后将聚电解质复合物置于琼脂培养基表面。在恒温培养箱中培养12h小时后,观察抑菌圈的大小,结果见图5B;
第二步,金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC 6538)抑菌实验,实验过程:以金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC 6538)为研究对象,评价复合物的抑菌效果。实验方法同第一步,结果见图5D;如图6b所示,聚电解质复合物对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均有一定的抑菌作用,且对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果更强。所制备的聚电解质复合物具有抗菌效果的主要原因分析是因为壳聚糖溶液被交联形成的液泡结构(聚电解质复合物)包裹。在细菌培养中,具有交联结构的聚电解质复合物提供了一个酸性环境,壳聚糖的氨基质子化基团(-NH3 +)可以与细菌膜上带负电荷基团的实体(脂类和蛋白质)相互作用,导致细菌死亡。这进一步说明制备的聚电解质复合物对革兰氏阳性菌(金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 6538)的抑菌效果优于对革兰氏阴性菌(大肠杆菌ATCC 25922),原因是两种菌膜的差异。前者的外膜主要由带负电荷的肽聚糖层组成,后者的外膜结构由脂多糖和脂蛋白组成。
实施例4
抑菌聚电解质复合物的液体培养抑菌实验,具体包括如下步骤:
第一步,大肠杆菌(ATCC 24752)抑菌实验,实验过程:以大肠杆菌(ATCC 24752)为研究对象,评价复合物的抑菌效果。将100 μL种子液(OD600 = 0.6)用移液枪转移至50 mL的Luria-Bertani培养基中。将参照实施例2在反应体系为pH=4条件下制备聚电解质复合物(羧甲基纤维素钠-壳聚糖)用滤纸吸出表面的多余水分后,称取10g 聚电解质复合物放入培养基中和细菌共培养,恒温摇床中12 h (37 ℃,150 rpm)。采用浊度法(分光光度计OD600对应值)测量细菌的生长情况,取样4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h和12 h进行分析;如图6a所示,在12 h细菌培养后,聚电解质复合物对大肠杆菌有一定的抑菌效果。根据空白对照组的数据可以计算出聚电解质复合物的抑菌率为14.56 %。
第二步,金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC 6538)抑菌实验,实验过程:以金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC 6538)为研究对象,评价复合物的抑菌效果。实验方法同第一步。
如图6b所示,在12 h细菌培养后,聚电解质复合物对金黄色葡萄球菌有较高的抑菌效果。根据空白对照组的数据可以计算出聚电解质复合物的抑菌率为31.30 %。
以上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式,但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制,其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化,均应为等效的置换方式,都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (7)
1.一种抑菌聚电解质复合物的制备方法,其特征在于,具体包括如下步骤:
第一步,羧甲基纤维素钠溶液的制备:按质量份数配比取羧甲基纤维素钠1-3份溶解于100份去离子水中,置于50-80℃水浴进行搅拌,直至完全溶解,离心去除气泡,得到羧甲基纤维素钠溶液,溶液储存于4℃冰箱中保存待用;
第二步,壳聚糖溶液制备:按质量份数配比取壳聚糖1-3份溶解于100份含有0.5-2%冰醋酸的酸性溶液中,置于30-70℃水浴进行搅拌,离心去除气泡,得壳聚糖溶液待用;
第三步,聚电解质复合物的制备:按质量浓度比羧甲基纤维素钠溶液:壳聚糖溶液=3:1~1:3取羧甲基纤维素钠溶液和壳聚糖溶液,将羧甲基纤维素钠溶液以5滴/s加入壳聚糖溶液中,边加入边搅拌,且用pH计监测反应体系的pH,通过滴加NaOH溶液使反应体系的pH维持在2-6之间,滴加完全后,将混合溶液置于水浴温度4-80℃、800 rpm持续搅拌2 min后,静置过夜以去除制备体系中的气泡,制得抑菌聚电解质复合物。
2.根据权利要求1所述抑菌聚电解质复合物的制备方法,其特征在于:所述第一步中羧甲基纤维素钠与去离子水质量份数配比为1:100。
3.根据权利要求1所述抑菌聚电解质复合物的制备方法,其特征在于:所述第二步中壳聚糖与冰醋酸质量份数配比为2:1。
4.根据权利要求1所述抑菌聚电解质复合物的制备方法,其特征在于:所述第三步中羧甲基纤维素钠溶液与壳聚糖溶液的质量浓度比为1:2。
5.根据权利要求1所述抑菌聚电解质复合物的制备方法,其特征在于:所述第三步中反应体系的pH为4,反应体系水浴温度为25℃。
6.根据权利要求1所述抑菌聚电解质复合物的制备方法,其特征在于:所述冰醋酸的酸性溶液按质量百分比由冰醋酸:水=0.5-2:99.5-98配制而成。
7.一种权利要求1-5任一制备方法制备得到的抑菌聚电解质复合物。
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