CN115285970A - Pig manure biogas residue-based attached molten iron thermal carbon for improving anaerobic digestion and sulfur-containing gas purification performance, and preparation and application thereof - Google Patents
Pig manure biogas residue-based attached molten iron thermal carbon for improving anaerobic digestion and sulfur-containing gas purification performance, and preparation and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
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- AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(CCNC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia nh3 Chemical compound N.N XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/05—Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
Abstract
The invention discloses a pig manure biogas residue-based attached molten iron hot carbon for improving anaerobic digestion and sulfur-containing gas purification performance, and preparation and application thereof, wherein the preparation comprises the following steps: (1) Adding FeSO into the raw material of the pig manure biogas residue 4 Stirring and mixing uniformly, adjusting the pH value to be alkaline, continuously stirring for reaction, and standing to obtain a mixed reaction solution; (2) Feeding the obtained mixed reaction liquid into a reaction kettle for hydrothermal reaction to obtain a hydrothermal reaction mixture, and allowing the obtained hydrothermal reaction mixture to flow into a flash tank for natural cooling; (3) And centrifuging, drying, grinding and sieving the cooled hydrothermal reaction mixture in sequence to obtain the pig manure biogas residue-based molten iron thermal carbon. The attached hot metal carbon obtained by the invention has higher anaerobic digestion performance than the original hot metal carbon, and can effectively improve the anaerobic digestion efficiency; meanwhile, the pig manure biogas residue-based hot carbon attached with molten iron has better adsorption performance on sulfur-containing gas, can be used for purification treatment of sulfur-containing malodorous gas, and can realize pig manureThe multi-performance resource and high-value utilization of the biogas residues.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of solid waste resource utilization, and relates to pig manure biogas residue-based molten iron attached thermal carbon for improving anaerobic digestion and sulfur-containing gas purification performance, and preparation and application thereof.
Background
Anaerobic digestion has been regarded as a treatment for organic solid waste because it is economical, efficient and can recover clean energy. However, the accumulation of ammonia nitrogen, volatile fatty acid and other substances is easily caused in the traditional anaerobic digestion process, and the disadvantages of long reaction period, low methane yield, unstable reaction system and the like exist. The main reason is that the growth of acid-producing bacteria and methanogenic bacteria is unbalanced in the anaerobic digestion process, and the electron transfer effect between anaerobic digestion microorganisms is weak, so that the mutual operation relationship between the anaerobic digestion microorganisms is seriously influenced, and the reaction rate of the anaerobic digestion is limited.
The addition of conductive materials such as active carbon, biochar, magnetite and the like can promote the electron transfer among anaerobic microorganism species, enhance the mutual operation among microorganisms and improve the anaerobic digestion rate. Currently, there have been some studies and applications for preparing hydrothermal carbon and biochar from organic wastes to promote the rate of anaerobic digestion. The commonly used organic wastes mainly comprise agricultural wastes, livestock and poultry manure and the like. The temperature for preparing the biochar from the organic waste is usually higher and reaches above 400 ℃, the water content of the organic waste is high, and the biochar is required to be dried in the process of preparing the biochar, so that the energy consumption is high. And the characteristics of materials such as biochar, hydrothermal carbon and the like prepared by the method are greatly different according to the difference of organic wastes.
The large-scale production of the pig industry produces a large amount of manure. Anaerobic digestion also produces a large amount of biogas residues while treating pig manure and producing biogas, and particularly under conditions of low anaerobic digestion efficiency, anaerobic digestion biogas residues can account for about 80% of the dry weight of the material. The pig manure biogas residue has complex components, contains nutrient elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, also contains heavy metals, antibiotics and the like with high concentration, and can cause serious environmental pollution if the pig manure biogas residue is not properly treated. Meanwhile, the pig manure biogas residues are rich in cellulose, lignin and other organic substances which are difficult to biodegrade, and the organic substances which are difficult to biodegrade can be further degraded and converted into soluble organic substances and stable solid carbon materials through hydrothermal, microwave and other thermochemical treatments.
The preparation process of the anaerobic digestion biogas residue with high water content for high-temperature pyrolysis reaction is complicated. The hydrothermal method takes water as a reaction bearing substrate, overcomes the influences of factors such as high water content of the raw material of the biogas residues, complex process for preparing the carbon-based material, high cost and the like, and provides possibility for preparing the iron-attached hot carbon by recycling the biogas residues. Therefore, the development of the technology for recycling the pig manure biogas residue by the hydrothermal method has significance for solving the problem of the outlet of the organic waste anaerobic digestion biogas residue.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide pig manure biogas residue-based molten iron attached thermal carbon capable of improving anaerobic digestion and sulfur-containing gas purification performance, and preparation and application thereof, wherein the pig manure biogas residue is utilized as a resource, and the performance of pig manure biogas residue is obviously improved; meanwhile, the adsorbent has better adsorption performance on sulfur-containing gas.
A preparation method of pig manure biogas residue-based attached molten iron thermal carbon for improving anaerobic digestion and sulfur-containing gas purification performance comprises the following steps:
(1) Adding FeSO into the raw material of the pig manure biogas residue 4 Stirring and mixing uniformly, adjusting the pH value to be alkaline, continuously stirring for reaction, and standing to obtain a mixed reaction solution;
(2) Feeding the obtained mixed reaction liquid into a reaction kettle for hydrothermal reaction to obtain a hydrothermal reaction mixture, and allowing the obtained hydrothermal reaction mixture to flow into a flash tank for natural cooling;
(3) And centrifuging, drying, grinding and sieving the cooled hydrothermal reaction mixture in sequence to obtain the pig manure biogas residue-based molten iron thermal carbon.
The invention passes through FeSO 4 The iron element load of the hydrothermal carbon is realized by impregnation, on one hand, the interspecies electron transfer effect of the anaerobic digestion system is improved, the shock resistance and the stability are enhanced, and the gas production rate of the anaerobic digestion system is improved; on the other hand, the hot carbon attached with molten iron on the pig manure biogas residue base has better adsorption performance on sulfur-containing gas, can be used for purification treatment of sulfur-containing malodorous gas, and can realize multifunctional recycling and high-value utilization of the pig manure biogas residue.
In the step (1):
optionally, the pig manure biogas residue raw material is pig manure anaerobic digestion biogas residue with a solid content of 2-15%; further, the raw material of the pig manure biogas residue is pig manure anaerobic digestion biogas residue with a solid content of 8-12%. The solvent in the raw material of the pig manure biogas residue is process water.
Optionally, feSO 4 The amount of the additive is that the final concentration of the additive in the raw material of the pig manure biogas residue is 0.01-0.1 mol/L; further, feSO added 4 The amount is such that the final concentration is 0.05 to 0.1mol/L.
Optionally, adjusting the pH value to 9-11.
Optionally, the stirring time is 0.5-1 h before the pH value is adjusted; after the pH value is adjusted, continuously stirring for 0.5-1 h; finally standing for 12-24 h.
Optionally, the stirring speed is 50-150 rpm.
In the step (2):
optionally, the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 150-300 ℃, and the heat preservation time is 0.5-1 h; furthermore, the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 180-250 ℃, and the heat preservation time is 30-45 min.
The reaction kettle is a conventional hydrothermal reaction kettle, the flash tank is a closed high-pressure container capable of resisting high pressure of 40Mpa, and the hydrothermal tank is opened immediately after the reaction is finished, so that the hydrothermal mixture enters the flash tank.
The optimal combination of the parameters in the step (1) and the step (2) is as follows:
in the step (1): the raw material of the pig manure biogas residue is pig manure anaerobic digestion biogas residue with the solid content of 8 percent, and FeSO is added 4 The final concentration of the pig manure biogas residue raw material is 0.1mol/L, the stirring time before the pH value is adjusted is 0.5h, the pH value is adjusted to 10, the stirring is continued for 0.5h, and the standing is 24h; in the step (2): the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 180 ℃, and the heat preservation time is 45min.
Under the optimal combination condition, the gas production rate of the pig manure biogas residue original hydrothermal carbon for anaerobic digestion and the absorption rate of sulfur-containing gas are obviously improved.
In the step (3):
optionally, the centrifugal speed is 3000-9000 rpm, and the centrifugal time is 10-30 min; further, the centrifugation speed was 6000rpm and the centrifugation time was 20min.
Optionally, the drying temperature is 50-105 ℃; further, the drying temperature was 65 ℃.
Optionally, the screening is performed by sieving with a sieve of 10-100 meshes, and the undersize product is the hot carbon of the pig manure biogas residues with molten iron.
The invention also provides the pig manure biogas residue attached hot iron charcoal prepared by the preparation method.
The invention also provides a purification method of the sulfur-containing gas, which comprises the steps of spraying absorption or headspace absorption, wherein the hot carbon of the molten iron attached to the pig manure biogas residues is used as an absorbent for spraying absorption or headspace absorption of the sulfur-containing gas.
In the headspace adsorption, the pig manure biogas residue is added with hot carbon of molten iron and placed in a reactor, the reactor is sealed after air is exhausted, and H is added 2 S and CH 3 SH, the headspace concentration in the serum bottle is 1% (v/v), and then the whole reactor is placed in an incubator at 30 ℃ for 4h.
Optionally, in the headspace adsorption, the adsorbent is 1m containing 0.5-1% of sulfur-containing gas 3 The amount of the waste gas is 1-10 g.
The invention also provides an anaerobic digestion method of the pig manure biogas residues, which comprises the following steps: putting the pig manure biogas residues with the solid content adjusted to 8-12% into an anaerobic reactor, adding the pig manure biogas residues with hot iron carbon, controlling the reaction temperature to be 36-38 ℃ in an anaerobic environment, and carrying out anaerobic digestion reaction; the adding amount of the hot carbon of the molten iron attached to the pig manure biogas residues is 0.5 to 1 percent of the weight of the whole reaction system.
In the process of preparing the hydrothermal carbon by utilizing the pig manure and the biogas residues, feSO is firstly used 4 The method comprises the following steps of carrying out solution dipping treatment on a pig manure biogas residue raw material, carrying out hydrothermal carbonization and flash evaporation reaction, and then carrying out drying, grinding and sieving treatment to prepare the pig manure biogas residue-based attached molten iron thermal carbon, wherein compared with the prior art, the method has at least one of the following beneficial effects:
(1) The invention directly takes the anaerobic digestion of the pig manure biogas residues as the raw material to prepare the hot carbon attached with molten iron, does not need dehydration and drying treatment of the biogas residues, can save energy consumption and simplify the disposal process.
(2) The pig manure biogas residue attached hot iron carbon is slightly alkaline, and the addition of the hot iron carbon can not only accelerate the inter-species electron transfer of anaerobic digestion microorganisms, but also buffer the problem of acid inhibition in the anaerobic digestion process, and improve the stability of an anaerobic digestion system.
(3) Anaerobic digestion of pig manure biogas residues for FeSO 4 The obtained attached hydrothermal carbon has higher anaerobic digestion performance than the original hydrothermal carbon, and the anaerobic digestion efficiency can be effectively improved; meanwhile, the pig manure biogas residue-based molten iron hot carbon has better adsorption performance on sulfur-containing gas, can be used for purification treatment of sulfur-containing malodorous gas, and can realize multi-performance resource utilization and high-value utilization of the pig manure biogas residue.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph of cumulative gas production over time during anaerobic digestion of pig manure in example 1.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the results of the total gas production in the anaerobic digestion process of pig manure in example 1.
FIG. 3 shows the different biochar pairs H of example 1 2 S and CH 3 SH adsorption performance is shown in the graph.
FIG. 4 is a graph of cumulative gas production over time during anaerobic digestion of pig manure in example 2.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the results of the total gas production in the anaerobic digestion process of pig manure in example 2.
FIG. 6 shows the different biochar pairs H of example 2 2 S and CH 3 SH adsorption performance is shown in the graph.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present application, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by a person of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments in the present application without making any creative effort belong to the protection scope of the present application.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs. The terminology used herein in the description of the present application is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the application.
Example 1:
(1) FeSO (ferric oxide) is prepared 4 Adding into 2L pig manure biogas residue with solid content of 8%, making its concentration be 0.1mol/L, stirring and mixing at 100rpm for 0.5h, adjusting pH of the mixed solution to 10 with 5mol/L NaOH solution, stirring at 100rpm for 0.5h, and standing for 24h.
(2) And pouring the mixture after standing into a hydrothermal reaction device, and reacting for 45min at 180 ℃ to prepare the hot carbon attached with molten iron.
(3) Centrifuging the hydrothermal reaction mixture at 6000rpm for 20min, drying at 60 ℃, grinding and sieving by a 10-mesh sieve to obtain the hot carbon of the attached molten iron for later use.
Simultaneously preparing raw hydrothermal carbon, except adding FeSO 4 The preparation conditions except the reaction step are the same as those in the step (1-3).
(4) Three groups of anaerobic reactors are arranged, pig manure is added until the solid content is 12%, then primary hydrothermal carbon and attached hydrothermal carbon are added until the content is 0.5wt%, and simultaneously, the control of a group without the added hydrothermal carbon is arranged, an anaerobic environment is created by nitrogen blowing, and the anaerobic digestion temperature is 38 ℃. The results of the accumulated gas production and the total gas production in the anaerobic digestion process are shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, and the results show that the pig manure biogas residue primary hydrothermal carbon and the attached liquid iron hydrothermal carbon can accelerate the anaerobic digestion gas production rate, and the total gas production of the pig manure biogas residue primary hydrothermal carbon and the attached liquid iron hydrothermal carbon can be respectively improved by 99.58% and 156.63% compared with a control group.
(5) Respectively weighing 0.5g of original hydrothermal carbon and 0.5g of attached hydrothermal carbon in a 120mL serum bottle, blowing nitrogen into the serum bottle by adopting nitrogen to create an anaerobic environment, sealing by using a rubber plug, and adding H 2 S and CH 3 SH, so that the headspace concentration in the serum bottle is 1 percent. Each treatment was repeated 3 times. Placing the blood bottle in an incubator at 30 ℃ for 4H, and measuring the H in the headspace 2 S and CH 3 The concentration of SH is calculated to obtain the original hydrothermal carbon and the attached hydrothermal carbon pair H 2 S and CH 3 The amount of adsorption of SH. The results are shown in FIG. 3, and show that the primary hydrothermal charcoal is coupled with H 2 S and CH 3 The adsorption performance of SH is weaker, the adsorption capacity of the hot carbon of the attached molten iron to hydrogen sulfide can be improved to 17.5 times, and the hot carbon of the attached molten iron to CH 3 The adsorption amount of SH was increased to 2.8 times.
Example 2:
(1) FeSO (ferric oxide) is prepared 4 Adding into 2L pig manure biogas residue with solid content of 5%, making its concentration be 0.08 mol/L, stirring and mixing at 100rpm for 1h, adjusting pH of the mixed solution to 10.5 with 5mol/L NaOH solution, stirring at 100rpm for 1h, and standing for 24h.
(2) And pouring the mixture after standing into a hydrothermal reaction device, and reacting for 45min at 220 ℃ to prepare the hot carbon attached with molten iron.
(3) The hydrothermal reaction mixture was centrifuged at 6000rpm for 20min, dried at 60 ℃ and ground through a 100 mesh screen.
Simultaneously preparing original hydrothermal carbon, except adding FeSO 4 The preparation conditions except the reaction step are the same as those in the steps (1-3).
(4) Three groups of anaerobic reactors are arranged, pig manure is added until the solid content is 12%, then primary hydrothermal carbon and attached hydrothermal carbon are added until the content is 0.8wt%, and meanwhile, a control group without the addition of the hydrothermal carbon is arranged, an anaerobic environment is created by nitrogen blowing, and the anaerobic digestion temperature is 38 ℃. The results of the accumulated gas production and the total gas production in the anaerobic digestion process are shown in fig. 4 and fig. 5, and the results show that the original hydrothermal carbon and the additional hydrothermal carbon of the pig manure biogas residue can accelerate the anaerobic digestion gas production rate, and compared with a control group, the total gas production of the original hydrothermal carbon and the additional hydrothermal carbon of the pig manure biogas residue can be respectively increased by 77.83 percent and 167.41 percent.
(5) Respectively weighing 0.5g of primary hydrothermal carbon and 0.5g of additional hydrothermal carbon in a 120mL serum bottle, blowing nitrogen into the serum bottle by adopting nitrogen to create an anaerobic environment, sealing by using a rubber plug, and adding H 2 S and CH 3 SH, so that the headspace concentration in the serum bottle is 1 percent. Each treatment was repeated 3 times. Culturing the blood bottle in 30 deg.C incubator for 4H, and measuring the H in the headspace 2 S and CH 3 The concentration of SH is calculated to obtain the original hydrothermal carbon and the attached hydrothermal carbon pair H 2 S and CH 3 The amount of adsorption of SH. The results are shown in FIG. 6, and show that the original hydrothermal carbon is used for H 2 S and CH 3 The adsorption performance of SH is weaker, the adsorption capacity of the hot carbon of the attached molten iron to hydrogen sulfide can be improved to 13.6 times, and the hot carbon of the attached molten iron to CH 3 The adsorption amount of SH can be increased to 2.3 times.
The above-mentioned embodiments only express several embodiments of the present application, and the description thereof is specific and detailed, but not to be understood as limiting the scope of the invention. It should be noted that, for a person skilled in the art, several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the concept of the present application, and these are all within the scope of protection of the present application. Therefore, the protection scope of the present patent shall be subject to the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A preparation method of hot carbon with molten iron attached to a pig manure biogas residue base is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Adding FeSO into the raw material of pig manure and biogas residue 4 Stirring and mixing uniformly, adjusting the pH value to be alkaline, continuously stirring for reaction, and standing to obtain a mixed reaction solution;
(2) Feeding the obtained mixed reaction liquid into a reaction kettle for hydrothermal reaction to obtain a hydrothermal reaction mixture, and allowing the obtained hydrothermal reaction mixture to flow into a flash tank for natural cooling;
(3) And centrifuging, drying, grinding and sieving the cooled hydrothermal reaction mixture in sequence to obtain the pig manure biogas residue-based hot carbon with molten iron.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1):
the raw material of the pig manure biogas residue is pig manure anaerobic digestion biogas residue with the solid content of 2-15%;
added FeSO 4 The amount of the additive is that the final concentration of the additive in the raw material of the pig manure biogas residue is 0.01-0.1 mol/L;
adjusting the pH value to 9-11;
the stirring time is 0.5 to 1 hour before the pH value is adjusted; after the pH value is adjusted, continuously stirring for 0.5-1 h; finally standing for 12-24 h.
3. The production method according to claim 2, wherein in step (1):
the raw material of the pig manure biogas residue is pig manure anaerobic digestion biogas residue with a solid content of 8-12%;
added FeSO 4 In an amount such thatThe final concentration of the additive in the raw material of the pig manure biogas residue is 0.05-0.1 mol/L.
4. The production method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2): the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 150-300 ℃, and the heat preservation time is 0.5-1 h.
5. The production method according to claim 4, wherein in the step (2): the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction is 180-250 ℃, and the heat preservation time is 30-45 min.
6. The production method according to claim 1, wherein in step (3):
the centrifugation speed is 3000-9000 rpm, and the centrifugation time is 10-30 min;
the drying temperature is 50-105 ℃;
and the screening is to screen through a sieve of 10-100 meshes, and the screened product is the hot carbon of the pig manure biogas residue with molten iron.
7. The pig manure biogas residue attached liquid iron thermal carbon prepared by the preparation method according to any one of claims 1 to 6.
8. A method for purifying a sulfur-containing gas, which comprises spray absorption or headspace adsorption, characterized in that the pig manure biogas residue hot iron carbon attached according to claim 7 is used as an absorbent for the spray absorption or headspace adsorption of the sulfur-containing gas.
9. The purification method according to claim 8, wherein the absorbent is in the range of 1m containing 0.5 to 1% of sulfur-containing gas in the headspace adsorption process 3 The amount of the waste gas is 1-10 g.
10. An anaerobic digestion method of pig manure biogas residues is characterized by comprising the following steps: placing the pig manure biogas residues with the solid content adjusted to 8-12% in an anaerobic reactor, adding the pig manure biogas residues with the hot iron charcoal according to claim 7, and controlling the reaction temperature to be 36-38 ℃ in an anaerobic environment to perform anaerobic digestion reaction; the adding amount of the hot carbon of the molten iron attached to the pig manure biogas residues is 0.5 to 1 percent of the weight of the whole reaction system.
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