CN115228924A - Rice field conditioning method for reducing cadmium enrichment of rice in rice field - Google Patents
Rice field conditioning method for reducing cadmium enrichment of rice in rice field Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
- B09C1/10—Reclamation of contaminated soil microbiologically, biologically or by using enzymes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C2101/00—In situ
Abstract
The invention discloses a rice field conditioning method for reducing cadmium enrichment of rice in a rice field, belonging to the technical field of cadmium pollution treatment and comprising the following steps of S1, rice field ploughing: injecting water into the rice field, wherein the water injection amount is 10-20cm higher than the soil in the rice field, and ploughing the rice field twice after the water injection is finished; s2, wastewater treatment: filtering the wastewater in the step S1 through industrial filter cloth, and filtering the filtered wastewater through reverse osmosis ultrafiltration equipment; s3, biological conditioning: cadmium ions in the soil are absorbed by planting algae plants, so that the cadmium content is reduced; s4, microbial conditioning: absorbing cadmium ions in the soil by microorganisms, and further reducing the cadmium content in the soil; s5, adjusting the pH value of the soil: the invention reduces the absorption of cadmium ions by rice by adjusting the pH value, reduces cadmium in the rice field by adopting various methods, fixes the residual cadmium ions by adopting the passivator, prevents the cadmium ions from being absorbed by plants, and has good effect on treating cadmium pollution of various degrees.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of cadmium pollution treatment, in particular to a rice field conditioning method for reducing cadmium enrichment of rice in a rice field.
Background
Cadmium is an unnecessary element for human bodies, is usually in a compound state in nature, has low content, and does not influence human health under a normal environment state. Cadmium and zinc are elements of the same group, and cadmium is commonly associated with zinc and lead in nature. When the environment is polluted by cadmium, the cadmium can be enriched in organisms and enter human bodies through food chains to cause chronic poisoning. Cadmium is absorbed by human body to form cadmium sulfur protein in vivo, which is selectively accumulated in liver and kidney. Among them, the kidney can absorb nearly 1/3 of cadmium entering the body, and is the "target organ" of cadmium poisoning. Other organs such as spleen, pancreas, thyroid gland and hair also accumulate in a certain amount. As cadmium damages the renal tubules, patients develop diabetes, proteinuria and aminouria. In particular, it can block the metabolism of bone, and cause a series of symptoms such as osteoporosis, atrophy and deformity.
With the rapid development of society and the continuous acceleration of the industrial, agricultural and urbanization process in China, the pollution of heavy metals in soil is more and more severe. Cadmium pollution of soil becomes a prominent problem of heavy metal pollution of soil, and causes great damage to plant growth, human health, ecological safety and the like. The soil quality environmental standard is an important tool for managing the soil environment, and the reasonable soil cadmium limit value is very important for preventing the cadmium pollution of the soil and controlling the cadmium pollution risk of the soil.
As daily important food for people, cadmium pollution of rice fields can be transferred through soil pollution or water pollution in the rice fields, the treatment difficulty is high, and for the rice fields with serious cadmium pollution, the aim of rationally reducing the cadmium content is difficult to achieve by a single treatment method, so that the cadmium content of the rice is over-standard.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a rice field conditioning method for reducing cadmium enrichment of rice in a rice field.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a rice field conditioning method for reducing cadmium enrichment of rice in a rice field comprises the following steps:
s1, paddy field plowing:
injecting water into the rice field, wherein the water injection amount is 10-20cm higher than the soil in the rice field, ploughing the rice field twice after the water injection is finished, then draining the wastewater in the rice field to a wastewater pond for cadmium reduction, and circulating each rice field for 2 times;
s2, wastewater treatment:
filtering the wastewater in the step S1 through industrial filter cloth, returning the filtered slurry to a rice field, adding soda lime into the filtered wastewater, fully stirring, filtering through reverse osmosis ultrafiltration equipment, performing quality inspection on the water treated through the reverse osmosis ultrafiltration equipment, and discharging the qualified water into a nearby water source or returning the qualified water to the rice field;
s3, biological conditioning:
re-watering the rice field treated in the step S1, planting the fresh algae and the nitrogen-fixing blue algae into the rice field according to the water level height being 10-15cm higher than that of the soil at 40-50 kg/mu and 20-30 kg/mu respectively, then sowing dry algae powder into the rice field, wherein the sowing standard of the dry algae powder is 15-30 kg/mu, fertilizing the rice field in which the fresh algae and the dry algae powder are sown, fishing out 1/2 of algae after the algae in the rice field are fully grown, and completely fishing out after the algae in the rice field are fully grown for the second time;
s4, microbial conditioning:
spraying cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid to the rice field treated in the step S3, wherein the density of microorganisms in the cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid is 1 multiplied by 10 9 -10 10 The spraying amount of cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid is 50-60mL/m 2 Adding glucose powder into the rice field twice, wherein the adding amount of the glucose powder is 40-50g/m 2 The first glucose powder is added within 10 hours after spraying the cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid, and the first glucose powder is added within 10 hours after spraying the cadmium-reducing bacteria liquidAdding glucose powder 15-20 days later, turning over once after adding glucose powder each time, and mixing cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid with soil;
s5, adjusting the pH value of the soil:
and (3) calculating the pH value corresponding to the minimum enrichment coefficient of the rice in the rice field through experiments, then throwing a ferrous sulfate solution or plant ash into the rice field to adjust the pH value of the soil in the rice field, turning over once after the adjustment is finished, and then normally planting the rice in the rice field.
Furthermore, the aperture of an ultrafiltration membrane of the reverse osmosis ultrafiltration equipment is 0.01-0.02um, the water inlet pressure of the reverse osmosis ultrafiltration equipment is 0.1-0.3MPa, the operating pressure is 0.15-0.25MPa, and the backwashing pressure is 0.15-0.2MPa, so that the ultrafiltration effect is good and the ultrafiltration efficiency is high under the parameters.
Further, the cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid in the step S4 is composed of the following microorganisms in percentage by mass: 10-15% of recessive acidophilic bacillus, 8-10% of candida rugosa, 13-18% of azotobacter, 15-20% of rhodotorula glutinis, 20-30% of pseudomonas aeruginosa and the balance of cochliobolus lunata, and the cadmium content in the rice field can be effectively reduced by the cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid.
Furthermore, the plowing depths in the step S1 and the step S4 are respectively 25-40cm and 15-30cm, and cadmium ions in a planting soil layer can be dissolved in water and microorganisms can be fully contacted with the soil.
Further, in the step S4, the passivating agent is added into the rice field 25-30 days after the second glucose powder adding, and the step S5 is carried out after the passivating agent is added, so that the residual cadmium ions in the soil can be effectively fixed.
Further, the passivating agent is prepared by mixing aluminosilicate, calcium hydroxide, ferrous sulfate, magnesium hydroxide and a cosolvent according to a mass ratio of 15:5:3:2:1, the mixture is roasted for 30-40min at 1300-1400 ℃, and the effect of curing cadmium ions is good.
Further, the specific method for calculating the pH value corresponding to the minimum enrichment coefficient of rice in the rice field through experiments in step S4 is as follows: the method comprises the steps of establishing experimental fields by taking soil before a rice field is conditioned, detecting the cadmium content of the soil, recording data, dividing the experimental fields into four groups, wherein the pH values of the four groups of experimental fields are respectively that the pH value is less than or equal to 5.5, the pH value is more than 5.5 and less than or equal to 6.5, the pH value is more than 6.5 and less than or equal to 7.5, planting 1-2 rice plants in each group of experimental fields, detecting the cadmium content of the rice after the rice is mature, calculating the cadmium enrichment coefficient of the rice, drawing a relation graph of the cadmium enrichment coefficient of the rice and the pH value, finding out the pH value of the soil with the lowest enrichment coefficient, and calculating the optimal pH value for adjusting the rice field through the experiment.
Further, the rice enrichment coefficient is calculated by the following formula:
BCF＝Cd a /Cd b
in the formula, cd a Cadmium content of rice, cd b The soil cadmium content.
Further, the method for detecting the cadmium content of the rice comprises the following steps: after each group of rice is washed by deionized water, husking the rice by a husking machine and grinding the rice into powder, grouping and marking the ground powder of each group of rice samples, weighing 0.25g of the ground powder of each group of rice samples, adding 5mL of high-grade pure nitric acid, performing microwave digestion for 2 hours, removing acid in batches, then fixing the volume to 10mL, adding deionized water for diluting to 10 times of the volume of the original solution, and detecting the cadmium content of each group of rice by using a plasma mass spectrometer, so that the cadmium content in the rice can be accurately detected.
Further, the method for detecting the cadmium content in the soil in the step S4 comprises the following steps: weighing 0.5g of rice field soil, placing the rice field soil in a microwave digestion tank, adding 10mL of aqua regia to digest for 2 hours at 120 ℃, filtering the rice field soil through qualitative filter paper after natural cooling, then fixing the volume of the filtrate to 50mL, and detecting the cadmium content in the soil by adopting a plasma mass spectrometer, so that the cadmium content in the soil can be accurately detected.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the cadmium reduction treatment is carried out on the paddy field by adopting a plurality of methods, the residual cadmium ions are fixed by the passivator, so that the cadmium ions are not absorbed by plants, the cadmium pollution treatment effect is good, the cadmium pollution treatment cost is low, the fertility of the paddy field is influenced, the negative problems of yield reduction and the like of the paddy rice are not caused, the cadmium enrichment coefficient of the paddy rice is reduced by adjusting the pH value of the paddy field, and the comprehensive conditioning mode can greatly reduce the cadmium content of the paddy rice and has great popularization prospect.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Example 1:
as shown in fig. 1, a rice field conditioning method for reducing cadmium enrichment of rice in a rice field comprises the following steps:
s1, paddy field ploughing:
injecting water into the rice field, wherein the water injection amount is 10cm higher than that of the soil in the rice field, ploughing the rice field twice after the water injection is finished, then draining the wastewater in the rice field to a wastewater pond for cadmium reduction, and circulating each rice field for 2 times;
s2, wastewater treatment:
filtering the wastewater in the step S1 through industrial filter cloth, returning the filtered slurry to a rice field, adding soda lime into the filtered wastewater, fully stirring, filtering through reverse osmosis ultrafiltration equipment, performing quality inspection on the water treated through the reverse osmosis ultrafiltration equipment, and discharging the qualified water into a nearby water source or returning the qualified water to the rice field;
s3, biological conditioning:
re-watering the rice field treated in the step S1, planting the fresh algae and the nitrogen-fixing blue algae into the rice field according to the water level height of 40 kg/mu and 20 kg/mu respectively, sowing dry algae powder in the rice, wherein the sowing standard of the dry algae powder is 15 kg/mu, fertilizing the rice field in which the fresh algae and the dry algae powder are sown, fishing out 1/2 of algae after the algae in the rice field grows to be full, and fishing out the algae completely after the second time of algae growth;
s4, microbial conditioning:
spraying cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid to the rice field treated in the step S3, wherein the density of microorganisms in the cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid is 1 multiplied by 10 9 The spraying amount of cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid is 50mL/m 2 And adding glucose powder into the rice field twice, wherein the adding amount of the glucose powder is 40g/m 2 The first glucose powder is added within 10 hours after the cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid is sprayed, the second glucose powder is added 15 days after the first glucose powder is added,after glucose powder is put in each time, turning over once to mix cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid with soil;
s5, adjusting the pH value of the soil:
and (3) calculating the pH value corresponding to the minimum enrichment coefficient of the rice in the rice field through experiments, then throwing a ferrous sulfate solution or plant ash into the rice field to adjust the pH value of the soil in the rice field, turning over once after the adjustment is finished, and then normally planting the rice in the rice field.
The aperture of the ultrafiltration membrane of the reverse osmosis ultrafiltration equipment is 0.01-0.02um, the water inlet pressure of the reverse osmosis ultrafiltration equipment is 0.1MPa, the operating pressure is 0.15MPa, and the backwashing pressure is 0.15 MPa.
The cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid in the step S4 is composed of the following microorganisms: 10 percent of recessive acidophilic bacillus, 8 percent of candida rugosa, 13 percent of azotobacter, 15 percent of rhodotorula glutinis, 20 percent of pseudomonas aeruginosa and the balance of laccocephalum lunatum, and the cadmium content of the rice field can be effectively reduced by the cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid.
The plowing depths in the step S1 and the step S4 are respectively 25cm and 15cm, and cadmium ions in the planting soil layer can be dissolved in water by the plowing depths, and microorganisms can also be in full contact with the soil.
And in the step S4, throwing the passivating agent into the rice field 25 days after the second glucose powder throwing, and after the passivating agent is thrown, performing the step S5 to effectively fix the cadmium ions remained in the soil.
The passivating agent is prepared by mixing aluminosilicate, calcium hydroxide, ferrous sulfate, magnesium hydroxide and a cosolvent according to a mass ratio of 15:5:3:2:1 and roasting at 1300 ℃ for 30min after mixing, and has good effect of curing cadmium ions.
The specific method for calculating the pH value corresponding to the minimum enrichment coefficient of the rice in the rice field through experiments in the step S4 comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of establishing experimental fields by taking soil before rice fields are conditioned, detecting cadmium content of the soil, recording data, dividing the experimental fields into four groups, wherein the pH values of the four groups of experimental fields are respectively pH not more than 5.5, pH not more than 5.5 and pH not more than 6.5, pH not more than 6.5 and pH more than 7.5, planting 1 rice in each group of experimental fields, detecting cadmium content of the rice after the rice is mature, calculating cadmium enrichment coefficient of the rice, drawing a relation graph of the cadmium enrichment coefficient of the rice and the pH value, finding out the pH value of the soil with the lowest enrichment coefficient, and calculating the optimal pH value for adjusting the rice fields through the experiment.
The rice enrichment coefficient is calculated by the following formula:
BCF＝Cd a /Cd b
in the formula, cd a Cadmium content of rice, cd b The soil cadmium content.
The method for detecting the cadmium content of the rice comprises the following steps: after each group of rice is washed by deionized water, husking by a husking machine and grinding into powder, grouping and marking the grinding powder of each group of rice samples, weighing 0.25g of the grinding powder of each group of rice samples, adding 5mL of high-grade pure nitric acid for microwave digestion for 2h, removing acid in batches, then fixing the volume to 10mL, adding deionized water for diluting to 10 of the volume of the original solution, and detecting the cadmium content of each group of rice by using a plasma mass spectrometer, so that the cadmium content in the rice can be accurately detected.
The method for detecting the cadmium content in the soil in the step S4 comprises the following steps: weighing 0.5g of paddy field soil, placing the paddy field soil in a microwave digestion tank, adding 10mL of aqua regia to digest for 2 hours at 120 ℃, filtering the soil through qualitative filter paper after natural cooling, then fixing the volume of the filtrate to 50mL, and detecting the cadmium content in the soil by adopting a plasma mass spectrometer, so that the cadmium content in the soil can be accurately detected.
Example 2:
as shown in fig. 1, a rice field conditioning method for reducing cadmium enrichment of rice in a rice field comprises the following steps:
s1, paddy field plowing:
injecting water into the rice field, wherein the water injection amount is 15cm higher than the soil of the rice field, ploughing the rice field twice after the water injection is finished, then guiding the wastewater in the rice field to a wastewater pond for cadmium reduction, and circulating each rice field for 2 times;
s2, wastewater treatment:
filtering the wastewater in the step S1 through industrial filter cloth, returning the filtered slurry to a rice field, adding soda lime into the filtered wastewater, fully stirring, filtering through reverse osmosis ultrafiltration equipment, performing quality inspection on the water treated through the reverse osmosis ultrafiltration equipment, and discharging the qualified water into a nearby water source or returning the qualified water to the rice field;
s3, biological conditioning:
re-watering the rice field treated in the step S1, planting the fresh algae and the nitrogen-fixing blue algae into the rice field according to the water level height of 45 kg/mu and 25 kg/mu respectively, sowing dry algae powder into the rice field, wherein the sowing standard of the dry algae powder is 20 kg/mu, fertilizing the rice field in which the fresh algae and the dry algae powder are sown, fishing out 1/2 of algae after the algae in the rice field grows to be full, and fishing out the algae completely after the second time of algae growth;
s4, microbial conditioning:
spraying cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid to the rice field treated in the step S3, wherein the density of microorganisms in the cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid is 1 multiplied by 10 10 The spraying amount of cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid is 55mL/m 2 Adding glucose powder into the rice field twice, wherein the adding amount of the glucose powder is 45g/m 2 The first glucose powder adding time is within 10 hours after spraying the cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid, the second glucose powder adding is carried out 17 days after the first glucose powder adding, and the turning is carried out once after the glucose powder adding is finished each time, so that the cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid is mixed with the soil;
s5, adjusting the pH value of the soil:
the pH value corresponding to the minimum enrichment coefficient of the rice in the rice field is calculated through experiments, then ferrous sulfate solution or plant ash is put into the rice field to adjust the pH value of the soil in the rice field, one-time tillage is carried out after the adjustment is finished, and then the rice is normally planted in the rice field.
The aperture of the ultrafiltration membrane of the reverse osmosis ultrafiltration equipment is 0.01-0.02um, the water inlet pressure of the reverse osmosis ultrafiltration equipment is 0.2MPa, the operating pressure is 0.20MPa, and the backwashing pressure is 0.17MPa, so that the ultrafiltration effect is good and the ultrafiltration efficiency is high under the parameters.
The cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid in the step S4 is composed of the following microorganisms: 13 percent of recessive acidophilic bacillus, 9 percent of candida rugosa, 15 percent of azotobacter, 18 percent of rhodotorula glutinis, 25 percent of pseudomonas aeruginosa and the balance of coelomyces lunatus, and the cadmium content in the rice field can be effectively reduced by the cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid.
The plowing depths in the step S1 and the step S4 are respectively 30cm and 25cm, cadmium ions in a planting soil layer can be dissolved in water, and microorganisms can be fully contacted with the soil.
And in the step S4, throwing the passivating agent into the rice field 28 days after the second glucose powder throwing, and after the passivating agent is thrown, performing the step S5 to effectively fix the residual cadmium ions in the soil.
The passivating agent is prepared by mixing aluminosilicate, calcium hydroxide, ferrous sulfate, magnesium hydroxide and a cosolvent according to the mass ratio of 15:5:3:2:1 and roasting at 1350 ℃ for 35min after mixing, and has good effect of curing cadmium ions.
The specific method for calculating the pH value corresponding to the minimum enrichment coefficient of the rice in the rice field through experiments in the step S4 comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of establishing experimental fields by taking soil before the rice field is conditioned, detecting the cadmium content of the soil, recording data, dividing the experimental fields into four groups, wherein the pH values of the four groups of experimental fields are respectively pH not more than 5.5, pH not more than 5.5 and not more than 6.5, pH not more than 6.5 and not more than 7.5, planting 1-2 rice in each group of experimental fields, detecting the cadmium content of the rice after the rice is mature, calculating the cadmium enrichment coefficient of the rice, drawing a relation graph of the cadmium enrichment coefficient of the rice and the pH value, finding out the pH value of the soil with the lowest enrichment coefficient, and calculating the optimal pH value for adjusting the rice field through the experiment.
The rice enrichment coefficient is calculated by the following formula:
BCF＝Cd a /Cd b
in the formula, cd a Cadmium content of rice, cd b The soil cadmium content.
The detection method of the cadmium content of the rice comprises the following steps: after each group of rice is washed by deionized water, husking the rice by a husking machine and grinding the rice into powder, grouping and marking the ground powder of each group of rice samples, weighing 0.25g of the ground powder of each group of rice samples, adding 5mL of high-grade pure nitric acid, performing microwave digestion for 2 hours, removing acid in batches, then fixing the volume to 10mL, adding deionized water for diluting to 10 times of the volume of the original solution, and detecting the cadmium content of each group of rice by using a plasma mass spectrometer, so that the cadmium content in the rice can be accurately detected.
The method for detecting the cadmium content in the soil in the step S4 comprises the following steps: weighing 0.5g of paddy field soil, placing the paddy field soil in a microwave digestion tank, adding 10mL of aqua regia to digest for 2 hours at 120 ℃, filtering the soil through qualitative filter paper after natural cooling, then fixing the volume of the filtrate to 50mL, and detecting the cadmium content in the soil by adopting a plasma mass spectrometer, so that the cadmium content in the soil can be accurately detected.
Example 3:
as shown in fig. 1, a rice field conditioning method for reducing cadmium enrichment of rice in a rice field comprises the following steps:
s1, paddy field ploughing:
injecting water into the rice field, wherein the water injection amount is 20cm higher than the soil in the rice field, ploughing the rice field twice after the water injection is finished, then guiding the wastewater in the rice field to a wastewater pond for cadmium reduction, and circulating each rice field for 2 times;
s2, wastewater treatment:
filtering the wastewater in the step S1 through industrial filter cloth, returning the filtered slurry into a rice field, adding soda lime into the filtered wastewater, fully stirring, filtering through reverse osmosis ultrafiltration equipment, performing quality inspection on the water treated by the reverse osmosis ultrafiltration equipment, and discharging the qualified water into a nearby water source or returning the qualified water source to the rice field;
s3, biological conditioning:
re-watering the rice field treated in the step S1, planting the fresh algae and the nitrogen-fixing blue algae into the rice field according to 50 kg/mu and 30 kg/mu respectively, sowing dry algae powder in the rice, wherein the sowing standard of the dry algae powder is 30 kg/mu, fertilizing the rice field in which the fresh algae and the dry algae powder are sowed, fishing out 1/2 of algae after the algae in the rice field grows full, and fishing out the algae completely after the second time of algae growth;
s4, microbial conditioning:
spraying cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid to the rice field treated in the step S3, wherein the density of microorganisms in the cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid is 1 multiplied by 10 10 The spraying amount of cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid is 60mL/m 2 Adding glucose powder into the rice field twice, wherein the adding amount of the glucose powder is 50g/m 2 The first glucose powder is added within 10h after spraying cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid, and the glucose powder is added 20 days laterPerforming the second glucose powder feeding, and performing one-time tillage after the glucose powder feeding is finished each time to mix the cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid with the soil;
s5, adjusting the pH value of the soil:
and (3) calculating the pH value corresponding to the minimum enrichment coefficient of the rice in the rice field through experiments, then throwing a ferrous sulfate solution or plant ash into the rice field to adjust the pH value of the soil in the rice field, turning over once after the adjustment is finished, and then normally planting the rice in the rice field.
The aperture of the ultrafiltration membrane of the reverse osmosis ultrafiltration equipment is 0.01-0.02um, the water inlet pressure of the reverse osmosis ultrafiltration equipment is 0.3MPa, the operating pressure is 0.25MPa, and the backwashing pressure is 0.2MPa.
The cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid in the step S4 is composed of the following microorganisms: 15 percent of recessive acidophilic bacillus, 10 percent of candida rugosa, 18 percent of azotobacter, 20 percent of rhodotorula glutinis, 30 percent of pseudomonas aeruginosa and the balance of coelomyces lunatus, and the cadmium content in the rice field can be effectively reduced by the cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid.
The plowing depths in the step S1 and the step S4 are respectively 40cm and 30cm, and cadmium ions in the planted soil layer can be dissolved in water by the plowing depths, and microorganisms can also be in full contact with the soil.
And in the step S4, throwing the passivating agent into the rice field 30 days after the second glucose powder throwing, and after the passivating agent is thrown, performing the step S5 to effectively fix the residual cadmium ions in the soil.
The passivating agent is prepared by mixing aluminosilicate, calcium hydroxide, ferrous sulfate, magnesium hydroxide and a cosolvent according to a mass ratio of 15:5:3:2:1, roasting at 1400 ℃ for 40min after mixing, and has good effect of curing cadmium ions.
The specific method for calculating the pH value corresponding to the minimum enrichment coefficient of the rice in the rice field through experiments in the step S4 comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of establishing experimental fields by taking soil before a rice field is conditioned, detecting the cadmium content of the soil, recording data, dividing the experimental fields into four groups, wherein the pH values of the four groups of experimental fields are respectively that the pH value is less than or equal to 5.5, the pH value is more than 5.5 and less than or equal to 6.5, the pH value is more than 6.5 and less than or equal to 7.5, planting 2 rice plants in each group of experimental fields, detecting the cadmium content of the rice after the rice is mature, calculating the cadmium enrichment coefficient of the rice, drawing a relation graph of the cadmium enrichment coefficient of the rice and the pH value, finding out the pH value of the soil with the lowest enrichment coefficient, and calculating the optimal pH value for adjusting the rice field through the experiment.
The rice enrichment coefficient is calculated by the following formula:
BCF＝Cd a /Cd b
in the formula, cd a Cadmium content of rice, cd b The soil cadmium content.
The method for detecting the cadmium content of the rice comprises the following steps: after each group of rice is washed by deionized water, husking by a husking machine and grinding into powder, grouping and marking the grinding powder of each group of rice samples, weighing 0.25g of the grinding powder of each group of rice samples, adding 5mL of high-grade pure nitric acid for microwave digestion for 2h, removing acid in batches, then fixing the volume to 10mL, adding deionized water for diluting to 10 of the volume of the original solution, and detecting the cadmium content of each group of rice by using a plasma mass spectrometer, so that the cadmium content in the rice can be accurately detected.
The method for detecting the cadmium content in the soil in the step S4 comprises the following steps: weighing 0.5g of paddy field soil, placing the paddy field soil in a microwave digestion tank, adding 10mL of aqua regia to digest for 2 hours at 120 ℃, filtering the soil through qualitative filter paper after natural cooling, then fixing the volume of the filtrate to 50mL, and detecting the cadmium content in the soil by adopting a plasma mass spectrometer, so that the cadmium content in the soil can be accurately detected.
Comparative examples 1 to 3, example 3 was the most effective in actually conditioning and reducing the cadmium content in paddy field, and thus example 3 was not the best example.
Claims (10)
1. A rice field conditioning method for reducing cadmium enrichment of rice in a rice field is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, paddy field ploughing:
injecting water into the rice field, wherein the water injection amount is 10-20cm higher than the soil in the rice field, ploughing the rice field twice after the water injection is finished, then guiding the wastewater in the rice field to a wastewater pond for cadmium reduction, and circulating each rice field for 2 times;
s2, wastewater treatment:
filtering the wastewater in the step S1 through industrial filter cloth, returning the filtered slurry to a rice field, adding soda lime into the filtered wastewater, fully stirring, filtering through reverse osmosis ultrafiltration equipment, performing quality inspection on the water treated through the reverse osmosis ultrafiltration equipment, and discharging the qualified water into a nearby water source or returning the qualified water to the rice field;
s3, biological conditioning:
re-watering the rice field treated in the step S1, planting the fresh algae and the nitrogen-fixing blue algae into the rice field according to the water level height being 10-15cm higher than that of the soil at 40-50 kg/mu and 20-30 kg/mu respectively, then sowing dry algae powder into the rice field, wherein the sowing standard of the dry algae powder is 15-30 kg/mu, fertilizing the rice field in which the fresh algae and the dry algae powder are sown, fishing out 1/2 of algae after the algae in the rice field are fully grown, and completely fishing out after the algae in the rice field are fully grown for the second time;
s4, microbial conditioning:
spraying cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid to the rice field treated in the step S3, wherein the density of microorganisms in the cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid is 1 multiplied by 10 9 -10 10 The spraying amount of cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid is 50-60mL/m 2 Adding glucose powder into the rice field twice, wherein the adding amount of the glucose powder is 40-50g/m 2 The first glucose powder adding time is within 10 hours after spraying the cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid, the second glucose powder adding is carried out 15-20 days after the first glucose powder adding, and the turning is carried out once after the glucose powder adding is finished each time, so that the cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid is mixed with the soil;
s5, adjusting the pH value of the soil:
the pH value corresponding to the minimum enrichment coefficient of the rice in the rice field is calculated through experiments, then ferrous sulfate solution or plant ash is put into the rice field to adjust the pH value of the soil in the rice field, one-time tillage is carried out after the adjustment is finished, and then the rice is normally planted in the rice field.
2. The rice field conditioning method for reducing cadmium enrichment of rice in rice fields as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the aperture of the ultrafiltration membrane of the reverse osmosis ultrafiltration device is 0.01-0.02um, the water inlet pressure of the reverse osmosis ultrafiltration device is 0.1-0.3MPa, the operating pressure is 0.15-0.25MPa, and the backwashing pressure is 0.15-0.2MPa.
3. The rice field conditioning method for reducing the cadmium enrichment of rice in rice fields as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cadmium-reducing bacteria liquid in the step S4 is composed of the following microorganisms in percentage by mass: 10-15% of recessive acidophilic bacillus, 8-10% of candida rugosa, 13-18% of azotobacter, 15-20% of rhodotorula glutinis, 20-30% of pseudomonas aeruginosa and the balance of cochliobolus lunata.
4. The method for conditioning rice field according to claim 1, wherein the plowing depths in step S1 and step S4 are 25-40cm and 15-30cm, respectively.
5. The method for conditioning paddy field for reducing cadmium enrichment in rice as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S4, the passivating agent is added to the paddy field 25-30 days after the second glucose powder addition, and step S5 is performed after the passivating agent addition.
6. The method for conditioning a rice field according to claim 5, wherein in step S4, the inactivation agent is applied to the rice field 25 to 30 days after the second glucose powder application.
7. The rice field conditioning method for reducing cadmium enrichment of rice in rice fields as claimed in claim 1, wherein the specific method for calculating the pH value corresponding to the minimum enrichment factor of rice in the rice field through experiments in the step S4 is as follows: the method comprises the steps of establishing experimental fields by taking soil before a rice field is conditioned, detecting the cadmium content of the soil, recording data, dividing the experimental fields into four groups, wherein the pH values of the four groups of experimental fields are respectively that the pH value is less than or equal to 5.5, the pH value is more than 5.5 and less than or equal to 6.5, the pH value is more than 6.5 and less than or equal to 7.5, the pH value is more than 7.5, planting 1-2 rice plants in each group of experimental fields, detecting the cadmium content of the rice after the rice is mature, calculating the cadmium enrichment coefficient of the rice, drawing a relation graph of the cadmium enrichment coefficient of the rice and the pH value, and finding out the pH value of the soil with the lowest enrichment coefficient.
8. The rice field conditioning method for reducing cadmium enrichment in rice as claimed in claim 7, wherein the rice enrichment factor is calculated by the formula:
BCF＝Cd a /Cd b
in the formula, cd a Cd is the cadmium content of rice b The soil cadmium content.
9. The rice field conditioning method for reducing the cadmium enrichment of rice in rice fields as claimed in claim 7, wherein the rice cadmium content detection method is as follows: after each group of rice is washed by deionized water, husking by a husking machine and grinding into powder, grouping and marking the grinding powder of each group of rice samples, weighing 0.25g of the grinding powder of each group of rice samples, adding 5mL of high-grade pure nitric acid for microwave digestion for 2h, removing acid in batches, then fixing the volume to 10mL, adding deionized water for diluting to 10 of the volume of the original solution, and then detecting the cadmium content of each group of rice by using a plasma mass spectrometer.
10. The rice field conditioning method for reducing the cadmium enrichment of rice in rice fields as claimed in claim 7, wherein the soil cadmium content detection method in the step S4 is as follows: weighing 0.5g of rice field soil, placing the rice field soil in a microwave digestion tank, adding 10mL of aqua regia to digest for 2h at 120 ℃, filtering the rice field soil through qualitative filter paper after natural cooling, then fixing the volume of the filtrate to 50mL, and detecting the cadmium content of the soil by adopting a plasma mass spectrometer.
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