CN115208323A - Ultra-wideband odd harmonic mixer for spread spectrum and frequency spectrograph - Google Patents
Ultra-wideband odd harmonic mixer for spread spectrum and frequency spectrograph Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03D—DEMODULATION OR TRANSFERENCE OF MODULATION FROM ONE CARRIER TO ANOTHER
- H03D7/00—Transference of modulation from one carrier to another, e.g. frequency-changing
- H03D7/14—Balanced arrangements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03D—DEMODULATION OR TRANSFERENCE OF MODULATION FROM ONE CARRIER TO ANOTHER
- H03D7/00—Transference of modulation from one carrier to another, e.g. frequency-changing
- H03D7/14—Balanced arrangements
- H03D7/1408—Balanced arrangements with diodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H7/00—Multiple-port networks comprising only passive electrical elements as network components
- H03H7/42—Networks for transforming balanced signals into unbalanced signals and vice versa, e.g. baluns
- H03H7/422—Networks for transforming balanced signals into unbalanced signals and vice versa, e.g. baluns comprising distributed impedance elements together with lumped impedance elements
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Abstract
The invention discloses an ultra wide band odd harmonic mixer for spread spectrum, which belongs to the technical field of plane harmonic mixing and comprises the following components: the antenna comprises a first microstrip line, a Marchand balun, a first Schottky diode, a second Schottky diode, a matching circuit and a second microstrip line; the first microstrip line is located at the radio frequency input end and connected with the unbalanced end of the Marchand balun, two paths of the balanced end A, B of the Marchand balun are respectively connected with the anode of the first Schottky diode and the cathode of the second Schottky diode, the cathode of the first Schottky diode and the anode of the second Schottky diode are connected and then sequentially connected with the matching circuit and the second microstrip line in series, and the second microstrip line is connected with the local oscillator/intermediate frequency port. The harmonic mixer can be directly used for frequency expansion of the existing mainstream frequency spectrograph, and the expansion range can cover the bandwidth of two to three standard waveguide frequency bands.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of plane harmonic mixing, in particular to an ultra wide band odd harmonic mixer for spread spectrum.
Background
The spectrum analyzer is one of important instruments for signal measurement, and has an irreplaceable role in the microwave field. German technology and Luode and Schwarz are the main suppliers of spectrum analyzers internationally at present, the maximum analysis frequency of the mainstream spectrum analyzers provided by the two companies is 50GHz, and the higher the working frequency of the spectrum analyzer is, the more expensive the price of the spectrum analyzer is.
In order to meet the requirement of a user on the measurement of the millimeter wave terahertz frequency band, a spectrum analyzer usually provides a local oscillator and an intermediate frequency interface, which are used for external spread spectrum equipment (harmonic mixer) to expand the measurement frequency of the spectrum analyzer. For example, the German PXA series and the Rode and Schwarz FSW series provide a local oscillator/intermediate frequency shared spread spectrum SMA interface which is adapted to a dual-port harmonic mixer, respectively provides local oscillator signals of 3.75-14.1 GHz and 7.65-17.45 GHz for spectrum spreading, and simultaneously receives intermediate frequency signals output by the spread mixer. The rf signal input of the spread spectrum device is generally a waveguide interface, and the operating frequency band thereof is generally a standard waveguide frequency band, for example, the operating frequency of the WR-15 waveguide is 50 to 75ghz, and the operating frequency band of the wr10 interface is 75 to 110GHz, etc.
The working frequency of some microwave devices to be tested in the millimeter wave frequency band may span two standard waveguide frequency bands, such as 55 to 85GHz, even the bandwidth exceeds one standard waveguide frequency band, such as 50 to 90GHz, so that the traditional spectrum spreading device cannot separately realize the measurement of the ultra wide band, and a plurality of spread spectrum devices in different frequency bands are required to be used for respectively measuring data in corresponding frequency bands and then combined, thereby greatly increasing the complexity of the test link.
In the related art, the chinese patent application with application publication number CN109818579a discloses a high-efficiency ultra-wideband frequency multiplier for mixing and amplifying harmonic, which comprises: the harmonic generator receives the fundamental frequency signal, adjusts the working area of the frequency source according to the frequency band requirement of the frequency source by using externally input adjusting voltage, and respectively generates maximum second harmonic, third harmonic and fourth harmonic; first to fourth filters connected to an output terminal of the harmonic generator at the same time; the first radio frequency switch and the first power amplifier are connected in sequence; a first mixer; a second radio frequency switch; the third radio frequency switch and the second power amplifier are connected in sequence; the fourth radio frequency switch and the second frequency mixer are connected in sequence; and the fifth radio frequency switch and the third power amplifier are connected in sequence. The active device working in the nonlinear region is used for generating harmonic waves, and a plurality of radio frequency switches are adopted for amplifying or mixing each harmonic wave and then synthesizing the same-frequency signals, so that high-efficiency broadband signal output is realized, but the highest harmonic wave can only realize fourth harmonic wave.
The patent of the chinese utility model with the publication number of CN209472602U discloses a planar ultra wide band double balanced diode mixer, which comprises two baluns and a bridge type mixing unit, wherein the bridge type mixing unit adopts a low potential barrier crossed ring diode bridge, the two baluns are divided into a local oscillator balun and a radio frequency balun, the input and output ends of the local oscillator balun and the radio frequency balun are respectively connected to the input end of the bridge type mixing unit, the output end of the bridge type mixing unit is an intermediate frequency output end formed by the conversion of the local oscillator microstrip balun, the intermediate frequency output end is led out through a jumper wire, and an isolation inductor is arranged on the jumper wire; it can reach multiple frequency multiplication bandwidth without adding high frequency short circuit line. The isolation of a signal end and a local oscillator end is realized by utilizing an electric bridge consisting of four Schottky diodes; and a high-low frequency direct current path is provided for the diode by the diode bridge, and a plurality of frequency doubling bandwidths can be achieved without additionally adding a high-frequency short circuit line and a medium-frequency grounding line.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of how to cover the bandwidth of an ultra-wideband odd harmonic mixer for spread spectrum of a plurality of waveguide frequency bands.
The invention solves the technical problems through the following technical means:
the invention provides an ultra wide band odd harmonic mixer for spread spectrum, which comprises: the antenna comprises a first microstrip line, a Marchand balun, a first Schottky diode, a second Schottky diode, a matching circuit and a second microstrip line;
the first microstrip line is located at the radio frequency input end and connected with the unbalanced end of the Marchand balun, two paths of the balanced end A, B of the Marchand balun are respectively connected with the anode of the first Schottky diode and the cathode of the second Schottky diode, the cathode of the first Schottky diode and the anode of the second Schottky diode are connected and then sequentially connected with the matching circuit and the second microstrip line in series, and the second microstrip line is connected with the local oscillator/intermediate frequency port.
The harmonic mixer adopts Marchand balun to realize a single-balance structure, and provides a broadband grounding loop for local oscillation and intermediate frequency signals while providing an ultra-wide radio frequency input bandwidth; the harmonic mixer only has two ports, namely a radio frequency port and a local oscillator/intermediate frequency shared port, is not required to be assisted by other equipment, realizes frequency spreading by utilizing higher odd harmonic waves, can be directly used for frequency spreading of the existing mainstream frequency spectrograph, and can cover the bandwidth of two to three standard waveguide frequency bands in an extended range. Further, the first microstrip line and the second microstrip line are both 50 ohm microstrip lines.
Further, the cathode of the first Schottky diode and the anode of the second Schottky diode are both connected to the point C through the microstrip bonding pad so as to form a radio frequency virtual ground at the point C.
Furthermore, the matching circuit comprises a plurality of sections of microstrip transmission lines which are connected in sequence, and the line width and the length of each microstrip transmission line are different.
Further, the Marchand balun adopts a double-wire coupled microstrip balun.
Furthermore, the first microstrip line, the Marchand balun, the first schottky diode, the second schottky diode, the matching circuit and the second microstrip line are all planar microstrip line structures.
In addition, the invention also provides a frequency spectrograph which comprises the frequency spectrograph and the ultra-wideband odd harmonic mixer for spread spectrum, wherein a local oscillator/intermediate frequency port of the mixer is connected with a spread spectrum port of the frequency spectrograph, and a signal to be detected is input at a radio frequency end of the mixer.
The invention has the advantages that:
(1) The harmonic mixer adopts a Marchand balun to realize a single balance structure, and provides a broadband grounding loop for local oscillation and intermediate frequency signals while providing an ultra-wide radio frequency input bandwidth; the harmonic mixer only has two ports, namely a radio frequency port and a local oscillator/intermediate frequency shared port, does not need the assistance of other equipment, realizes frequency spreading by utilizing higher odd harmonics, can be directly used for frequency spreading of the existing mainstream frequency spectrograph, and can cover the bandwidth of two to three standard waveguide frequency bands in an expansion range.
(2) The odd harmonic mixer has the advantages of simple structure, large bandwidth, excellent frequency conversion performance, convenience in assembly of a pure plane circuit and high-density integration with other circuits.
Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of an ultra-wideband odd harmonic mixer for spread spectrum according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a Marchand balun model and simulation results in an embodiment of the present invention, where FIG. 2- (a) is a diagram of a Marchand balun model, FIG. 2- (b) is a schematic diagram of balun S parameter simulation, and FIG. 2- (c) is a schematic diagram of balun amplitude-phase simulation;
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating simulation results of frequency conversion loss of a 50-110 GHz planar dual-port ultra-wideband odd harmonic mixer according to an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1, a first embodiment of the present invention proposes an ultra-wideband odd harmonic mixer for spread spectrum, comprising: the device comprises a first microstrip line 1, a Marchand balun 2, a first Schottky diode 3, a second Schottky diode 4, a matching circuit 5 and a second microstrip line 6;
the first microstrip line 1 is located at the radio frequency input end and connected with the unbalanced end of the Marchand balun 2, two paths of balanced ends A, B of the Marchand balun 2 are respectively connected with the anode of the first Schottky diode 3 and the cathode of the second Schottky diode 4, the cathode of the first Schottky diode 3 and the anode of the second Schottky diode 4 are connected and then sequentially connected with the matching circuit 5 and the second microstrip line 6 in series, and the second microstrip line 6 is connected with the local oscillator/intermediate frequency port.
It should be noted that radio frequency signals enter the balun through the first microstrip line, signals with a phase difference of 180 degrees are generated by the balun, even harmonics generated after frequency mixing by the first schottky diode and the second schottky diode which are connected in parallel in the reverse direction are mutually offset, odd harmonic power is superposed, and therefore odd harmonics are output at a local oscillator/intermediate frequency port.
The harmonic mixer in the embodiment adopts Marchand balun 2 to realize a single-balanced structure, and provides a broadband grounding loop for local oscillation and intermediate frequency signals while providing an ultra-wide radio frequency input bandwidth; the harmonic mixer only has two ports, namely a radio frequency port and a local oscillator/intermediate frequency shared port, does not need the assistance of other equipment, realizes frequency spreading by utilizing higher odd harmonics, can be directly used for frequency spreading of the existing mainstream frequency spectrograph (such as PXA series of Germany and science and technology and FSW series of Rode and Schwarz), and can cover the bandwidth of two to three standard waveguide frequency bands in the range of spreading.
In an embodiment, the first microstrip line 1 and the second microstrip line 6 are both 50 ohm microstrip lines.
In one embodiment, the cathode of the first schottky diode 3 and the anode of the second schottky diode 4 are both connected to the point C via a microstrip pad to form a radio frequency virtual ground at the point C.
In this embodiment, the first schottky diode 3 and the second schottky diode 4 are nonlinear elements of an odd harmonic mixer; the first Schottky diode 3 and the second Schottky diode 4 are reversely and parallelly arranged, one ends of the first Schottky diode and the second Schottky diode are respectively connected with the two paths of the balance end A, B of the Marchand balun 2, the other ends of the first Schottky diode and the second Schottky diode are connected to a point C through a shared microstrip bonding pad, and then the first Schottky diode and the second Schottky diode are output after passing through the matching circuit 5 and the second microstrip line 6. Meanwhile, as the Marchand balun 2 brings a phase difference of 180 degrees, a radio frequency virtual ground is formed at the point C after passing through the first Schottky diode 3 and the second Schottky diode 4, and a ground loop is provided for radio frequency signals.
In an embodiment, the matching circuit 5 includes multiple microstrip transmission lines connected in sequence, and the microstrip transmission lines have different line widths and lengths.
It should be noted that the matching circuit 5 is located between the schottky diode and the second microstrip line 6, and is configured to match the input local oscillator signal and the output intermediate frequency signal, so as to implement low-loss frequency conversion, and specifically, frequency conversion loss of the mixer may be optimized by adjusting the line width and length of the microstrip line.
In one embodiment, the Marchand balun 2 employs a two-wire coupled microstrip balun.
It should be noted that Marchand balun 2 is composed of two symmetrical microstrip coupling lines, and divides the input rf signal into two paths of output ports, i.e. a and B, and A, B have equal rf signal size and 180 ° phase difference, so as to realize the conversion from unbalanced to balanced rf signal. The double-line coupling microstrip balun has wide practical frequency range, and realizes the conversion of the ultra-wideband radio-frequency signal from unbalance to balance. The grounding structure in the coupling line has high-pass characteristic, can only pass through radio frequency signals, has inhibiting effect on local oscillation and intermediate frequency signals, and improves the isolation performance from the local oscillation/intermediate frequency port of the frequency mixer to the radio frequency port.
Further, the grounding structure of the Marchand balun 2 double-coupled line provides a grounding loop for local oscillation and intermediate frequency signals, and provides direct current grounding for the diode.
The harmonic mixer adopts Marchand balun 2 to realize a single-balance structure, and the stray related to local oscillation or even-numbered radio frequency harmonic waves generated by the two Schottky diodes are mutually offset, so that the mixer has the characteristic of inhibiting certain stray response related to the local oscillation or even-numbered radio frequency harmonic waves.
In an embodiment, the first microstrip line 1, the Marchand balun 2, the first schottky diode 3, the second schottky diode 4, the matching circuit 5, and the second microstrip line 6 are all planar microstrip line structures.
It should be noted that each component functional circuit of the mixer is a planar microstrip structure, which facilitates planar high-density integration of the circuit with other devices or circuits (e.g. low noise amplifier) after the circuit is made into a device.
The ultra-wideband odd harmonic mixer for spread spectrum designed by the embodiment can realize a bandwidth of 50-110 GHz at most, the working frequency of the planar dual-port ultra-wideband odd harmonic mixer of 50-110 GHz covers three complete bands of WR-15 (V band, frequency range of 50-75 GHz), WR-12 (E band, frequency range of 60-90 GHz) and WR-10 (W band, frequency range of 75-110 GHz), and the mixer can be matched with German technology PXA or a newer series, and can be matched with FSW series spectrometers of Rode and Shiwarz company to carry out frequency expansion.
The PXA series can provide local oscillation signals of 3.75-14.1 GHz for spectrum spreading, the FSW series can provide local oscillation signals of 7.65-17.45 GHz, and the receiving intermediate frequency of the instrument is about 300MHz. Because the local frequency range of the spread spectrum is fixed, the super bandwidth can be realized through higher harmonic frequency during the spread spectrum, and the harmonic frequency of the harmonic mixer can be determined according to the intermediate frequency and the local frequency range of the spectrum analyzer.
Taking a PXA series spectrometer as an example, designing a 50-110 GHz odd harmonic mixer for expansion based on the PXA series spectrometer, and setting the required harmonic frequency as 9 times, at this time, it can calculate the corresponding local oscillator frequency range as follows:
local oscillator frequency upper limit value = (110-0.3) ÷ 9=12.19ghz;
local oscillator frequency lower limit value = (50-0.3) ÷ 9=5.52ghz.
Namely, the corresponding local oscillator frequency range is 5.52 to 12.19GHz, and is within the local oscillator frequency range (3.75 to 14.1 GHz) provided by the PXA series spread spectrum interface. The mixer can be optimized using the nine harmonic orders.
If the 50-110 GHz odd harmonic mixer for expansion is designed based on the FSW series spectrometer, the 50-110 GHz needs to be divided into two sections, and the mixer needs to be optimized by using the fifth harmonic and the seventh harmonic respectively, which is not described herein again.
The Marchand balun 2 adopts microstrip double-line coupling, has the advantages of wide practical frequency range, simple structure and the like, can realize the conversion of broadband radio-frequency signals from unbalance to balance, and is suitable for broadband single-balance frequency mixing. Fig. 2 shows a three-dimensional electromagnetic field simulation model and simulation results of the Marchand balun 2, and it can be seen from the simulation results that the bandwidth of the Marchand balun 2 can meet the requirements that the transmission loss at the output ports a and B is within 4dB, the return loss of the input end in the band is better than 10dB, and the suppression effect in the local oscillator and the intermediate frequency band is better within the radio frequency range, i.e. within the range of 50-110 GHz; the amplitude unbalance degree of the balun in the range of 50-110 GHz is better than 0.4dB, and the phase unbalance degree is within +/-3 degrees.
Further, fig. 3 shows the simulation result of the final conversion loss of the nine-order harmonic mixer, and the conversion loss of the nine-order harmonic mixer is better than 20dB and the in-band flatness is better than 2.5dB in the radio frequency range of 50-110 GHz. In addition, fig. 3 also shows the results of the harmonic mixer fifth harmonic mixing and seventh harmonic mixing. Generally, the lower the harmonic order of a harmonic mixer, the lower the conversion loss. Therefore, when the mixer is used as a frequency spreading device to measure a certain lower frequency, for example, 50 to 70GHz, the frequency spectrograph can be set to use fifth harmonic mixing, so that the frequency conversion loss is smaller, and the dynamic range of frequency spreading is higher than that of ninth harmonic mixing.
It should be noted that, when designing the mixer, the mixer includes a linear portion and a non-linear portion, where the linear portion includes the first schottky diode 3 and the second schottky diode 4, and a portion of the mixer structure other than the first schottky diode 3 and the second schottky diode 4 is the linear portion. The S-parameters of Marchand balun, the first schottky diode 3 and the second schottky diode 4 can be obtained by three-dimensional electromagnetic field simulation software, and the S-parameters are introduced into the circuit simulation software (for example, ADS of germany technology). The matching circuit 5 is composed of a plurality of sections of microstrip transmission lines in ADS, the frequency conversion loss of the mixer is optimized by adjusting the line width and the length of the microstrip lines, so that all final circuit parameters are obtained, and then the mixer design is carried out.
Further, modeling the first schottky diode 33 and the second schottky diode 44 is generally more accurate by combining a three-dimensional electromagnetic field model with diode SPICE parameters.
The plane dual-port ultra-wideband odd-order harmonic mixer provided by the embodiment has the advantages of simple structure, large bandwidth, excellent frequency conversion performance, convenience in assembly of a pure plane circuit and high-density integration with other circuits, can be used for frequency expansion of the existing mainstream frequency spectrometer, and can cover bandwidths of two to three standard waveguide frequency bands in an expanded range.
In addition, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a frequency spectrometer, including a frequency spectrometer and the above-mentioned ultra-wideband odd-harmonic mixer for spread spectrum, where a local oscillator/intermediate frequency port of the mixer is connected to a spread spectrum port of the frequency spectrometer, and a signal to be measured is input to a radio frequency end of the mixer.
It should be noted that the local oscillator/intermediate frequency port of the mixer is connected to the frequency spreading port of the frequency spectrograph, the radio frequency end is connected to the signal to be measured, the harmonic frequency is set in the frequency spectrograph, and the frequency spectrum corresponding to the radio frequency can be directly displayed by checking the frequency spectrum.
In the description of the specification, reference to the description of "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "an example," "a specific example," or "some examples" or the like means that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the terms used above do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples.
Furthermore, the terms "first", "second" and "first" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one of the feature. In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means at least two, e.g., two, three, etc., unless specifically limited otherwise.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and that variations, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to the above embodiments by those of ordinary skill in the art within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. An ultra-wideband odd harmonic mixer for spread spectrum comprising: the antenna comprises a first microstrip line, a Marchand balun, a first Schottky diode, a second Schottky diode, a matching circuit and a second microstrip line;
the first microstrip line is located at the radio frequency input end and connected with the unbalanced end of the Marchand balun, two paths of the balanced end A, B of the Marchand balun are respectively connected with the anode of the first Schottky diode and the cathode of the second Schottky diode, the cathode of the first Schottky diode and the anode of the second Schottky diode are connected and then sequentially connected with the matching circuit and the second microstrip line in series, and the second microstrip line is connected with the local oscillator/intermediate frequency port.
2. The ultra-wideband odd harmonic mixer for spread spectrum of claim 1, wherein the first microstrip and the second microstrip are both 50 ohm microstrip lines.
3. The ultra-wideband odd harmonic mixer for spread spectrum of claim 1 wherein the cathode of the first schottky diode and the anode of the second schottky diode are each connected to point C via a microstrip pad to form a radio frequency virtual ground at point C.
4. The ultra-wideband odd harmonic mixer for spread spectrum of claim 1 wherein said matching circuit comprises a plurality of sequentially connected microstrip transmission lines, each microstrip transmission line having a different line width and length.
5. The ultra-wideband odd harmonic mixer for spread spectrum of claim 1 wherein the Marchand balun employs a two-wire coupled microstrip balun.
6. The ultra-wideband odd harmonic mixer for spread spectrum according to any of claims 1-5, wherein the first microstrip line, marchand balun, first Schottky diode, second Schottky diode, matching circuit, and second microstrip line are planar microstrip line structures.
7. A spectrometer comprising a spectrometer and an ultra-wideband odd harmonic mixer for spread spectrum according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the local/intermediate frequency port of the mixer is connected to the spread spectrum port of the spectrometer, and the radio frequency end of the mixer receives a signal to be measured.
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