CN115201100A - Device for simulating calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion diffusion conditions of cement-based material under water - Google Patents
Device for simulating calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion diffusion conditions of cement-based material under water Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a device for simulating the calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion diffusion conditions of a cement-based material under water, which comprises a test bin and an air compressor for providing pressure for the test bin; the test bin comprises a pressure-resistant bin and a solution storage bin, and a booster pump and a pressure sensor are arranged on a connecting air pipe of the air compressor and the pressure-resistant bin; a sensor assembly is arranged in the pressure-resistant bin and is fixed on the pressure-resistant bin through a fixing device; the sensor assembly comprises a calcium ion sensor, a chloride ion sensor and a reference electrode; and a pressure relief valve is arranged on a connecting pipeline of the pressure-resistant bin and the solution storage bin. The device can simulate the water head pressure action of the cement-based material under the water area of a dam or a deep sea engineering by applying pressure to the erosion solution, and the cement-based material simultaneously generates calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion erosion under the water pressure action, so that the calcium ion dissolution rate and the chloride ion diffusion rate of the cement-based material under the corresponding water pressure action are quickly obtained, the anti-corrosion and anti-chloride ion erosion performances of the cement-based material under different water pressure actions are evaluated, and the service life of the concrete building is predicted when the cement-based material is subjected to calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion erosion deterioration under the water pressure load condition.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a device for simulating calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion diffusion of a subsurface cement-based material.
Background
The main body of hydraulic engineering such as dams is a concrete building, the concrete building below the water level is in contact with water for a long time, calcium ions in the concrete can migrate to the outside under the drive of concentration difference, and the concrete contact erosion is called as concrete contact erosion. The contact corrosion of concrete causes the decalcification of the concrete, which not only reduces the cementation performance of hydrated calcium silicate gel, but also coarsens the porosity of cementation slurry, and leads to the continuous degradation of the mechanical property of the concrete. In addition, for deep sea concrete engineering, due to the fact that the content of chloride ions in seawater is high, the chloride ions intrude into concrete to cause steel reinforcement corrosion swelling and cracking, so that the bearing capacity of a concrete structure is reduced, and meanwhile, the calcium ions are dissolved out.
The current research on the corrosion degradation and chloride ion corrosion of cement-based materials mainly aims at normal pressure conditions, but the underwater concrete of dams or deep sea buildings is subjected to water head load, and the water head pressure is increased along with the increase of the water level depth. The water storage depth and deep sea concrete building depth of many hydropower stations exceed 100 meters, and the pressure of the concrete at the bottom exceeds the water head pressure of 1 MPa. Compared with the normal pressure condition, the water head pressure enables the erosion medium to more easily invade to a deeper position in the concrete, and promotes the calcium ions in the cement paste at the deeper position to diffuse to the outside of the concrete.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to: the invention aims to provide a device capable of accurately evaluating the erosion resistance and the erosion resistance of the cement-based material under the action of different water head pressures in dam and deep sea engineering underwater areas by regulating and controlling the water pressure.
The technical scheme is as follows: the device for simulating the calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion diffusion conditions of the underwater cement-based material comprises a test bin and an air compressor for providing pressure for the test bin; the test bin comprises a pressure-resistant bin and a solution storage bin, and a booster pump and a pressure sensor are arranged on a connecting air pipe of the air compressor and the pressure-resistant bin; a sensor assembly is arranged in the pressure-resistant bin and is fixed on the pressure-resistant bin through a fixing device; the sensor assembly comprises a calcium ion sensor, a chloride ion sensor and a reference electrode; and a pressure release valve is arranged on a connecting pipeline of the pressure-resistant bin and the solution storage bin.
Wherein, still include the PLC control box, booster pump, pressure sensor, calcium ion sensor, chloride ion sensor and relief valve are connected with the PLC control box through the cable respectively, and the PLC control box carries out the information interaction through communication module and the control terminal who takes the display screen.
And the pressure-resistant bin is filled with an erosion solution, the erosion solution is an ammonium chloride and/or sodium chloride solution, the concentration of ammonium ions in the solution is 0-6 mol/L, and the concentration of chloride ions in the solution is 0-9 mol/L.
Cement concrete test pieces are placed in the pressure-resistant bin, powder is taken from the test pieces layer by layer from the exposed surface to the inside, and the powder taking thickness of each layer is 0.5-2 mm, preferably 1mm; and after the obtained powder is ground into fine powder, an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer is used for measuring the content of calcium ions in the powder, meanwhile, a solid-liquid extraction method is combined with a chemical titration method for measuring the content of chloride ions in the powder, and the dissolution rate of the calcium ions and the corrosion rate of the chloride ions are calculated by means of a diffusion-dissolution equation of the cement-based material.
The calcium ion sensor, the chloride ion sensor and the reference electrode are arranged on a cover plate at the top of the pressure-resistant bin in a flange mode; measuring range 10 of calcium ion sensor for calcium ion concentration in solution -5 -10 -1 mol/L, temperature range 5-55 deg.C, diameter 10-15 mm, length 100-120 mm; the measuring range of the chloride ion sensor to the concentration of chloride ions in the solution is 5 multiplied by 10 -5 -10 -1 mol/L, temperature range 5-55 deg.C, diameter 10-1 mm, length 100-120 mm; the reference electrode is a manganese dioxide solid reference electrode, the temperature range is 5-55 ℃, the diameter is 5-10 mm, and the length is 50-100 mm. The calcium ion concentration and the chloride ion concentration in the erosion solution are mastered in real time through the calcium ion sensor and the chloride ion sensor, and when the calcium ion concentration or the chloride ion concentration in the erosion solution reaches balance (the judgment standard for reaching the balance is that the change of the calcium ion concentration and/or the chloride ion concentration does not exceed 0.5 percent in one day), the erosion solution in the pressure-resistant bin is updated.
The pressure-resistant bin is an organic glass or stainless steel pressure-resistant bin; before the erosion solution is poured into the pressure-resistant bin, the cement-based material test piece is stably placed in the pressure-resistant bin, and the total volume of the placed test piece is not more than 50% of the volume of the pressure-resistant bin.
Wherein, the solution storage storehouse is formed for organic glass preparation, and connecting tube and the pipeline material of connecting the trachea are the explosion-proof braided tube of stainless steel ripple.
Before the solution is poured into the pressure-resistant bin, the cement-based material test piece is stably placed in the pressure-resistant bin, and the total volume of the placed test piece is not more than 50% of the volume of the pressure-resistant bin.
Has the advantages that: the device can simulate the water head pressure action of the cement-based material under the water area of a dam or a deep sea engineering by applying pressure to the erosion solution, and the cement-based material simultaneously generates calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion erosion under the water pressure action, so that the calcium ion dissolution rate and the chloride ion diffusion rate of the cement-based material under the corresponding water pressure action are quickly obtained, the anti-corrosion and anti-chloride ion erosion performances of the cement-based material under different water pressure actions are evaluated, and the service life of the concrete building is predicted when the cement-based material is degraded by calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion erosion under the water pressure load condition; the device can simulate the service environment of concrete at different depth positions in a fresh water or seawater environment, realize the simultaneous dissolution of calcium ions and the invasion of chloride ions in the cement-based material under the action of water head pressure, evaluate the calcium ion dissolution resistance and the chloride ion corrosion resistance of the cement-based material under the condition of the water head pressure and predict the durability of the cement-based material.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the device of the present invention.
Detailed Description
As shown in figure 1, the device for simulating the calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion diffusion of the cement-based material under water comprises a test chamber and an air compressor for providing pressure for the test chamber; the test bin comprises a pressure-resistant bin and a solution storage bin, and a booster pump and a pressure sensor are arranged on a connecting air pipe of the air compressor and the pressure-resistant bin; a calcium ion sensor and a chloride ion sensor are arranged in the pressure-resistant bin; and a pressure release valve is arranged on a connecting pipeline of the pressure-resistant bin and the solution storage bin. The booster pump is a liquid booster pump, the air compressor provides gas pressure for the booster pump, the booster pump drives gas to boost the corrosion liquid, and the hydraulic sensor and the pressure release valve work cooperatively to accurately control the pressure applied to the corrosion liquid in the cylindrical pressure-resistant bin. The solution storage bin is used for storing erosion solution.
The device also comprises a PLC control box (data receiving device), wherein the booster pump, the pressure sensor, the calcium ion sensor, the chloride ion sensor and the pressure release valve are respectively connected with the PLC control box through cables, and the PLC control box is in information interaction with a control terminal with a display screen through a communication module. The device monitors the concentration of calcium ions and chloride ions in the erosion solution in real time through the calcium ion sensor and the chloride ion sensor.
The pressure-resistant bin is a cylindrical pressure-resistant bin, and the diameter of the pressure-resistant bin is 10-50 cm, preferably 30cm; the height is 10-120 cm, preferably 80cm; the pressure-resistant bin can bear the pressure within the range of 0-5 MPa; the used material is organic glass or stainless steel, preferred transparent organic glass, and the withstand voltage storehouse of organic glass material preparation is neither corroded, can also observe the experimental condition in the withstand voltage storehouse in real time. Before the erosion solution is poured into the pressure-resistant bin, the cement-based material test piece is stably placed in the pressure-resistant bin, and the total volume of the placed test piece is not more than 50% of the volume of the pressure-resistant bin.
Wherein, the pressure-resistant bin is filled with erosion solution which is ammonium chloride and/or sodium chloride solution, the concentration of ammonium ions in the solution is 0-6 mol/L, and the concentration of chloride ions in the solution is 0-9 mol/L. While only the result of diffusion of chloride ions from the external solution into the interior of the cement-based material under pressurized conditions can be obtained in a short time, the present invention can simultaneously obtain the results of diffusion of chloride ions from the external solution into the interior of the cement-based material and diffusion of calcium ions from the cement-based material into the external solution under pressurized conditions by adjustment of the concentration and composition of the etching solution (ammonium chloride solution).
Cement concrete test pieces are placed in the pressure-resistant bin, powder is taken from the test pieces layer by layer from the exposed surface to the inside, and the powder taking thickness of each layer is 0.5-2 mm, preferably 1mm; and after the obtained powder is ground to be fine, an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer is used for measuring the content of calcium ions in the powder, meanwhile, a solid-liquid extraction method is combined with a chemical titration method for measuring the content of chloride ions in the powder, after the powder is pressurized and eroded, the test piece is subjected to layered powder taking for measuring the content of calcium ions and chloride ions in the cement slurry, and the dissolution rate of the calcium ions and the diffusion rate of the chloride ions are calculated according to a diffusion-dissolution equation of the cement-based material.
Wherein, the pressure-resistant solid calcium ion sensor, the chloride ion sensor and the reference electrode are arranged on the top cover plate of the pressure-resistant bin in a flange mode; measuring range 10 of calcium ion sensor for calcium ion concentration in solution -5 -10 -1 mol/L, temperature range 5-55 deg.C, diameter 10-15 mm, length 100-120 mm; the measuring range of the chloride ion sensor to the concentration of chloride ions in the solution is 5 multiplied by 10 -5 -10 -1 mol/L, temperature range 5-55 deg.C, diameter 10-1 mm, length 100-120 mm; the reference electrode is a manganese dioxide solid reference electrode with the temperature range of 5-55 ℃ and the diameter of 5-10 mmAnd the length is 50-100 mm. The calcium ion concentration and the chloride ion concentration in the erosion solution are mastered in real time through the calcium ion sensor and the chloride ion sensor, and when the calcium ion concentration or the chloride ion concentration in the erosion solution reaches balance, the erosion solution in the pressure-resistant bin is updated.
Wherein the solution storage bin is 50cm in diameter and 120cm in height and is made of organic glass; the pipeline materials of the connecting pipeline and the connecting air pipe are stainless steel corrugated explosion-proof braided pipes, the maximum working pressure is 20MPa, and the maximum working pressure of the pipeline is far higher than the maximum pressure which can be applied by equipment, so that the safety of the pipeline in the test is ensured; in addition, the stainless steel material does not react with the acid solution, and has good durability.
Wherein, the core component of the hydraulic sensor is 316L stainless steel, the measuring range is-0.1 to 50MPa, and the resolution is 0.1MPa; the measurement precision is +/-0.1% of full range, the overload capacity is 200% of full range, and the temperature drift coefficient is +/-0.05% of full range/DEG C. After the pressure value of the test is set, the pressure resistant bin is regulated and controlled by the hydraulic sensor to reach and maintain the set pressure.
The core part of the pressure release valve is 316L stainless steel, the use pressure is 0.05-10 MPa, and when the pressure in the pipeline exceeds the set pressure of the pressure release valve, the pressure release valve is automatically opened to release pressure, so that the pressure of a corrosion medium (corrosion solution) in equipment and the pipeline is ensured to be lower than the set pressure, and accidents are prevented.
The device can accurately control the pressure applied to the erosion solution so as to simulate the water head pressure born by the concrete building at different water level depths; in addition, the compound solution of ammonium chloride and calcium chloride can simulate different environments of pure calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion erosion coupling faced by a concrete structure, and accurate evaluation on the anti-corrosion performance and the anti-corrosion performance of the cement-based material under different water head pressures is realized by measuring the calcium ion dissolution rate and the chloride ion erosion rate of the cement-based material under different pressures.
Example 1
Preparing a plurality of cylindrical cement paste test pieces with the water-cement ratio of 0.5, wherein the diameter of each paste test piece is 10cm, the height of each paste test piece is 5cm, and curing for 28 days in a curing box (the humidity is 98 +/-2 percent, and the temperature is 20 +/-1 ℃). The side surface of the cured cement paste test piece is sealed by epoxy resin, and the device is adopted to carry out calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion diffusion tests on the test piece under the corresponding water pressure. The corrosion medium is 1mol/L ammonium chloride solution, the applied pressures are respectively 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0MPa, the corrosion time is respectively set to be 28, 56, 97 and 140d, and the calcium ion content and the chloride ion content in the test powder are taken out in a layered powder extraction manner from the clean slurry test piece at each corrosion time. The dissolution rate of calcium ions and the erosion rate of chloride ions of the cement paste under different pressure conditions after 140d are respectively shown in table 1, and the results show that the dissolution rate of calcium ions and the erosion rate of chloride ions in the cement paste are increased along with the increase of the water head pressure.
TABLE 1 calcium ion dissolution rate and chloride ion erosion rate of cement paste at different head pressures
| Head pressure (MPa) | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 |
| Dissolution rate of calcium ion (10X 10) -10 m 2 /s) | 5.11 | 5.15 | 5.19 | 5.23 | 5.29 |
| Rate of elution of chloride ion (10X 10) -11 m 2 /s) | 2.56 | 2.67 | 2.79 | 2.99 | 3.15 |
Example 2
Preparing a plurality of cylindrical concrete test pieces with the water-cement ratio of 0.5, wherein the diameter of each concrete test piece is 10cm, the height of each concrete test piece is 5cm, and curing for 28 days in a curing box (the humidity is 98 +/-2 percent, and the temperature is 20 +/-1 ℃). The side surface of the cured concrete test piece is sealed by epoxy resin, and the device is adopted to carry out calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion diffusion tests under water pressure. The corrosion medium is 1mol/L ammonium chloride solution, the applied pressure is 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0MPa respectively, the corrosion time is 28, 56, 97 and 140d respectively, and the concrete test piece is taken out at each corrosion time to layer and extract powder to test the calcium ion content and the chloride ion content in the powder. The calcium ion dissolution rate and the chloride ion erosion rate of the concrete under different pressure conditions after 140d are respectively shown in table 2, and the results show that the calcium ion dissolution rate and the chloride ion erosion rate in the cement concrete are increased along with the increase of the water head pressure.
TABLE 2 calcium ion dissolution rate and chloride ion erosion rate of concrete under different head pressures
| Head pressure (MPa) | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 |
| Dissolution rate of calcium ion (10X 10) -10 m 2 /s) | 7.67 | 7.74 | 7.81 | 7.83 | 7.94 |
| Rate of elution of chloride ion (10X 10) -11 m 2 /s) | 5.89 | 6.17 | 6.49 | 6.91 | 7.25 |
Example 3
Preparing a plurality of cylindrical concrete test pieces with the water-cement ratio of 0.5, wherein the diameter of each concrete test piece is 10cm, the height of each concrete test piece is 5cm, and curing for 28 days in a curing box (the humidity is 98 +/-2 percent, and the temperature is 20 +/-1 ℃). The side surface of the cured concrete test piece is sealed by epoxy resin, and the device is adopted to carry out calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion diffusion tests under water pressure. The corrosion medium is 0.1, 0.5, 1, 3 and 5mol/L ammonium chloride solution, the pressure intensity of the test is 0MPa, the corrosion time is respectively set to be 28, 56, 97 and 140d, and the concrete test piece is taken out at each corrosion time to carry out layered powder extraction to test the calcium ion content and the chloride ion content in the powder. The calcium ion dissolution rate and the chloride ion erosion rate of the concrete under different ammonium chloride concentration conditions are respectively shown in table 3, and the results show that the calcium ion dissolution rate and the chloride ion erosion rate in the concrete are increased along with the increase of the ammonium chloride concentration.
TABLE 3 calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion erosion rates of concrete at different ammonium chloride concentrations
Example 4
Preparing a plurality of cylindrical concrete test pieces with the water-cement ratio of 0.5, wherein the diameter of each concrete test piece is 10cm, the height of each concrete test piece is 5cm, and curing for 28 days in a curing box (the humidity is 98 +/-2 percent, and the temperature is 20 +/-1 ℃). The side surface of the concrete sample after curing is sealed by epoxy resin, and the device is adopted to carry out fresh water corrosion and seawater corrosion and erosion tests on the concrete under water pressure. The corrosion media are tap water (simulated fresh water) and a sodium chloride solution (simulated seawater) with the mass fraction of 3.5%, the pressure intensity of the test is 0MPa and 1.0MPa, the corrosion time is 28d, 56 d, 97 d and 140d, and the calcium ion content and the chloride ion content in the powder are tested by taking out the concrete sample layer by layer at each corrosion time. The calcium ion dissolution rate and the chloride ion erosion rate of the concrete in the freshwater and seawater environment after 140 days are respectively shown in table 4, and the results show that the calcium ion dissolution rate of the concrete in the seawater is higher than that of the freshwater, and the calcium ion dissolution rate and the chloride ion erosion rate can be increased by the pressure.
TABLE 4 dissolution rate of calcium ion and erosion rate of chloride ion in fresh water and seawater
According to the method, the solution is pressurized to simulate the action of the water head load faced by the cement-based material under the water area, so that the synergistic action of the water head pressure, calcium ion erosion and chloride ion erosion is realized, the calcium ion dissolution rate and the chloride ion erosion rate of the cement-based material under the water head pressure can be more accurately reflected, and the erosion resistance of the cement-based material under the water head pressure can be more accurately evaluated.
Claims (7)
1. A device for simulating the calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion diffusion conditions of a cement-based material under water is characterized in that: the device comprises a test chamber and an air compressor for providing pressure for the test chamber; the test bin comprises a pressure-resistant bin and a solution storage bin, and a booster pump and a pressure sensor are arranged on a connecting air pipe between the air compressor and the pressure-resistant bin; a sensor assembly is arranged in the pressure-resistant bin and is fixed on the pressure-resistant bin through a fixing device; the sensor assembly comprises a calcium ion sensor, a chloride ion sensor and a reference electrode; and a pressure release valve is arranged on a connecting pipeline of the pressure-resistant bin and the solution storage bin.
2. The apparatus for simulating the dissolution of calcium ions and the diffusion of chloride ions in a cement-based material under water according to claim 1, wherein: still include the PLC control box, booster pump, pressure sensor, calcium ion sensor, chloride ion sensor and relief valve are connected with the PLC control box through the cable respectively, and the information interaction is carried out through communication module and the control terminal who takes the display screen to the PLC control box.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is configured to simulate calcium ion elution and chloride ion diffusion in the underwater cement-based material, and further configured to: and an erosion solution is filled in the pressure-resistant bin, the erosion solution is an ammonium chloride and/or sodium chloride solution, the concentration of ammonium ions in the solution is 0-6 mol/L, and the concentration of chloride ions in the solution is 0-9 mol/L.
4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the apparatus is configured to simulate calcium ion elution and chloride ion diffusion in the underwater cement-based material, and further configured to: the pressure-resistant bin is made of organic glass or stainless steel; before the erosion solution is poured into the pressure-resistant bin, the cement-based material test piece is stably placed in the pressure-resistant bin, and the total volume of the placed test piece is not more than 50% of the volume of the pressure-resistant bin.
5. The apparatus for simulating the dissolution of calcium ions and the diffusion of chloride ions in a cement-based material under water according to claim 4, wherein: cement-based material test pieces are placed in the pressure-resistant bin, powder is taken from the exposed surface inwards layer by layer, and the powder taking thickness of each layer is 0.5-2 mm; after the obtained powder is ground into fine powder, an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer is used for measuring the content of calcium ions in the powder, and meanwhile, a solid-liquid extraction method is combined with a chemical titration method for measuring the content of chloride ions in the powder.
6. The apparatus for simulating the dissolution of calcium ions and the diffusion of chloride ions in a cement-based material under water according to claim 1, wherein: the calcium ion sensor, the chloride ion sensor and the reference electrode are arranged on a cover plate at the top of the pressure-resistant bin in a flange mode; measuring range 10 of calcium ion sensor for calcium ion concentration in solution -5 -10 -1 mol/L; the measuring range of the chloride ion sensor to the concentration of chloride ions in the solution is 5 multiplied by 10 -5 -10 -1 mol/L; the reference electrode is a manganese dioxide solid reference electrode; and the calcium ion concentration and the chloride ion concentration in the erosion solution are obtained in real time through the calcium ion sensor and the chloride ion sensor, and when the calcium ion concentration or the chloride ion concentration in the erosion solution reaches balance, the erosion solution in the pressure-resistant bin is updated.
7. The apparatus for simulating the dissolution of calcium ions and the diffusion of chloride ions in a cement-based material under water according to claim 1, wherein: the solution storage bin is made of organic glass, and the connecting pipeline and the pipeline connecting the air pipes are made of stainless steel corrugated explosion-proof braided pipes.
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| CN202210819940.8A CN115201100A (en) | 2022-07-13 | 2022-07-13 | Device for simulating calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion diffusion conditions of cement-based material under water |
| PCT/CN2023/106510 WO2024012393A1 (en) | 2022-07-13 | 2023-07-10 | Device for simulating calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion diffusion conditions of cement-based material in underwater area |
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| WO2024012393A1 (en) * | 2022-07-13 | 2024-01-18 | 东南大学 | Device for simulating calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion diffusion conditions of cement-based material in underwater area |
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| KR101207341B1 (en) * | 2010-06-22 | 2012-12-04 | 한국방사성폐기물관리공단 | Method for testing deterioration of sturcture and system for the same |
| KR101962368B1 (en) * | 2017-11-29 | 2019-07-17 | 한국해양과학기술원 | Salt contamination test apparatus of concrete structure under pressure and method thereof |
| CN107941688B (en) * | 2017-12-28 | 2019-09-03 | 河海大学 | Electric accelerating concrete corrosion experimental rig and method under a kind of high hydraulic gradient |
| CN211122457U (en) * | 2019-07-26 | 2020-07-28 | 同济大学 | Device for chloride ion transmission test in concrete under hydraulic pressure environment |
| CN114578030A (en) * | 2020-11-30 | 2022-06-03 | 南京博特新材料有限公司 | Multi-medium coupling variable-temperature pressure corrosion test device and test method |
| CN115201100A (en) * | 2022-07-13 | 2022-10-18 | 东南大学 | Device for simulating calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion diffusion conditions of cement-based material under water |
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| WO2024012393A1 (en) * | 2022-07-13 | 2024-01-18 | 东南大学 | Device for simulating calcium ion dissolution and chloride ion diffusion conditions of cement-based material in underwater area |
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