CN115166424A - Arc fault detection and positioning method based on system modeling analysis - Google Patents
Arc fault detection and positioning method based on system modeling analysis Download PDFInfo
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- CN115166424A CN115166424A CN202210992346.9A CN202210992346A CN115166424A CN 115166424 A CN115166424 A CN 115166424A CN 202210992346 A CN202210992346 A CN 202210992346A CN 115166424 A CN115166424 A CN 115166424A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
- G01R31/081—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors
- G01R31/086—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors in power transmission or distribution networks, i.e. with interconnected conductors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
- G01R31/088—Aspects of digital computing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/12—Testing dielectric strength or breakdown voltage ; Testing or monitoring effectiveness or level of insulation, e.g. of a cable or of an apparatus, for example using partial discharge measurements; Electrostatic testing
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F17/00—Digital computing or data processing equipment or methods, specially adapted for specific functions
- G06F17/10—Complex mathematical operations
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Abstract
The invention relates to an arc fault detection and positioning method based on system modeling analysis, which comprises the following steps: simulating an arc fault experiment, recording fault voltage and current of a branch where an arc is located, determining the condition that a voltage source is connected with a resistor in series, and constructing an arc electrical model; constructing a first state space equation and a second state space equation, and respectively establishing an equivalent model and an equivalent simulation model based on the first state space equation and the second state space equation; and judging whether the system has a fault, if so, determining the position of the fault, and judging the type of the fault. The method provided by the invention is based on real test data, reduces the influence of power electronic devices on arc fault detection and positioning, has high accuracy, strong real-time performance and low cost of a simulation verification algorithm, and is more suitable for a direct current micro-grid system.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of electrical engineering, in particular to an arc fault detection and positioning method based on system modeling analysis.
Background
The direct current micro-grid system is easy to cause direct current arc faults due to the problems of cable joint looseness, insulation layer damage, poor contact and the like in operation, and electrical fire is easy to cause if arc extinction is not carried out in time. The direct-current series arc faults are frequent, so that the resistance is increased, the current is reduced, the arc current is lower than a set value of a traditional circuit breaker protection device, and series arc fault detection and isolation cannot be triggered. The existing series arc fault detection method is mainly researched on a power resistor series circuit, and arc fault judgment is carried out according to signal difference in a normal state and a fault state by carrying out time-frequency domain analysis on current, so that the arc fault is not deeply understood, and misjudgment is often caused by noise interference in a circuit containing power electronic devices; in addition, in the current arc fault location research, a capacitor, a Rogowski coil and the like are mostly required to be added. The external capacitor utilizes the characteristic that the external capacitor has low impedance in higher harmonics generated by the electric arc, and the position of the electric arc is judged according to the current change on the capacitor; the Rogowski coil is positioned by analyzing a radio frequency signal correlation function, and the method has the limitation of additional electromagnetic interference and can influence the original electrical system. Aiming at the two problems, an arc fault detection and positioning method based on system modeling analysis is provided.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an arc fault detection and positioning method based on arc and system modeling analysis aiming at the defects of the existing arc fault detection and positioning method, and finally, the arc fault is quickly detected and accurately positioned.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following scheme:
an arc fault detection and location method based on system modeling analysis comprises the following steps:
simulating an arc fault experiment, and recording the barrier voltage and current of a branch where the arc is located;
determining the series connection condition of a voltage source and a resistor according to the barrier voltage and the current of the branch where the arc is located, and constructing an electric arc model;
constructing a first state space equation and a second state space equation, and respectively establishing an equivalent model and an equivalent simulation model based on the first state space equation and the second state space equation; the first state space equation is a state space equation of the system in a normal working state; the second state space equation is a state space equation when the electric arc fault occurs at different positions, which is obtained by adding the electric arc model to the different positions in the system; the system is a direct-current microgrid system;
and judging whether the system has a fault or not based on the equivalent simulation model, if so, determining the position of the fault, and judging the type of the fault.
Further, the arc fault experiment is simulated on a built direct-current micro-grid fault arc test experiment platform, and the experiment platform comprises a direct-current micro-grid system and an arc generating device; the direct-current microgrid system comprises a direct-current power supply and a constant-power load; the electric arc generating device comprises a screw rod sliding table, a copper rod, a driver and a controller; the direct-current power supply is used for supplying power, and the constant-power load is used for simulating different load types of the direct-current micro-grid.
Further, simulating the arc fault experiment comprises:
recording current waveforms and voltage waveforms at two ends of the arc generating device under normal conditions;
adjusting the controller of the arc generating device to perform arc drawing operation, and recording current waveforms and voltage waveforms at two ends of the arc generating device;
and changing the arc length, the voltage of a branch where the arc is located and the arc current, carrying out arc discharge operation, and recording the current waveform and the voltage waveform under different arc lengths and arc fault occurrence positions.
Further, constructing the electrical arc model comprises: according to the arc voltage and the arc current obtained by simulating the arc fault experimental measurement, obtaining the arc electrical model based on a curve fitting method, wherein the arc electrical model is as follows (1):
U arc ＝aU+R arc I arc (a≈1) (1)
wherein, U arc Is the voltage across the arc, I arc Is arc current, a is equivalent voltage source coefficient, total voltage of branch in which U is located, R arc Is the arc equivalent resistance.
Further, constructing the first state space equation as:
wherein i L1 ,…i Ln Are respectively the inductive current u on n Buck branches C1 ,…u Cn The capacitor voltages on n Buck branches, d 1 ,…d n Respectively representing the duty cycles on n branches, A 1(n×n) Which represents a matrix of n-dimensional zeros,
R 1 ,…R n representing the load on n branches, C, respectively 1 ，…C n Respectively representing the capacitance over n branches.
Further, constructing the second state space equation as:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
B' 2 ＝B' 3 ＝…B' m-1 ＝B' m+1 ＝…＝B' n is an n-dimensional zero vector, and is,
U 1 ,…U m ,…U n representing the arc fault equivalent voltage sources for the n legs.
Further, determining whether the system is malfunctioning comprises: measuring the inductive current of the system in actual operation andthe actual value of the capacitor voltage is subtracted from the theoretical estimated value of the capacitor voltage and the inductive current under the normal working state obtained by modeling to obtain a residual error r 1 If the residual r 1 Greater than a threshold value J 1 Judging that the system has a fault; wherein the threshold value J 1 And a constant close to 0 is set for the difference value between the inductive current and the capacitor voltage of the preset physical system and the modeling system in the normal working state and comprehensively considering the system noise and the modeling error.
Further, determining the location of the system failure comprises: after the system is judged to have a fault, the actual values of the inductive current and the capacitor voltage of the actual work after the system has the fault are measured and subtracted from the theoretical values of the inductive current and the capacitor voltage of the arc fault at different positions obtained by modeling, and a residual error r is obtained 2 If the residual r 2 Less than a position arc fault condition threshold J 2 If so, judging that the system has a fault at the position; wherein the threshold value J 2 A constant close to 0 is set for the difference value of the inductive current and the capacitive voltage of the preset physical system and the modeling system in the state of arc fault at different positions, and comprehensively considering the system noise, the system modeling error and the arc modeling error.
Further, the determining the fault type includes: after the system fault position is determined, a threshold value J is exceeded 2 And partially performing numerical integration, if the numerical integration is larger than a set threshold value x, determining that the fault at the position is an arc fault, and otherwise, changing the load.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
(1) Compared with the existing arc fault detection method, the method only adopts time domain information, has small calculation complexity and improves the fault detection speed.
(2) The invention does not need to add other electric elements or sensors in the detection and positioning process, thereby not only having no influence on the original circuit, but also saving the cost.
(3) After the unconventional action is judged, the method performs the super-threshold integral calculation, separates two unconventional and confusable actions of arc fault and load change, and improves the accuracy of the whole algorithm.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings without inventive exercise.
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a direct current micro-grid fault arc system for testing according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of an implementation of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a simulation verification diagram of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of a simulation waveform of the system action determination state quantity residual error after an arc fault occurs in the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a simulation diagram of the state quantity residual error at the judgment position (1) after an arc fault occurs in the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a simulation diagram of the residual error of the state quantity at the judgment position (2) after an arc fault occurs in the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a simulation diagram of the residual errors of the state quantities at the determination positions (1) and (2) after an arc fault occurs in the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the state quantity residual error simulation at the corresponding location when the load change operation occurs according to the present invention;
wherein, 1 is a system simulation model, 2 is a normal system state equation model, 3 is a state equation model of the arc fault at the position (1), 4 is a state equation model of the arc fault at the position (2), 5 is a state space model of the arc fault occurring at the positions (1) and (2) simultaneously, 6 is an input signal, and 7 is a residual error output observation part.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without making any creative effort based on the embodiments in the present invention, belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
In order to make the aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention more comprehensible, the present invention is described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and the detailed description thereof.
The direct-current micro-grid fault arc test experimental platform set up by the embodiment of the invention comprises a direct-current micro-grid system and an arc generating device. The circuit diagram of the direct-current microgrid system is shown in fig. 1, and the whole system is powered by a 110V direct-current source; the load adopts a constant power load, wherein the constant power load is composed of a 110V-to-48V unidirectional DC/DC converter and a resistor, and different types of loads in the direct current microgrid are simulated. The arc generating device comprises a screw rod sliding table, a copper rod, a driver and a controller.
The algorithm model building of the embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 2, the method comprises the steps of modeling from the two aspects of preparation work before model building and subsequent arc faults occurring from the normal working state of the system and different positions of the system, and the simulation model building is shown in FIG. 3.
(1) Simulation of arc fault experiment: (a) Setting different arc generating positions, current sizes and arc lengths, wherein the arc generating positions are as shown in figures 1 (1) - (2), referring to UL1699B experimental standards and common voltage levels of a direct current microgrid, the voltage size is 110V, the current sizes are respectively 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, 8A, 9A and 10A, the arc lengths are respectively 0.5mm, 0.7mm, 0.9mm, 1.1mm and 1.3mm, and other experimental conditions are not changed; (b) Adjusting an electric arc generating device to control the copper bar to be separated at a constant speed to generate electric arcs; (c) The experimental data and the current waveform are recorded by an oscilloscope, the experiment is repeated by changing the experimental parameters, and 10 groups are repeated under each experimental condition.
(2) Researching the relation between the arc equivalent model and the current in the normal working state: according to arc voltage and arc current obtained by simulated arc fault experimental measurement, obtaining the arc electrical model based on a curve fitting method, wherein the arc electrical model is as follows (1):
U arc ＝aU+R arc I arc (a≈1) (1)
wherein，U arc Is the voltage across the arc, I arc Is arc current, a is equivalent voltage source coefficient, total voltage of branch in which U is located, R arc Is the arc equivalent resistance.
(3) Establishing a space state equation of the system under a normal working state:
wherein i L1 ,…i Ln Are respectively the inductive current u on n Buck branches C1 ,…u Cn The capacitor voltages on n Buck branches, d 1 ,…d n Respectively representing the duty cycles on n branches, A 1(n×n) A matrix of n-dimensional zeros is represented,
R 1 ,…R n representing the load on n branches, C, respectively 1 ，…C n Respectively representing the capacitances on the n branches.
(4) Adding the arc electrical equivalent model into different positions in the system to establish a state space equation when arc faults occur at different positions, and assuming that the arc faults occur in the mth branch:
wherein, the first and the second end of the pipe are connected with each other,
B' 2 ＝B' 3 ＝…B' m-1 ＝B' m+1 ＝…＝B' n is an n-dimensional zero-vector, and is,
U 1 ,…U m ,…U n representing the arc fault equivalent voltage sources for the n legs.
Judging whether the system fails comprises the following steps: respectively measuring the actual values of the inductive current and the capacitive voltage of the actual work of the system through a tunnel magnetoresistive sensor and a Hall voltage sensor, making a difference with a theoretical predicted value of the inductive current and the capacitive voltage under a normal working state obtained through modeling, and comprehensively considering system noise and modeling errors to obtain a residual error r 1 If the residual r 1 Greater than threshold J 1 And judging that the system has a fault.
Determining the location of the system failure comprises: after the system is judged to have a fault, actual values of the inductive current and the capacitive voltage of actual work after the system has the fault are respectively measured through the tunnel magnetoresistive sensor and the Hall voltage sensor, the actual values are compared with theoretical values of the inductive current and the capacitive voltage of arc faults occurring at different positions obtained through modeling, and system noise, modeling errors and arc model errors are comprehensively considered to obtain residual errors r 2 If the residual r 2 Less than a state threshold J for a position arc fault 2 Then it is determined that the system has failed at that location.
The residual error results of the simulated arc fault and the changed load action of the embodiment of the invention are output as shown in fig. 3-8.
The theoretical basis for determining two thresholds for judging the system fault and the fault position is as follows:
establishing a residual evaluation function in the system based on the residual signal r between the (k, k + N) ranges:
setting the threshold as the supremum of the residual r:
J th ＝sup||r(k)|| RMS (5)
the method specifically comprises the following steps: (a) Because the experimental platform adopted by the experiment is an integrated DC/DC device, the experiment has no way of straighteningThe following relationships exist between the inductor current and the capacitor voltage, with the DC/DC input current shown in fig. 1 (3) - (4) and the load front side voltage shown in fig. 1 (5) - (6) being measured instead of the inductor current and the capacitor voltage: i.e. i in ＝di L ，i in Representing the input current, d representing the duty cycle, i L The voltage of the front side of the load is equal to the voltage of the capacitor; (b) Recording experiment data and current waveforms through an oscilloscope, changing experiment parameters to carry out experiments repeatedly, and repeating 10 groups for each experiment condition; (c) The experimental data and the theoretical data are subtracted to obtain a residual error r 1 Determining the threshold J according to equation (5) 1 (ii) a (d) Obtaining a theoretical waveform after the arc fault, and subtracting the experimental state quantity waveform from the theoretical waveform to obtain a residual error r 2 Considering that the arc fault current drop amplitude is related to the current value itself, the threshold value J here 2 =0.05i, i denotes inductor current in normal operation.
The specific fault type judgment method comprises the following steps: (a) After judging that the system has a fault, exceeding a threshold value J 2 The residual error of (a) is subjected to numerical integration within a specified time to obtain x 1 (ii) a (b) Performing load increasing action on the experimental platform shown in fig. 1, subtracting actual values of the inductive current and the capacitor voltage which actually work after the system fault from theoretical values of the inductive current and the capacitor voltage which are obtained by modeling and have arc faults at different positions, and comprehensively considering system noise, modeling error and arc model error to obtain residual error r 2 And for exceeding threshold J 2 Is subjected to numerical integration for a prescribed time to obtain x 2 (ii) a (c) Can derive x 1 ＞＞x 2 (ii) a (d) Setting a threshold value x =0.1, and determining that an arc fault occurs at the position when the integral value is greater than 0.1; when the integral value is less than 0.1, it is determined that the load change occurs at the position.
The above-described embodiments are only intended to describe the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and not to limit the scope of the present invention, and various modifications and improvements made to the technical solution of the present invention by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention should fall within the protection scope defined by the claims of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. An arc fault detection and positioning method based on system modeling analysis is characterized by comprising the following steps:
simulating an arc fault experiment, and recording the barrier voltage and current of a branch where the arc is located;
determining the series connection condition of a voltage source and a resistor according to the barrier voltage and the current of the branch where the arc is located, and constructing an electric arc model;
constructing a first state space equation and a second state space equation, and respectively establishing an equivalent model and an equivalent simulation model based on the first state space equation and the second state space equation; the first state space equation is a state space equation of the system in a normal working state; the second state space equation is a state space equation when the electric arc fault occurs at different positions obtained by adding the electric arc model to the different positions in the system; the system is a direct-current microgrid system;
and judging whether the system has a fault or not based on the equivalent simulation model, if so, determining the position of the fault, and judging the type of the fault.
2. The method for detecting and positioning the arc faults based on the system modeling analysis according to claim 1, wherein the arc fault experiment is simulated on a built direct-current microgrid fault arc test experiment platform, and the experiment platform comprises a direct-current microgrid system and an arc generating device; the direct-current microgrid system comprises a direct-current power supply and a constant-power load; the electric arc generating device comprises a screw rod sliding table, a copper rod, a driver and a controller; the direct-current power supply is used for supplying power, and the constant-power load is used for simulating different load types of the direct-current micro-grid.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein simulating the arc fault experiment comprises:
recording current waveforms and voltage waveforms at two ends of the arc generating device under normal conditions;
adjusting the controller of the arc generating device to perform arc drawing operation, and recording current waveforms and voltage waveforms at two ends of the arc generating device;
and changing the arc length, the voltage of a branch where the arc is located and the arc current, carrying out arc discharge operation, and recording the current waveform and the voltage waveform under different arc lengths and arc fault occurrence positions.
4. The system modeling analysis based arc fault detection and location method of claim 1, wherein constructing the electrical arc model comprises: obtaining the electric arc model based on a curve fitting method according to the electric arc voltage and the electric arc current obtained by simulating the electric arc fault experiment measurement, wherein the electric arc model is as the following formula (1):
U arc ＝aU+R arc I arc (a≈1) (1)
wherein, U arc Is the voltage across the arc, I arc Is arc current, a is equivalent voltage source coefficient, total voltage of branch in which U is located, R arc Is the arc equivalent resistance.
5. The system modeling analysis based arc fault detection and location method of claim 1, wherein the first state space equation is constructed as:
wherein i L1 ,…i Ln Respectively, the inductive currents u on n Buck branches C1 ,…u Cn The capacitor voltages on n Buck branches, d 1 ,…d n Respectively representing the duty cycle, A, over n branches 1(n×n) Which represents a matrix of n-dimensional zeros,
R 1 ,…R n representing the load on n branches, C 1 ，…C n Respectively representing the capacitance over n branches.
6. The system modeling analysis based arc fault detection and location method of claim 4, wherein the second state space equation is constructed as:
wherein, the first and the second end of the pipe are connected with each other,
B′ 2 ＝B′ 3 ＝…B′ m-1 ＝B′ m+1 ＝…＝B′ n is an n-dimensional zero vector, and is,
U 1 ,…U m ,…U n represents the arc fault equivalent voltage source of n branches.
7. The system modeling analysis based arc fault detection and localization method of claim 1, wherein determining whether the system is malfunctioning comprises: measuring the actual values of the inductive current and the capacitor voltage of the system in actual work, and subtracting the actual values from the theoretical predicted values of the inductive current and the capacitor voltage in normal work state obtained by modeling to obtain a residual error r 1 If the residual r 1 Greater than threshold J 1 Judging that the system has a fault; wherein the threshold value J 1 The inductor current and the capacitor are preset in the normal working state and the arc fault stateThe resulting difference in voltage.
8. The system modeling analysis based arc fault detection and location method of claim 1, wherein determining the location of the system fault comprises: after the system is judged to have a fault, the actual values of the inductive current and the capacitor voltage of the actual work after the system has the fault are measured and subtracted from the theoretical values of the inductive current and the capacitor voltage of the arc fault at different positions obtained by modeling, and a residual error r is obtained 2 If the residual r 2 Less than a position arc fault condition threshold J 2 Judging that the system has a fault at the position; wherein the threshold value J 2 The difference value is obtained by the inductive current and the capacitor voltage under the preset normal working state and the arc fault state at different positions.
9. The system modeling analysis based arc fault detection and localization method of claim 1, wherein determining the fault type comprises: after the system fault position is determined, a threshold value J is exceeded 2 And partially performing numerical integration, if the numerical integration is larger than a set threshold value x, determining that the fault at the position is an arc fault, and otherwise, changing the load.
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| CN115640732A (en) * | 2022-11-15 | 2023-01-24 | 国网四川省电力公司电力科学研究院 | Power distribution network arc fault positioning method based on magnetic field distribution |
| CN117436288A (en) * | 2023-12-21 | 2024-01-23 | 中国民航大学 | Aviation direct current fault arc model simulation method and storage medium |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115640732A (en) * | 2022-11-15 | 2023-01-24 | 国网四川省电力公司电力科学研究院 | Power distribution network arc fault positioning method based on magnetic field distribution |
| CN117436288A (en) * | 2023-12-21 | 2024-01-23 | 中国民航大学 | Aviation direct current fault arc model simulation method and storage medium |
| CN117436288B (en) * | 2023-12-21 | 2024-02-27 | 中国民航大学 | Aviation direct current fault arc model simulation method and storage medium |
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