CN115162621B - Production method of thermoplastic composite material rib material - Google Patents
Production method of thermoplastic composite material rib material Download PDFInfo
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- CN115162621B CN115162621B CN202210841157.1A CN202210841157A CN115162621B CN 115162621 B CN115162621 B CN 115162621B CN 202210841157 A CN202210841157 A CN 202210841157A CN 115162621 B CN115162621 B CN 115162621B
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
- E04C5/07—Reinforcing elements of material other than metal, e.g. of glass, of plastics, or not exclusively made of metal
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- B29D99/0046—Producing rods
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
- Y02T50/40—Weight reduction
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Abstract
The invention relates to a production method of thermoplastic composite material bars, which comprises the following steps: a smooth round rib; the rib is spirally arranged on the outer wall of the smooth circular rib; a plurality of connecting nails which are inserted into the smooth round ribs along the tops of the ribs to form the ribs; the invention has the following advantages: 1. the radial strength of the rib is greatly enhanced by the existence of the connecting nails, and the problems of debonding damage caused by bonding of a simple winding rib with a main body only by a matrix and reduction of bonding strength when the connecting nails are bonded with concrete are solved; 2. the surface pits and the diamond sand layer coexist, so that the roughness of the surface of the reinforcement is further improved, and the bonding strength of the reinforcement and the concrete is improved; 3. the process is simple, and continuous production can be realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a rib material, in particular to a production method of a thermoplastic composite material rib material.
Background
Since the invention of portland cement in 1824, concrete and reinforced concrete soon became the main civil engineering materials and have been widely used in various civil engineering works. After world war II, the use of cement concrete has increased greatly with the progress of concrete technology and the development of engineering construction. Concrete has become the building material with the greatest dosage and the greatest application range. The concrete has high alkalinity, if normal materials suitable for specific environments are selected, the concrete protective layer can have compact structure and enough thickness through careful design and construction, microcrack expansion is prevented in use, and the steel bars can be ensured to be intact for a long time and not to be corroded. That is, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete structures should be durable in general environments even in severe marine environments. But in fact, the carbonization of concrete, especially concrete with chloride pollution (ocean, coastal engineering and road and bridge engineering with ice salt scattering) structure, causes corrosion of reinforcing steel bars, spalling and spalling damage of concrete along the tendons, and has become a major disaster threatening the durability of concrete structures in the world and China. Engineering failure, damage and damage accidents caused by poor durability are frequent, so that the cost of engineering reinforcement, disassembly and the like is rapidly increased, and great economic loss is caused, and related researches are also becoming the problem of concern of the engineering world. Among the many factors affecting the durability of reinforced concrete, premature failure of the concrete structure by corrosion of the steel reinforcement has become a major hazard of general concern and growing prominence throughout the world.
Along with the development of materials and the progress of technology, fiber reinforced resin matrix composite (FRP) is an alternative product of reinforcing steel bars due to the characteristics of light weight, high strength, corrosion resistance, excellent fatigue resistance, strong designability and the like. The composite material reinforcement is adopted to replace the traditional reinforcement, so that the problem of insufficient structural durability caused by corrosion of the steel can be fundamentally solved, and the requirement of light structure is met.
Composite tendons are classified into thermoset composite tendons and thermoplastic composite tendons, with thermoset composite tendons being widely used at present. However, the thermosetting composite material bar material cannot be deformed again after being molded, so that the thermosetting composite material bar material cannot be bent in actual use like a traditional steel bar, and the bending bar can only be produced by bending before being molded; meanwhile, the thermosetting composite material rib is difficult to recycle and reuse, so that the application of the thermosetting composite material rib is limited. The thermoplastic composite material bar material just overcomes the defects of the thermosetting composite material bar material and has good application prospect.
Literature data indicate that the bonding strength of thermoplastic composite tendons to concrete is primarily dependent on mechanical gripping and friction forces. Therefore, the bonding strength of the thermoplastic composite material rib material and the concrete is improved, on one hand, the roughness of the surface of the rib material is improved, and on the other hand, the height of the rib is increased, and the rib is possibly damaged in advance due to the too high height of the rib, so that the bonding strength is reduced.
In summary, how to improve the roughness of the surface of the reinforcement and the connection strength between the rib and the smooth round rib, so as to improve the bonding strength with the concrete is an urgent problem to be solved by researchers in the field.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems that: how to improve the roughness of the surface of the rib material and the connection strength between the rib and the smooth round rib;
in order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention is a thermoplastic composite web comprising: a smooth round rib; the rib is spirally arranged on the outer wall of the smooth circular rib; a plurality of connecting nails which are inserted into the smooth round ribs along the tops of the ribs to form the ribs;
the traditional rib material adopts a matrix to connect the smooth circular rib with the rib, the radial connection strength of the rib material is enhanced by the connecting nails, and the problems of debonding damage caused by bonding of the pure winding rib and the smooth circular rib only by the matrix and reduced bonding strength when the rib and the smooth circular rib are bonded with concrete are solved; in addition, the contact area between the connecting nails and concrete can be increased by adding the connecting nails, and the binding force between the reinforcing bars and the binding force is improved.
In order to limit the insertion angle of the connecting nail, the invention adopts the angle between the axis of the connecting nail and the axis of the smooth rib to be 45-135 degrees;
the different insertion angles of the connecting nails can lead to inconsistent angles between the fiber direction in the connecting nails and the fiber direction of the smooth round rib, so that when the ribs are stressed in different directions, the overcoming capability of rib destruction is different. The vertical insertion is basically consistent with the stress in the two axial directions; the insertion angles of the two adjacent connecting nails are symmetrical, and the stress is basically consistent; but if it is all positive or all negative, the difference in the two directions will be large; therefore, when the connecting nails are inserted, the connecting nails are required to be ensured to be perpendicular to the axis direction of the plain circular ribs or the inserting angles of two adjacent connecting nails are symmetrically arranged.
In order to improve the roughness of the surface of the reinforcement material and facilitate the improvement of the bonding strength of the reinforcement material and the concrete, the invention adopts the structure that the surface of the reinforcement material is provided with a plurality of pits and the surface of the reinforcement material is sprayed with a diamond sand layer.
In order to explain the production method of the reinforcement, the method comprises the following steps: step (1) manufacturing the smooth round ribs, the strips required by the ribs and the bars required by the connecting nails from a continuous unidirectional fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite material through a thermoplastic pultrusion process; step (2) cutting the bar into the length required by the connecting nail, and processing and polishing one end into a pointed end; step (3) spirally winding the strip on a smooth rib; step (4) under the condition of heating, uniformly and rapidly inserting the connecting nails into the smooth circular ribs from the tops of the ribs; step (5) under the condition of heating, applying pressure to the spiral rib so that the rib is completely attached to the smooth rib; and (6) heating the semi-finished product formed in the step (5) to enable the matrix in the connecting nails, the ribs and the smooth circular ribs to be completely melted, and then enabling the matrix to be cooled to form a whole. Step (7) under the condition of heating, using an air needle to form uniform pits on the surface of the rib material; step (8) under the condition of heating, carrying out sand blasting on the surface of the reinforcement material to enable a diamond sand layer to be inlaid on the reinforcement material; (9) cooling to obtain a final product;
the end part of the connecting nail in the step (2) is a pointed end, so that the connecting nail is convenient to insert into the smooth circular rib from the top of the rib, and in the step (4), the temperature of the connecting nail is required to be ensured to be lower than that of the smooth circular rib and the rib, and the connecting nail is ensured to be deformed without being influenced by the temperature while being inserted into the smooth circular rib and the rib; in the step (7), the heating temperature is increased so that the connecting nails, the smooth round ribs and the ribs are in fusion connection.
Further, the reinforcing fiber in the composite material adopted in the step (1) is one or more of glass fiber, basalt fiber, carbon fiber and aramid fiber; the thermoplastic matrix material in the composite material adopted in the step (1) is polyethylene or polystyrene or polypropylene or polyamide or polyester or polycarbonate or polyimide or polyphenylene sulfide or polyether ether ketone or polyhexamethylene adipamide.
Further, the section of the strip is in a bilateral symmetry peak shape, and the aspect ratio is 0.25-5.0;
in the scheme, the higher the height of the strip is, the better the contact neps with the concrete can be increased, and the friction force with the concrete is ensured.
Further, the length of the connecting nail is not smaller than the sum of the height of the strip material and 1/4 of the diameter of the smooth rib, and is not larger than the sum of the height of the strip material and 3/4 of the diameter of the smooth rib;
therefore, the minimum value of the length of the connecting nail is used for ensuring that possible debonding and damage between the rib lines and the smooth circular ribs are overcome, and the maximum value of the length of the connecting nail is used for preventing possible phenomena such as splitting and the like on the smooth circular ribs.
Further, in the step (4), when the connecting nail is inserted, the temperature of the smooth circular rib and the strip is not lower than the thermal deformation temperature of the composite material matrix and is not higher than the melting temperature +20 ℃ of the composite material matrix; at this time, the temperature of the connecting nail is not lower than the room temperature and is not higher than the thermal deformation temperature of the composite material matrix; in the step (5), when pressure is applied to the spiral rib, the temperature of the semi-finished product is not lower than-20 ℃ of the melting temperature of the composite material matrix and not higher than +20 ℃ of the melting temperature of the composite material matrix; in the step (6), the heating temperature is not lower than the melting temperature of the composite material matrix and is not higher than +20 ℃ of the melting temperature of the composite material matrix; in the step (7), the heating temperature is not lower than the melting temperature of the composite material matrix and is not higher than +20℃; in the step (7), under the action of the air outlet needle head, the average diameter and the average depth of the pits generated on the surface of the rib material are not smaller than 0.5mm and not larger than 2mm; in the step (8), the heating temperature is not lower than the melting temperature of the matrix and is not higher than +20 ℃ of the melting temperature of the matrix;
wherein, the average diameter and the average depth of the pit are not less than 0.5mm and not more than 2mm, and if the diameter and the depth of the pit are too small, the roughness is lower, and the bonding strength between the reinforcement and the concrete is lower; too large a diameter and depth can damage the strength of the tendon body.
In the step (4), the preferable temperature is that the temperature of the smooth round bar and the strip is not lower than the thermal deformation temperature +10 ℃ of the composite material matrix and not higher than the melting temperature of the composite material matrix when the connecting nails are inserted. At this time, the temperature of the connecting pin is not lower than-40 ℃ and not higher than-20 ℃ of the thermal deformation temperature of the matrix of the composite material.
The number of the connecting nails in one pitch of the rib is 4-pitch/connecting nail diameter, the pitch is uniform, the minimum number of 4 connecting nails is set in order to ensure good strength in each 90-degree direction, and the maximum number is used for preventing collision among the connecting nails and operation difficulty caused by too dense connecting nails.
Further, when the winding tension at the time of winding the strip material in the step (3) is not less than 30% of the breaking strength of the strip material, the rib may not be pressurized, thereby omitting the step (5);
and (3) under the condition that enough tension exists in the winding of the strip material in the step (3), the connection of the smooth round ribs and the ribs can be realized, and the connection needs to be carried out by heating and melting.
Further, when the temperature of the semi-finished product in the step (5) is not lower than the melting temperature of the composite material matrix and is not higher than the melting temperature of the composite material matrix +20℃, the step (6) can be omitted;
when the heating temperature at the lower limit of the step (5) is raised to the temperature of the step (6), the step (6) can be combined.
Further, cooling the reinforcement material by adopting a sectional cooling method in the step (9);
as the matrix material of the thermoplastic composite material rib is mostly crystalline polymer, the material can be crystallized too fast due to rapid cooling, the crystallinity is low, stress concentration is generated, and the cracking risk is caused. Thus using staged cooling.
When the heating temperatures adopted in the step (6), the step (7) and the step (8) are consistent, the step (6), the step (7) and the step (8) are combined, the step (6) needs to be at least insulated for more than 10 seconds, and the products are cooled after the step (7) and the step (8) are finished;
when the heating temperatures in the step (6), the step (7) and the step (8) are consistent, the heat preservation is needed to be carried out for more than 10 seconds only in the step (6), and the temperature needs to be reduced immediately after the steps (7) and (8) are finished, so that the produced pits and the outstanding sand grains are prevented from leveling.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention relates to a production method of thermoplastic composite material bars, which has the following advantages:
1. the radial strength of the rib is greatly enhanced by the existence of the connecting nails, and the problems of debonding damage caused by bonding of a simple winding rib with a main body only by a matrix and reduction of bonding strength when the connecting nails are bonded with concrete are solved.
2. The surface pits and the diamond sand layer coexist, so that the roughness of the surface of the reinforcement is further improved, and the bonding strength of the reinforcement and the concrete is improved.
3. The process is simple, and continuous production can be realized.
Drawings
The invention will be further described with reference to the drawings and examples.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the present invention;
in the figure: 1-smooth round ribs, 2-rib patterns and 3-connecting nails.
Detailed Description
The invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The drawings are simplified schematic representations which merely illustrate the basic structure of the invention and therefore show only the structures which are relevant to the invention.
Example 1
As shown in figure 1, the fiber glass reinforced polypropylene composite material rib material, the smooth round rib 1, the rib pattern 2 and the connecting nails 3 are all produced by adopting continuous unidirectional glass fiber and a matrix which is polypropylene material through a thermoplastic pultrusion process, the diameter of the part of the smooth round rib 1 is 20mm, the cross section of the rib pattern 2 is in a peak shape piled left and right, the bottom width is 4mm, the height is 2mm, the pitch of ribs is 2 pitch 20mm, the diameter of the connecting nails 3 is 2.0mm, the axial distance between the connecting nails 3 along the smooth circular ribs 1 is 2mm, the length of the connecting nails 3 is 12mm, the average diameter of surface pits is about 0.8mm, the average depth is about 0.8mm, and the average diameter of diamond sand layers is about 0.8 mm. The connecting nails 3 are vertically inserted, namely, the insertion angle is 0 degrees, namely, the fibers in the connecting nails 3 are vertical to the fibers in the plain circular ribs 1.
The production process comprises the following steps:
(1) Manufacturing a strip material required by a rib 2 with the diameter of 20mm, the bottom width of 4mm and the height of 2mm in a peak shape and a bar material required by a connecting nail 3 with the diameter of 2.0mm by a thermoplastic pultrusion process;
(2) The bar is cut into short bars with the length of 12mm, one end of each short bar is processed and polished into a pointed end, and the length of an arrow is about 2mm.
(3) The strip was spirally wound onto the smooth bead 1 at a pitch of 20mm and a winding tension of 50% of the strip breaking tension.
(4) The smooth round bar 1 of the winding strip is heated to 155+/-5 ℃, the connecting nails 3 are heated to 80+/-5 ℃, the connecting nails 3 are uniformly and rapidly inserted into the smooth round bar 1 from the tops of the ribs 2, and the axial distance between the connecting nails 3 along the smooth round bar 1 is 2mm.
(5) Heating the precursor semi-finished product to 170+/-5 ℃ and preserving heat for 20s.
(6) And (3) at the temperature of 170+/-5 ℃, regulating the pressure of compressed air, the inner diameter of a compressed air outlet needle pipe, the distance between the compressed air outlet needle and a semi-finished product, the air injection time and the air injection interval by using an air needle, so that the average diameter and the average depth of the generated pits are about 0.8 mm.
(7) And (3) carrying out sand blasting on the surface of the reinforced material at the temperature of 170+/-5 ℃ to enable the diamond sand layer to be embedded on the reinforced material, wherein the average diameter of the diamond sand layer is about 0.8 mm.
(8) And cooling in sections to obtain the final product.
Example 2:
as shown in figure 1, the rib material of the carbon fiber reinforced nylon composite material is produced by adopting a thermoplastic pultrusion process by using continuous unidirectional carbon fibers and a matrix which are polyhexamethylene adipamide material, wherein the smooth circular rib 1, the rib 2 and the connecting nails 3 are respectively formed by adopting a thermoplastic pultrusion process, the diameter of a part of the smooth circular rib 1 is 20mm, the cross section of the rib 2 is in a peak shape piled up left and right, the bottom width is 4mm, the height is 4mm, the pitch of the rib 2 is 30mm, the diameter of the connecting nails 3 is 2.0mm, the axial distance between the connecting nails 3 along the smooth circular rib 1 is 3mm, the length of the connecting nails 3 is 15mm, the average diameter of surface pits is about 0.6mm, the average depth is about 0.6mm, and the average diameter of a diamond layer is about 0.8 mm. The insertion angles of the adjacent connecting nails 3 are 15 degrees and 15 degrees respectively.
The production process comprises the following steps:
(1) Manufacturing a strip material required by a smooth round rib 1 with the diameter of 20mm, a rib 2 with the bottom width of 4mm and the height of 4mm and a bar material required by a connecting nail 3 with the diameter of 2.0mm by a thermoplastic pultrusion process;
(2) The bar is cut into short bars with the length of 15mm, one end of each short bar is processed and polished into a pointed end, and the length of an arrow is about 2mm.
(3) The strip was spirally wound onto the smooth bead 1 at a pitch of 30mm and a winding tension of 10% of the strip breaking tension.
(4) And (3) heating the smooth round bar 1 of the winding strip to 240+/-5 ℃, heating the connecting nails 3 to 100+/-5 ℃, and uniformly and rapidly inserting the connecting nails 3 into the smooth round bar 1 from the tops of the ribs 2, wherein the axial distance between the connecting nails 3 along the smooth round bar 1 is 3mm.
(5) The former semi-finished product is heated to 255+/-5 ℃, and the rib 2 and the smooth rib 1 are compacted under the condition that the semi-finished product moves forwards by rotating by adopting a pressure head with the shape substantially consistent with the shape of the rib 2.
(6) Heating the precursor semi-finished product to 260+/-5 ℃ and preserving heat for 20s.
(7) And (3) at the temperature of 260+/-5 ℃, regulating the pressure of compressed air, the inner diameter of a compressed air outlet needle pipe, the distance between the compressed air outlet needle head and a semi-finished product, the air injection time and the air interval by using an air needle, so that the average diameter and the average depth of the generated pits are about 0.6 mm.
(8) And (3) carrying out sand blasting on the surface of the reinforced material at the temperature of 260+/-5 ℃ to enable the diamond sand layer to be embedded on the reinforced material, wherein the average diameter of the diamond sand layer is about 0.8 mm.
(9) And cooling in sections to obtain the final product.
With the above-described preferred embodiments according to the present invention as an illustration, the above-described descriptions can be used by persons skilled in the relevant art to make various changes and modifications without departing from the scope of the technical idea of the present invention. The technical scope of the present invention is not limited to the description, but must be determined according to the scope of claims.
Claims (7)
1. The production method of the thermoplastic composite material rib material is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step (1) manufacturing strips required by smooth round ribs and bars required by connecting nails from a continuous unidirectional fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite material through a thermoplastic pultrusion process;
step (2) cutting the bar into the length required by the connecting nail, and processing and polishing one end into a pointed end;
step (3), spirally winding the strip on a smooth circular rib;
step (4) under the condition of heating, uniformly and rapidly inserting the connecting nails into the smooth circular ribs from the tops of the ribs;
step (5) under the condition of heating, applying pressure to the spiral rib so that the rib is completely attached to the smooth rib;
heating the semi-finished product formed in the step (5) to enable the substrates in the connecting nails, the ribs and the smooth circular ribs to be completely melted, and then enabling the substrates to be cooled to form a whole;
step (7) under the condition of heating, using an air needle to form uniform pits on the surface of the rib material;
step (8) under the condition of heating, carrying out sand blasting on the surface of the reinforcement material to enable a diamond sand layer to be inlaid on the reinforcement material;
and (9) cooling to obtain a final product.
2. The method for producing a thermoplastic composite material rib according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing fiber in the composite material adopted in the step (1) is one or more of glass fiber, basalt fiber, carbon fiber and aramid fiber;
the thermoplastic matrix material in the composite material adopted in the step (1) is polyethylene or polystyrene or polypropylene or polyamide or polyester or polycarbonate or polyimide or polyphenylene sulfide or polyether ether ketone or polyhexamethylene adipamide;
the section of the strip is in a bilateral symmetry peak shape, and the aspect ratio of the strip is 0.25-5.0;
the length of the connecting nail is not smaller than the sum of the height of the strip material and the diameter of 1/4 of the smooth rib, and is not larger than the sum of the height of the strip material and the diameter of 3/4 of the smooth rib;
the number of the connecting nails in one thread pitch of the rib is 4-thread pitch/diameter of the connecting nails, and the pitch is uniform;
when the winding tension at the time of winding the strip material in the step (3) is not less than 30% of the breaking strength of the strip material, the rib may not be pressurized, thereby omitting the step (5).
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), when the connecting pin is inserted, the temperature of the smooth bead and the strip is not lower than the heat distortion temperature of the composite matrix and not higher than the melting temperature +20 ℃ of the composite matrix;
at this time, the temperature of the connecting nail is not lower than the room temperature and is not higher than the thermal deformation temperature of the composite material matrix;
in the step (5), when pressure is applied to the spiral rib, the temperature of the semi-finished product is not lower than-20 ℃ of the melting temperature of the composite material matrix and not higher than +20 ℃ of the melting temperature of the composite material matrix;
in the step (6), the heating temperature is not lower than the melting temperature of the composite material matrix and is not higher than +20 ℃ of the melting temperature of the composite material matrix;
in the step (7), the heating temperature is not lower than the melting temperature of the composite material matrix and is not higher than +20℃;
in the step (7), under the action of the air outlet needle head, the average diameter and the average depth of the pits generated on the surface of the rib material are not smaller than 0.5mm and not larger than 2mm;
in the step (8), the heating temperature is not lower than the melting temperature of the matrix and not higher than +20℃.
4. A method of producing thermoplastic composite material according to claim 3, wherein in the step (4), the temperature of the smooth bead and the strip is not lower than +10 ℃ than the heat distortion temperature of the composite material matrix and not higher than the melting temperature of the composite material matrix when the connecting pin is inserted;
at this time, the temperature of the connecting pin is not lower than-40 ℃ and not higher than-20 ℃ of the thermal deformation temperature of the matrix of the composite material.
5. A method of producing thermoplastic composite tendons according to claim 3 wherein step (6) is omitted when the temperature of the semifinished product in step (5) is not lower than the melting temperature of the composite matrix and not higher than the melting temperature of the composite matrix +20℃.
6. A method of producing thermoplastic composite tendons according to claim 1, characterized in that the tendons are cooled in step (9) by means of staged cooling;
when the heating temperatures adopted in the step (6), the step (7) and the step (8) are consistent, the step (6), the step (7) and the step (8) are combined, the step (6) needs to be at least insulated for more than 10 seconds, and the products are cooled after the step (7) and the step (8) are finished.
7. A method of producing thermoplastic composite material according to claim 1, wherein the angle between the axis of the connecting pin and the axis of the plain circular rib is 45 ° to 135 °.
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| CN113389403A (en) * | 2021-07-21 | 2021-09-14 | 安徽工业大学 | Z-pin anchoring member for preventing fiber reinforced layer at end part of steel member with open section from being stripped and method thereof |
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2022
- 2022-07-18 CN CN202210841157.1A patent/CN115162621B/en active Active
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| JPH08199733A (en) * | 1995-01-20 | 1996-08-06 | Railway Technical Res Inst | Fiber reinforced plastic rod |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN115162621A (en) | 2022-10-11 |
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