CN115152695B - 奶牛围产期管理方法 - Google Patents
奶牛围产期管理方法 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/02—Breeding vertebrates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/16—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions
- A23K10/18—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions of live microorganisms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/163—Sugars; Polysaccharides
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/174—Vitamins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/24—Compounds of alkaline earth metals, e.g. magnesium
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/30—Oligoelements
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
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Landscapes
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种奶牛围产期管理方法,本方法自产前21天起直至产后60天,通过优化全混合日粮配方、体况监测、血酮、血糖监测、产后失重监测和产后繁殖疾病诊断等手段,对处于围产期的奶牛进行全周期的动态科学管理。本管理方法可有效解决围产期奶牛能量负平衡和酮病问题,经试用后的围产期奶牛表现出了产奶量提升、产奶高峰期的延长、首次配种怀孕率的提高和产后淘汰率的下降等优势。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及养殖智能管理领域,特别涉及一种奶牛围产期管理方法。
背景技术
国外和国内的研究都表明奶牛在产后60天的淘汰率居高,分别达到24%和27%。造成产后60天淘汰的主要原因是奶牛的能量负平衡。奶牛产后干物质采食量的上升速度慢于泌乳量的上升速度,使得奶牛动员体脂,产生能量负平衡,从而可诱发酮病、乳房炎、子宫炎、蹄病和真胃移位等疾病。研究表明,75%的奶牛疾病发生在产后1个月,50%以上的奶牛在围产期要经历代谢疾病;且能量代谢问题导致的奶牛淘汰率达30%,使奶牛利用胎次降为3胎,可见围产期的管理至关重要。
围产期奶牛的高发病率和高淘汰率,与其经历的营养、生理和代谢等诸多方面的极大应激相关,需要调节自身葡萄糖、脂肪酸和矿物质代谢以适应泌乳的需求。
奶牛机体能量负平衡约出现在产前3天,并一直持续到产后约50天,最低点出现围产后期。围产前期干物质采食量(DMI)降低和围产后期DMI不能满足泌乳的需要是奶牛出现能量负平衡的主要原因。
奶牛能量驱动的直接表现就是葡萄糖的提供,而奶牛是天生缺糖的动物,对葡萄糖需要量的60%以上来自肝脏的糖异生,从后段消化道获得的葡萄糖量很少。围产后期奶牛每天缺少250~500克葡萄糖,只能满足需要量的70%~85%。反刍动物肝脏糖异生的主要底物为瘤胃发酵产生的丙酸、三羧酸循环产生的乳酸、蛋白质代谢产生的或内脏门脉系统吸收的氨基酸以及脂肪组织脂解所释放的甘油。围产期奶牛从丙酸、乳酸和甘油异生的葡萄糖分别占肝脏葡萄糖净释放量的50%~60%、15%~20%和2%~4%。正常情况下,丙酸为糖异生的主要原料,肝脏利用丙酸生成的葡萄糖,在泌乳时大多被用于合成乳糖。因此,围产后期奶牛饲养管理的关键就是如何让奶牛获得最大的DMI,满足奶牛的营养和肝脏糖异生的需求,缓解能量负平衡。
发明内容
为克服上述不足,本申请提供一种奶牛围产期管理方法。
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案为:
奶牛围产期管理方法,包括
自产前21天起直至产后30天,在全混合日粮中添加复合型葡萄糖前体物,并进行反刍和健康监控;
自产前14天起直至产犊,保证待产牛每日平均干物质采食量11~13kg,并监测其体况评分BCS:头胎牛3.0~3.5、经产牛3.0~3.75;
在产前7天抽测血酮、血糖,标准为:BHBA<0.6mmol/L、40≤血糖≤70mg/dl:
当BHBA≥0.6mmol/L时,灌服复合型葡萄糖前体物200ml/头/天;
当血糖<40mg/dl时能量亏损,存在低血糖风险;血糖>70mg/dl时血糖过高,存在酸中毒风险;
在产犊当日进行产犊监测、适度助产,产后1小时内灌服产后营养补液以快速补充电解质、减少应激;
自产后3天起,灌服复合型葡萄糖前体物300~400ml/头/天,维持3~5天以快速补充能量、减少热应激;
自产后7至10天,监测血酮、血糖,控制继发性酮病;
自产后18至22天,监测血酮、血糖,控制原发性酮病;
自产犊当日直至产后60天,持续进行产后失重监测和产后繁殖疾病诊断。
作为上述技术方案的改进,所述复合型葡萄糖前体物包括颗粒形式和液体形式;
其颗粒形式的成分包括丙二醇102000~152000mg/kg、钴30~70mg/kg和烟酰胺4000~6000mg/kg、粗灰分20~28%,钙1.3~2.7%,水分≤12%;
其液体形式的成分包括丙二醇300~500mg/g、钴40~60mg/kg、山梨醇6~10%、烟酰胺1100~2600mg/100g、钠1.0~2.0%,水分12.6~18.6%。
作为上述技术方案的改进,在全混合日粮中添加复合型葡萄糖前体物具体做法为:
产前每日在全混合日粮中添加复合型葡萄糖前体物颗粒300gr;
产后每日在全混合日粮中添加复合型葡萄糖前体物颗粒350gr;或者
产前每日在全混合日粮中添加复合型葡萄糖前体物液体150ml;
产后每日在全混合日粮中添加复合型葡萄糖前体物液体300ml。
作为上述技术方案的改进,自产前14天起直至产犊期间同时检测待产牛尿pH,标准为6.0<pH<6.7。
作为上述技术方案的改进,所述产后营养补液的成分包括硫酸镁、氯化钾、碳酸氢钠、葡萄糖、复合维生素、微量元素、钙盐、活性酵母和抗氧化剂。
作为上述技术方案的改进,产后监测血酮时,标准为:0.0<BHBA<1.1mmol/L;
当BHBA达到1.0mmol/L时,给予特别关注;
当1.2mmol/L≤BHBA≤2.9mmol/L为亚临床酮病;
当3.0mmol/L≤BHBA为临床酮病;
若出现酮病,采用如下治疗方案:
当1.2mmol/L≤BHBA≤2.9mmol/L,灌服复合型葡萄糖前体物液体3~5天,300~350ml/d;
当BHBA≥3.0mmol/L,静脉注射葡萄糖同时灌服复合型葡萄糖前体物液体连续5天,首次灌服500ml,其余4天300ml/d。
作为上述技术方案的改进,产后监测血酮时,若酮病发病率>15%,则检查日粮配方、干物质采食量(DMI)、体况评分(BCS)、健康状况等分析原因、迅速解决。
作为上述技术方案的改进,产后失重监测的目标为失重<0.5kg/d;产后繁殖疾病诊断包括子宫炎、子宫复旧、卵巢疾病等的诊断。
作为上述技术方案的改进,产后失重及其体况的监测采用自动化监测,替代人工测量,利用视觉智能和人工智能,实现牛只体重和体况评分的自动采集,通过算法得到准确的体重和体况分数。
本发明带来的有益效果有:
针对围产期奶牛的生理特点和代谢特点,本方法自产前21天起直至产后60天,通过优化全混合日粮配方、体况监测、血酮血糖监测、产后失重监测和产后繁殖疾病诊断等技术手段,对处于围产期的奶牛进行全周期的动态科学管理。
复合型葡萄糖前体物的使用作为本奶牛围产期管理中的重要一环,在产前21天到产后一个月的持续使用,配合产前产后的代谢病监控及保健强化,可以有效解决奶牛能量负平衡和酮病的问题,使奶牛表现出产奶量提升、产奶高峰期的延长、首次配种怀孕率的提高和产后牛淘汰率的下降等显著优势。围产前期连续使用能够减少产前体脂动员,围产后期连续使用对能量(葡萄糖)进行持续的补充,弥补DMI不足的能量亏缺,所含成分也具有调节瘤胃功能的作用,进而提高干物质采食量,减缓能量负平衡的程度。
在监测血酮血糖时,本申请通过检测血液中β-羟丁酸(BHBA)的含量来确定奶牛酮体含量,做到定量检测,区别于传统的尿酮试纸和乳酮试纸的定性检测法,检测结果以数值形式体现,更准确,更直观,尤其对亚临床酮病(隐形酮病)有很好的监测作用,做到实时监测,实时掌握,实时调整,避免发展成临床酮病,保证泌乳高峰期的如期到来,提高经济效益。
在体况监测、失重监测时,本申请通过智能动态称重系统、基于3D视觉的体况评分测定系统,结合数据分析管理平台可实现数据的精准测定和实时监测、远距离监测,为实现智能管理和科学管理提供及时有效的数据支持。
本方法对处于不同时间节点的围产期奶牛提供不同的管理手段,基于监测数据对症下药,实时优化、动态调整管理方案,管理预期:使BHBA平均值下降0.2~0.4mmol/L;酮病发病率下降5%~10%;产奶量在305天内每天提高0.5~3公斤;首次配种受胎率提高5~10个百分点以上;产后100天内淘汰率下降5~10个百分点。
具体实施方式
下面将对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
本实施例为一种奶牛围产期管理方法,包括
自产前21天起直至产后30天,在全混合日粮中添加复合型葡萄糖前体物,并进行反刍监控;具体做法为:
产前每日在全混合日粮中添加复合型葡萄糖前体物颗粒300gr;
产后每日在全混合日粮中添加复合型葡萄糖前体物颗粒350gr;或者
产前每日在全混合日粮中添加复合型葡萄糖前体物液体150ml;
产后每日在全混合日粮中添加复合型葡萄糖前体物液体300ml。
自产前14天起直至产犊,保证待产牛每日平均干物质采食量(DMI)11~13kg,并通过基于3D视觉的体况评分仪监测其体况评分BCS:头胎牛3.0~3.5、经产牛3.0~3.75;同时检测待产牛尿pH,标准为6.0<pH<6.7;
在产前7天抽测血酮、血糖,标准为:BHBA<0.6mmol/L、40≤血糖≤70mg/dl:
当BHBA≥0.6mmol/L时,灌服复合型葡萄糖前体物200ml/头/天;
当血糖<40mg/dl时能量亏损,存在低血糖风险;血糖>70mg/dl时血糖过高,存在酸中毒风险;
在产犊当日进行产犊监测、适度助产,产后1小时内灌服产后营养补液以快速补充电解质如Ca、P、K、Na、Mg,恢复体能/采食量、减少应激;其中,每1kg产后营养补液含钙60~65g、钠20~25g、镁10~15g、钾55~60g、维生素A200000IU、维生素D3 90000IU、维生素E2000IU、烟酸1000IU、锌1700mg、碘100mg、钴20mg、硒10mg等。使用方法为:溶解1kg产后营养补液于25~30L温水(40℃)充分搅拌直至完全溶解,于奶牛产后直接饮用或食道管灌服。
自产后3天起,灌服复合型葡萄糖前体物300~400ml/头/天,维持3~5天以快速补充能量、减少热应激;
自产后7至10天,监测血酮、血糖,控制继发性酮病;
自产后18至22天,监测血酮、血糖,控制原发性酮病;
监测血酮、血糖,是通过测定血液中β-羟丁酸(BHBA)水平和血糖水平实现定量检测,检测结果以数值形式直观体现,通过检测β-羟丁酸水平,还能够使生产者在酮体水平很低的情况下精确地对奶牛进行诊断。β-羟丁酸水平检测结果在0.0~1.1mmol/L为正常值范围;1.2~2.9mmol/L为亚临床酮病范围;3.0mmol/L以上即为临床酮病;β-羟丁酸含量达到1.0mmol/L以上的牛只,即需要给予特别关注,因为该酮体水平已经很接近到亚临床酮病的水平,如果不采取措施就极易发展为亚临床状态。
在整个围产期,为监测血酮、血糖,本实施例采用全群检测方式:
产犊前一周进行一次全群检测,在泌乳后7~10天进行第二次全群检测,在泌乳后18~22天进行第三次全群检测,通过三次全群检测筛选出酮体水平偏高的牛只采取措施控制酮体水平;在泌乳后的第50天可以对采取措施调控的牛群再进行检测,观测是否恢复到正常水平。通过监测数据分析,得出牛群所摄取的营养物质是否能够满足现阶段的生产需要,从而判断饲养管理水平是否到位;若检测结果显示亚临床酮病发病率占到15%左右,可以初步判定是食源性酮病,低于15%属于个体原因。
具体:若出现酮病,可采用如下治疗方案:
当1.2mmol/L≤BHBA≤2.9mmol/L,灌服复合型葡萄糖前体物液体3~5天,300~350ml/d;
当BHBA≥3.0mmol/L,静脉注射葡萄糖同时灌服复合型葡萄糖前体物液体连续5天,首次灌服500ml,其余4天300ml/d;
即,本实施例设立酮病检测诊断分级制度,分为几个渐进的级别(即从保守性治疗转为积极主动性治疗),这种分级诊断方法有利于避免治疗过度的浪费和减少发生食欲废绝的数量,以下表1为例:
表1酮病诊断分级方法和对应治疗的方案
若酮病发病率>15%,初步判定为食源性酮病,则应检查日粮配方、干物质采食量(DMI)、体况评分(BCS)、健康状况等分析原因、迅速解决。
本围产期管理方法还包括:自产犊当日直至产后60天,持续进行产后失重监测和产后繁殖疾病诊断,失重监测的目标为失重<0.5kg/d,体况评分2.75~3.25;产后繁殖疾病诊断包括子宫炎、子宫复旧、卵巢疾病等的诊断。
本实施例中,产后失重及其体况的监测采用自动化监测,替代人工测量;利用视觉智能和人工智能,实现牛只体重和体况评分的自动采集,通过算法得到准确的体重和体况分数。
在相关步骤中,所述的复合型葡萄糖前体物的成分包括丙二醇、山梨醇、丙酸、钴(对于能量代谢、蛋氨酸和胆碱的必不可少)和烟酸(抑制脂肪分解、减少循环脂肪酸、刺激糖原代谢)等,其形态包括颗粒状和液体状:
颗粒形式的成分包括丙二醇102000~152000mg/kg、钴30~70mg/kg和烟酰胺4000~6000mg/kg、粗灰分20~28%,钙1.3~2.7%,水分≤12%;
液体形式的成分包括丙二醇300~500mg/g、钴40~60mg/kg、山梨醇6~10%、烟酰胺1100~2600mg/100g、钠1.0~2.0%,水分12.6~18.6%;
其中,颗粒状的复合型葡萄糖前体物主要用于连续饲喂,液体状的复合型葡萄糖前体物主要用于酮病治疗。围产期奶牛采食本生糖前体物后,一方面可转化成丙酸,转化为葡萄糖,另一方面所含成分也有调节瘤胃机能的作用,促进产后奶牛干物质采食量。
应说明的是:以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已,并不用于限制本发明,尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明,对于本领域的技术人员来说,其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (7)
1.奶牛围产期管理方法,其特征在于:包括
自产前21天起直至产后30天,在全混合日粮中添加复合型葡萄糖前体物,并进行反刍监控;
自产前14天起直至产犊,保证待产牛每日平均干物质采食量11~13kg,并监测其体况评分BCS:头胎牛3.0~3.5、经产牛3.0~3.75;
在产前7天抽测血酮、血糖,标准为:BHBA<0.6mmol/L、40≤血糖≤70mg/dl:
当BHBA≥0.6mmol/L时,灌服复合型葡萄糖前体物200ml/头/天;
当血糖<40mg/dl时能量亏损,存在低血糖风险;血糖>70mg/dl时血糖过高,存在酸中毒风险;
在产犊当日进行产犊监测、适度助产,产后1小时内灌服产后营养补液;
自产后3天起,灌服复合型葡萄糖前体物300~400ml/头/天,维持3~5天;
自产后7至10天,监测血酮、血糖,控制继发性酮病;
自产后18至22天,监测血酮、血糖,控制原发性酮病;
自产犊当日直至产后60天,持续进行产后失重监测和产后繁殖疾病诊断;
所述复合型葡萄糖前体物包括颗粒形式和液体形式;
其颗粒形式的成分包括丙二醇102000~152000mg/kg、钴30~70mg/kg和烟酰胺4000~6000mg/kg、钙1.3~2.7%;
其液体形式的成分包括丙二醇300~500mg/g、钴40~60mg/kg、山梨醇6~10%、烟酰胺1100~2600mg/100g、钠1.0~2.0%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的奶牛围产期管理方法,其特征在于:
在全混合日粮中添加复合型葡萄糖前体物具体做法为:
产前每日在全混合日粮中添加复合型葡萄糖前体物颗粒300g;
产后每日在全混合日粮中添加复合型葡萄糖前体物颗粒350g;或者
产前每日在全混合日粮中添加复合型葡萄糖前体物液体150ml;
产后每日在全混合日粮中添加复合型葡萄糖前体物液体300ml。
3.根据权利要求1所述的奶牛围产期管理方法,其特征在于:
自产前14天起直至产犊期间同时检测待产牛尿pH,标准为6.0<pH<6.7。
4.根据权利要求1所述的奶牛围产期管理方法,其特征在于:
所述产后营养补液的成分包括硫酸镁、氯化钾、碳酸氢钠、葡萄糖、复合维生素、微量元素、钙盐、活性酵母和抗氧化剂。
5.根据权利要求1所述的奶牛围产期管理方法,其特征在于:
产后监测血酮时,标准为:0.0<BHBA<1.1mmol/L;
当BHBA达到1.0mmol/L时,给予特别关注;
当1.2mmol/L≤BHBA≤2.9mmol/L为亚临床酮病;
当3.0mmol/L≤BHBA为临床酮病;
若出现酮病,采用如下治疗方案:
当1.2mmol/L≤BHBA≤2.9mmol/L,灌服复合型葡萄糖前体物液体3~5天,300~350ml/d;
当BHBA≥3.0mmol/L,静脉注射葡萄糖同时灌服复合型葡萄糖前体物液体连续5天,首次灌服500ml,其余4天300ml/d。
6.根据权利要求1所述的奶牛围产期管理方法,其特征在于:
产后监测血酮时,若酮病发病率>15%,则检查日粮配方、干物质采食量DMI、体况评分BCS、健康状况分析原因、迅速解决。
7.根据权利要求1所述的奶牛围产期管理方法,其特征在于:
产后失重监测的目标为失重<0.5kg/d;产后繁殖疾病诊断包括子宫炎、子宫复旧、卵巢疾病的诊断。
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