CN115149380A - Ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on cross phase modulation mode locking technology - Google Patents
Ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on cross phase modulation mode locking technology Download PDFInfo
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- CN115149380A CN115149380A CN202210955223.8A CN202210955223A CN115149380A CN 115149380 A CN115149380 A CN 115149380A CN 202210955223 A CN202210955223 A CN 202210955223A CN 115149380 A CN115149380 A CN 115149380A
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- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
- H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
- H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
- H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
- H01S3/06791—Fibre ring lasers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
- H01S3/08—Construction or shape of optical resonators or components thereof
- H01S3/08013—Resonator comprising a fibre, e.g. for modifying dispersion or repetition rate
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- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
- H01S3/10053—Phase control
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
- H01S3/11—Mode locking; Q-switching; Other giant-pulse techniques, e.g. cavity dumping
- H01S3/1106—Mode locking
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Abstract
The invention provides a fiber laser, belongs to the technical field of laser, and relates to a mode-locked pulse fiber laser for generating cross phase modulation by injecting light pulse. The technology overcomes the limitations of the traditional active or passive mode locking technology based on the introduction of a modulator or a saturable absorber in a resonant cavity in the mid-infrared band, and is beneficial to the application of the technology in some fields. The mode locking technology can be based on an annular cavity or a linear cavity structure, is not limited to the application of realizing the ultra-short pulse fiber laser of each wave band, and can also realize any pulse state such as soliton pulse, dissipative soliton pulse and the like. And due to the special traction effect of the cross phase modulation effect, the center wavelength of the signal light pulse can be adjusted by simply changing the repetition frequency of the injected pulse without adding an additional adjustable filter and the like. The injection pulse and the signal pulse are combined to form a set of self-synchronizing bicolor pulse optical fiber laser, and the practical application of the mode locking mode is greatly expanded.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of fiber laser, in particular to an ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on a cross phase modulation mode locking technology.
Background
The pulse fiber laser has the advantages of high peak power, small heat effect, simple and compact structure and the like. The pulse fiber laser mainly comprises Q-switching, a gain switch, active mode-locking and passive mode-locking technologies. The Q-switching and gain-switching technologies modulate the loss and gain of the laser respectively, and the pulse width of the generated pulse is in the microsecond-nanosecond order. However, the pulse width is limited due to the limitation of the upper-level particle lifetime, and the peak power of the pulse cannot be significantly increased. The mode locking technology is mainly characterized in that an active modulator or a saturable absorber with modulation frequency matched with cavity length is introduced to periodically modulate parameters such as laser intensity and loss in a resonant cavity, and nanosecond-picosecond-femtosecond mode locking pulses with fixed repetition frequency are generated due to the fact that the modulation frequency is synchronous with the fundamental frequency of the resonant cavity, so that peak power reaching watt level to kilowatt level is achieved.
However, the common mode locking technology still has some defects, such as low damage threshold of the true saturable absorber, weak environmental stability of the artificial saturable absorber and incapability of self-starting, large loss of the inserted modulator in the cavity, incapability of realizing full optical fiber and the like, which greatly limits the practical application of the pulse fiber laser.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly aims to provide an ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on a cross-phase modulation mode locking technology, which adopts a new mode locking pulse generation mechanism, utilizes a light pulse to be injected into a cavity to generate cross-phase modulation, realizes the ultrashort pulse fiber laser, and avoids various limitations of the traditional mode locking technology such as introduction of an active modulation device or a saturable absorber in a resonant cavity.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides an ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on cross-phase modulation mode locking technology, including: the device comprises a pumping source, an injection pulse source with adjustable repetition frequency and a resonant cavity, wherein the resonant cavity is in an annular cavity structure or a linear cavity structure; the resonant cavity of the line-shaped cavity structure comprises: the device comprises a first wavelength division multiplexer, a first optical fiber, a second wavelength division multiplexer, a second optical fiber, a third wavelength division multiplexer, an optical fiber reflector, a fourth wavelength division multiplexer and a high-reflection fiber grating; the pumping source is connected with the first wavelength division multiplexer, the first wavelength division multiplexer is connected with a first optical fiber, the injection pulse source is connected with a second wavelength division multiplexer, the second wavelength division multiplexer is connected with the second optical fiber, the second optical fiber is connected with a third wavelength division multiplexer, the third wavelength division multiplexer is connected with the optical fiber reflector and the fourth wavelength division multiplexer, and the fourth wavelength division multiplexer is connected with the high-reflection fiber grating; the second wavelength division multiplexer is used for introducing the pulse of the injection pulse source, and the third wavelength division multiplexer is used for filtering the pulse; the resonant cavity of the ring cavity structure includes: the method comprises the following steps: the optical fiber coupler comprises a first wavelength division multiplexer, an active gain optical fiber, an optical fiber isolator, a second wavelength division multiplexer, a third wavelength division multiplexer, a fourth wavelength division multiplexer and an optical fiber coupler; the pump source is connected with the first wavelength division multiplexer, the first wavelength division multiplexer is connected with the active gain optical fiber, the active gain optical fiber is connected with the optical fiber isolator, the injection pulse source and the third wavelength division multiplexer are connected, the third wavelength division multiplexer is connected with the fourth wavelength division multiplexer and the optical fiber coupler, the optical fiber coupler and the second wavelength division multiplexer are connected; the second wavelength division multiplexer is used for introducing the pulse of the injection pulse source, and the third wavelength division multiplexer is used for filtering the pulse.
Further, the injection pulse source is a pulse laser with adjustable repetition frequency, and the pulse laser comprises: the system comprises a laser, a first-stage mode-locking optical fiber oscillator and a second-stage optical fiber amplifier which are connected in sequence.
Further, the laser is a picosecond semiconductor laser based on a gain switch, or a nanosecond semiconductor laser based on direct electrical modulation, or a repetition frequency adjustable active mode-locking fiber laser based on active modulation, or a repetition frequency adjustable passive mode-locking fiber laser based on an optical delay line.
Furthermore, a first wavelength division multiplexer, a first optical fiber, a second wavelength division multiplexer, a second optical fiber, a third wavelength division multiplexer, an optical fiber reflector, a fourth wavelength division multiplexer and a high-reflectivity fiber grating in the linear cavity form a linear cavity structure; and the first wavelength division multiplexer, the active gain optical fiber, the optical fiber isolator, the second wavelength division multiplexer, the third wavelength division multiplexer, the fourth wavelength division multiplexer and the optical fiber coupler in the annular cavity form an annular cavity structure.
Further, the first optical fiber is an active gain optical fiber, and the second optical fiber is a passive optical fiber.
Further, the gain fiber is a quartz fiber or a fluoride fiber doped with ytterbium, erbium, thulium or holmium.
Further, the ultrashort pulse fiber laser further includes: a dispersion compensating fiber connected to an active gain fiber within a resonant cavity of the ring cavity structure.
The invention provides an ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on a cross phase modulation mode locking technology, which has the beneficial effects that: the method overcomes the limitations of the traditional active or passive mode locking technology based on the introduction of a modulator or a saturable absorber in a resonant cavity in the mid-infrared band, and is beneficial to the application of the traditional active or passive mode locking technology in some fields; the mode locking technology can be based on an annular cavity or a linear cavity structure, is not limited to the application of realizing the ultra-short pulse fiber laser of each wave band, and can also realize any pulse state such as soliton pulse, dissipative soliton pulse and the like; due to the special traction effect of the cross phase modulation effect, the center wavelength of the signal light pulse can be adjusted by simply changing the repetition frequency of the injected pulse without adding an additional adjustable filter and the like; the injection pulse and the signal pulse are combined to form a set of self-synchronizing bicolor pulse optical fiber laser, and the practical application of the mode locking mode is greatly expanded.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments or the prior art descriptions will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is also possible for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings based on the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on a cross-phase modulation mode locking technique and having a linear cavity structure according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of an ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on a cross-phase modulation mode locking technique and having a ring cavity structure according to an embodiment of the present invention.
In the drawings, each reference numeral indicates:
FIG. 1: 1. a pump source; 2. a first wavelength division multiplexer; 3. a first optical fiber; 4. injecting a pulse source; 5. a second wavelength division multiplexer; 6. a second optical fiber; 7. a third wavelength division multiplexer; 8. a fiber optic mirror; 9. a highly reflective fiber grating; 10. a fourth wavelength division multiplexer;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram: 1. a pump source; 2. a first wavelength division multiplexer; 3. a gain fiber; 4. a fiber isolator; 5. injecting a pulse source; 6. a second wavelength division multiplexer; 7. a third wavelength division multiplexer; 8. a fiber coupler; 9. and a fourth wavelength division multiplexer.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, features and advantages of the present invention more obvious and understandable, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The cross phase modulation mode locking technology is mainly characterized in that optical pulses with the same repetition frequency and different wavelengths are injected into a section of passive optical fiber in a laser cavity to generate a cross phase modulation effect, and phase modulation is carried out on signal light so as to generate mode locking pulses. The method has the advantages of low insertion loss, high damage threshold, unlimited wavelength of injected pulse light, self-starting and the like, and has good application potential. And due to the traction effect of the cross phase modulation effect, the injection pulse and the signal pulse have self-synchronization characteristics, namely the repetition frequency of the signal pulse is strictly consistent with the repetition frequency of the injection pulse, and the variation range is in the magnitude of 1 kHz. In addition, in order to realize that the repetition frequency of the signal light changes along with the change of the injection pulse, the signal light can spontaneously generate wavelength drift, different wavelengths correspond to different refractive indexes, namely, the optical path is different, and further, the repetition frequency also changes.
Therefore, the cross phase modulation mode locking technology can provide a pulse fiber laser with adjustable wavelength, and can also provide a self-synchronizing double-color fiber laser system by combining an injection pulse source, thereby greatly expanding the practical application range of the system.
In combination with the cross phase modulation mode locking technology, the inventor researches an ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on the cross phase modulation mode locking technology.
Referring to fig. 1, an ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on cross-phase modulation mode locking technology provided in an embodiment of the present application includes: the device comprises a pumping source 1, an injection pulse source 4 with adjustable repetition frequency and a resonant cavity, wherein the resonant cavity is in a linear cavity structure.
Specifically, the resonant cavity of the linear cavity structure includes: the device comprises a first wavelength division multiplexer 2, a first optical fiber 3, a second wavelength division multiplexer 5, a second optical fiber 6, a third wavelength division multiplexer 7, an optical fiber reflector 8, a fourth wavelength division multiplexer 10 and a high-reflection fiber grating 9; the pumping source 1 is connected with a first wavelength division multiplexer 2, the first wavelength division multiplexer 2 is connected with a first optical fiber 3, the first optical fiber 3, an injection pulse source 4 is connected with a second wavelength division multiplexer 5, the second wavelength division multiplexer 5 is connected with a second optical fiber 6, the second optical fiber 6 is connected with a third wavelength division multiplexer 7, the third wavelength division multiplexer 7 is connected with an optical fiber reflector 8 and a fourth wavelength division multiplexer 10, and the fourth wavelength division multiplexer 10 is connected with a high-reflection fiber grating 9; a second wavelength division multiplexer 5 is used to introduce the pulses injected into the pulse source 4 and a third wavelength division multiplexer 7 is used to filter out the pulses.
In its own embodiment, the first wavelength division multiplexer 2, the first optical fiber 3, the second wavelength division multiplexer 5, the second optical fiber 6, the third wavelength division multiplexer 7, the fiber mirror 8, the fourth wavelength division multiplexer 10 and the highly reflective fiber grating 9 constitute a line cavity structure.
Wherein, first optic fibre 3 is active gain optic fibre, second optic fibre 6 is passive optic fibre, and active gain optic fibre can be for doping ytterbium, erbium, thulium or holmium's quartz optical fibre or fluoride optic fibre.
In this embodiment, the resonant cavity adopts a linear cavity structure, two ends of the resonant cavity are respectively composed of a fiber grating and a fiber reflector 8, the pump is introduced into the cavity through a wavelength division multiplexer, the active gain fiber is a commercial thulium-doped fiber, an injection pulse source 4 is introduced and led out by using a second wavelength division multiplexer 5 and a third wavelength division multiplexer 7, the injection pulse and the signal light pulse interact in a passive fiber, and when the injection pulse repetition frequency is adjusted to match the fundamental frequency of the resonant cavity, the signal light pulse output can be realized. Likewise, by adjusting the repetition frequency of the pump pulse, the center wavelength of the output signal light pulse will also change.
Therefore, the ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on the cross-phase modulation mode locking technology provided by the embodiment overcomes many limitations of the traditional active or passive mode locking technology based on introducing a modulator or a saturable absorber into a resonant cavity in the mid-infrared band, and is beneficial to the application of the ultrashort pulse fiber laser in some fields; the mode locking technology is based on a linear cavity structure, is applied to and not limited to the realization of ultra-short pulse optical fiber lasers of various wave bands, and can also realize any pulse states such as soliton pulse, dissipation soliton pulse and the like; due to the special traction effect of the cross phase modulation effect, the center wavelength of the signal light pulse can be adjusted by simply changing the repetition frequency of the injected pulse without adding an additional adjustable filter and the like; the injection pulse and the signal pulse are combined to form a set of self-synchronizing bicolor pulse optical fiber laser, and the practical application of the mode locking mode is greatly expanded.
Referring to fig. 2, an ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on cross-phase modulation mode locking technology according to another embodiment of the present application includes: the device comprises a pumping source 1, an injection pulse source 5 with adjustable repetition frequency and a resonant cavity, wherein the resonant cavity is in a ring cavity structure.
Specifically, the resonant cavity of the ring cavity structure includes: a first wavelength division multiplexer 2, an active gain fiber 3, a fiber isolator 4, a second wavelength division multiplexer 6, a third wavelength division multiplexer 7, a fourth wavelength division multiplexer 9, and a fiber coupler 8; the pump source 1 is connected with the first wavelength division multiplexer 2, the first wavelength division multiplexer 2 is connected with the active gain optical fiber 3, the active gain optical fiber 3 is connected with the optical fiber isolator 4, the injection pulse source 5 and the third wavelength division multiplexer 7 are connected, the third wavelength division multiplexer 7 is connected with the fourth wavelength division multiplexer 9 and the optical fiber coupler 8, the optical fiber coupler 8 and the second wavelength division multiplexer 6 are connected; a second wavelength division multiplexer 6 is used to introduce the pulses injected into the pulse source 5 and a third wavelength division multiplexer 7 is used to filter out the pulses.
In the present embodiment, the first wavelength division multiplexer 2, the active gain fiber 3, the fiber isolator 4, the second wavelength division multiplexer 6, the third wavelength division multiplexer 7, the fourth wavelength division multiplexer 9, and the fiber coupler 8 constitute a ring cavity structure.
In the present embodiment, the active gain fiber 3 is a silica fiber or a fluoride fiber doped with ytterbium, erbium, thulium, or holmium.
In this embodiment, the ultrashort pulse fiber laser further includes: a dispersion compensating fiber connected to an active gain fiber 3 within the resonant cavity of the ring cavity structure.
The ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on the cross phase modulation mode locking technology provided by the embodiment adopts an annular cavity structure, a pump is introduced into an cavity through a wavelength division multiplexer, an active gain fiber 3 is a commercial thulium-doped fiber, a fiber isolator 4 ensures unidirectional operation of laser, a fiber coupler 8 outputs signal light, and an injection pulse source 5 is introduced and extracted by two wavelength division multiplexers. The injection pulse source 5 consists of a one-stage 1.5 μm mode-locked fiber oscillator and a two-stage fiber amplifier, in which the repetition frequency of the injection pulse is varied by means of an optical delay line in the cavity. Signal light pulse output is achieved when the power of the 1.5 μm injection pulse is sufficient and the repetition frequency matches the fundamental frequency of the 2 μm resonant cavity.
By adjusting the repetition frequency of the injection pulse of 1.5 μm, the center wavelength of the output signal light pulse changes, and when the repetition frequency of the injection pulse increases, the center wavelength of the signal light pulse moves in the direction of the group velocity becoming faster to adapt to the increase of the repetition frequency, so that in the anomalous dispersion region, when the repetition frequency of the injection pulse increases, the center wavelength of the output signal light pulse undergoes a blue shift, that is, a short-wave shift.
As the group velocity dispersion values of the active gain fiber and the passive fiber are negative values at the position of 2 mu m, the group velocity dispersion in the cavity can be regulated and controlled to a positive value by adding a certain length of dispersion compensation fiber, and the 2 mu m dissipative soliton pulse can be realized. In the normal dispersion region, when the repetition frequency of the injected pulse is increased, the center wavelength of the output signal light pulse is red-shifted, i.e., shifted toward the wavelength.
Therefore, the ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on the cross-phase modulation mode locking technology provided by the embodiment overcomes many limitations of the traditional active or passive mode locking technology based on introducing a modulator or a saturable absorber into a resonant cavity in the mid-infrared band, and is beneficial to the application of the ultrashort pulse fiber laser in some fields; the mode locking technology is based on an annular cavity structure, is applied to ultra-short pulse fiber lasers in various wave bands, and can realize any pulse state such as soliton pulse, dissipative soliton pulse and the like; due to the special traction effect of the cross phase modulation effect, the center wavelength of the signal light pulse can be adjusted by simply changing the repetition frequency of the injected pulse without adding an additional adjustable filter and the like; the injection pulse and the signal pulse are combined to form a set of self-synchronizing bicolor pulse fiber laser, and the practical application of the mode locking mode is greatly expanded.
In the foregoing embodiments, the descriptions of the respective embodiments have respective emphasis, and for parts that are not described in detail in a certain embodiment, reference may be made to the related descriptions of other embodiments.
In view of the above description of the ultra-short pulse fiber laser based on the cross-phase modulation mode locking technique, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the concepts according to the embodiments of the present invention may be modified in the specific implementation manners and application ranges.
Claims (7)
1. The utility model provides an ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on cross phase modulation mode locking technique which characterized in that includes: the device comprises a pumping source, an injection pulse source with adjustable repetition frequency and a resonant cavity, wherein the resonant cavity is in an annular cavity structure or a linear cavity structure;
the resonant cavity of the linear cavity structure comprises: the high-reflection fiber grating comprises a first wavelength division multiplexer, a first optical fiber, a second wavelength division multiplexer, a second optical fiber, a third wavelength division multiplexer, a fiber reflector, a fourth wavelength division multiplexer and a high-reflection fiber grating; the pumping source is connected with the first wavelength division multiplexer, the first wavelength division multiplexer is connected with a first optical fiber, the injection pulse source is connected with a second wavelength division multiplexer, the second wavelength division multiplexer is connected with the second optical fiber, the second optical fiber is connected with a third wavelength division multiplexer, the third wavelength division multiplexer is connected with the optical fiber reflector and the fourth wavelength division multiplexer, and the fourth wavelength division multiplexer is connected with the high-reflection fiber grating; the second wavelength division multiplexer is used for introducing the pulse of the injection pulse source, and the third wavelength division multiplexer is used for filtering the pulse;
the resonant cavity of the ring cavity structure comprises: the method comprises the following steps: the optical fiber coupler comprises a first wavelength division multiplexer, an active gain optical fiber, an optical fiber isolator, a second wavelength division multiplexer, a third wavelength division multiplexer, a fourth wavelength division multiplexer and an optical fiber coupler; the pump source is connected with the first wavelength division multiplexer, the first wavelength division multiplexer is connected with the active gain optical fiber, the active gain optical fiber is connected with the optical fiber isolator, the injection pulse source and the third wavelength division multiplexer are connected, the third wavelength division multiplexer is connected with the fourth wavelength division multiplexer and the optical fiber coupler, the optical fiber coupler and the second wavelength division multiplexer are connected; the second wavelength division multiplexer is used for introducing the pulse of the injection pulse source, and the third wavelength division multiplexer is used for filtering the pulse.
2. The ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on the cross-phase modulation mode locking technology of claim 1, wherein the injection pulse source is a pulse laser with adjustable repetition frequency, comprising: the system comprises a laser, a first-stage mode-locking optical fiber oscillator and a second-stage optical fiber amplifier which are connected in sequence.
3. An ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on cross-phase modulation mode locking technology according to claim 2,
the laser is a picosecond semiconductor laser based on a gain switch, or a nanosecond semiconductor laser based on direct electrical modulation, or a repetition frequency adjustable mode-locked fiber laser based on active modulation, or a repetition frequency adjustable passive mode-locked fiber laser based on an optical delay line.
4. An ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on cross-phase modulation mode locking technology according to claim 1,
the first wavelength division multiplexer, the first optical fiber, the second wavelength division multiplexer, the second optical fiber, the third wavelength division multiplexer, the optical fiber reflector, the fourth wavelength division multiplexer and the high-reflection fiber grating in the linear cavity form a linear cavity structure;
and the first wavelength division multiplexer, the active gain optical fiber, the optical fiber isolator, the second wavelength division multiplexer, the third wavelength division multiplexer, the fourth wavelength division multiplexer and the optical fiber coupler in the annular cavity form an annular cavity structure.
5. An ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on cross-phase modulation mode locking technology according to claim 1,
the first optical fiber is an active gain optical fiber, and the second optical fiber is a passive optical fiber.
6. An ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on cross-phase modulation mode locking technique according to claim 1 or 5,
the active gain optical fiber is a quartz optical fiber or a fluoride optical fiber doped with ytterbium, erbium, thulium or holmium.
7. An ultrashort pulse fiber laser based on cross-phase modulation mode locking technology according to claim 1,
the ultrashort pulse fiber laser further comprises: a dispersion compensating fiber connected to an active gain fiber within a resonant cavity of the ring cavity structure.
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