CN115138668A - Fly ash treatment method - Google Patents
Fly ash treatment method Download PDFInfo
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- CN115138668A CN115138668A CN202210755390.8A CN202210755390A CN115138668A CN 115138668 A CN115138668 A CN 115138668A CN 202210755390 A CN202210755390 A CN 202210755390A CN 115138668 A CN115138668 A CN 115138668A
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- fly ash
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/70—Chemical treatment, e.g. pH adjustment or oxidation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
- B09B2101/00—Type of solid waste
- B09B2101/30—Incineration ashes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Abstract
The invention provides a treatment method of fly ash, belonging to the technical field of resource utilization of waste. The invention utilizes SiO in solid waste 2 And Al 2 O 3 And SO in sulfuric acid solution 4 2‑ And Ca in fly ash 2+ Precipitation reaction is carried out to generate ettringite and calcium silicate hydrate, the ettringite has petal-shaped, needle-shaped or rod-shaped appearance and various ion exchange sites, the fiber structure of the calcium silicate hydrate also has various ion exchange sites and has adsorption effect on various toxic element ions, so that toxic elements in the fly ash are solidified in the ettringite and the calcium silicate hydrate in the forms of ion exchange, physical adsorption and the like. While the solid phases of ettringite and hydrated calcium silicate are generated, the chloride salt in the fly ash is dissolved in the solution, so that the chloride salt recovery is free from the interference of calcium and toxic element ions. The test results of the embodiment show that the method provided by the invention for treating the fly ash can synchronously realize the fixation of toxic elements in the fly ashChemical reaction and chlorine salt separation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of resource utilization of waste, and particularly relates to a fly ash treatment method.
Background
Because the incineration has unique advantages in the aspects of waste reduction and incineration product resource utilization, and the waste heat generated by the waste incineration can be used for power generation, the specific gravity of the incineration in a solid waste treatment mode is increased year by year. However, fly ash generated in the process of incineration of garbage adsorbs a large amount of toxic elements and a small amount of dioxin in flue gas. Through the identification procedure of the hazardous waste, the fly ash is regarded as the hazardous waste and needs to be subjected to harmless treatment before landfill or resource utilization.
The fly ash is solidified/stabilized and resource utilization is considered, so that the method is the best method for treating the fly ash. For example, chinese patent application CN101519220A discloses a method for synthesizing hydrated calcium chloroaluminate from fly ash generated from incineration of municipal refuse, which mixes fly ash with aluminate cement and cures to synthesize a solid phase of calcium chloroaluminate, which can achieve the purpose of solidifying toxic elements, and which can be used in a cement kiln. However, before the cement kiln is disposed, chlorine salts in the solid phase need to be removed by water washing, and part of toxic elements can enter the water washing liquid in the water washing process. At present, no technical scheme for effectively separating chlorine salt and calcium components and stabilizing toxic elements by using a simple process in the fly ash resource utilization process exists.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a treatment method of fly ash, which can realize solidification of toxic elements in the fly ash and effective separation of chloride and calcium components and is simple.
The invention provides a fly ash treatment method, which comprises the following steps:
mixing the fly ash with the solid waste sulfuric acid solution to obtain a mixture; the solid waste contains SiO 2 And Al 2 O 3 ；
Carrying out precipitation reaction on the mixture, and then carrying out solid-liquid separation to obtain a liquid phase and a solid phase;
the solid phase comprises ettringite and calcium silicate hydrate, and the liquid phase comprises chloride.
Preferably, part of Ca in said mixture 2+ Is used for generating ettringite and residual Ca 2+ For producing calcium silicate hydrate, al in said mixture 3+ 、SO 4 2- And part of Ca 2+ In a molar ratio of 2:3:6 or 2:1:4,Si 4+ With the remainder of Ca 2+ In a molar ratio of 1 to 10:5.
preferably, the solid waste comprises one or more of fly ash, gasified slag, red mud, silica fume and aluminum ash.
Preferably, the pH of the mixture is 8 to 14.
Preferably, the agent for adjusting the pH value includes one of a saturated NaOH solution, a saturated KOH solution, and ammonia water.
Preferably, the temperature of the precipitation reaction is 25-95 DEG C
Preferably, the temperature of the precipitation reaction is 50 to 75 ℃.
Preferably, the time of the precipitation reaction is 1 to 24 hours.
Preferably, the fly ash comprises NaCl, KCl, caClOH, ca (OH) 2 、CaO、CaSO 4 、SiO 2 、Al 2 O 3 、Fe 2 O 3 Carbon residue and toxic element compounds.
Preferably, the toxic element in the toxic element compound includes one or more of Pb, cd, zn, cr, hg, and As.
The invention provides a fly ash treatment method, which comprises the following steps: mixing the solid waste with a sulfuric acid solution, and then mixing with fly ash to obtain a mixture; the solid waste contains SiO 2 And Al 2 O 3 (ii) a Carrying out precipitation reaction on the mixture, and then carrying out solid-liquid separation to obtain a liquid phase and a solid phase; the solid phase comprises ettringite and calcium silicate hydrate and the liquid phase comprises chloride salt. The invention utilizes SiO in solid waste 2 And Al 2 O 3 And SO in sulfuric acid solution 4 2- And Ca in fly ash 2+ Precipitation reaction is carried out to generate ettringite and hydrated calcium silicate, and the ettringite has petal-shaped, needle-shaped or rod-shaped appearance and various shapesThe ion exchange sites and the fiber structure of the calcium silicate hydrate also have various ion exchange sites, and have adsorption effect on various toxic elements, so that the toxic elements in the fly ash are solidified in the ettringite and the calcium silicate hydrate in the forms of ion exchange, physical adsorption and the like. When the ettringite and the hydrated calcium silicate solid phase are generated, the chloride salt in the fly ash is dissolved in the solution, so that the chloride salt is free from the interference of calcium and toxic element ions. The test results of the embodiment show that the method provided by the invention can be used for treating the fly ash and synchronously realizing the solidification of toxic elements and the separation of chlorine salt in the fly ash.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a process of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an X-ray diffraction chart of a cured product of the toxic element of example 1;
FIG. 3 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the chlorine salt formed in example 1;
FIG. 4 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the solid phase product in comparative example 1.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a fly ash treatment method, which comprises the following steps:
mixing fly ash with solid waste sulfuric acid solution to obtain a mixture; the solid waste contains SiO 2 And Al 2 O 3 ；
Carrying out precipitation reaction on the mixture, and then carrying out solid-liquid separation to obtain a liquid phase and a solid phase;
the solid phase comprises ettringite and calcium silicate hydrate and the liquid phase comprises chloride salt.
The fly ash and the solid waste sulfuric acid solution are mixed to obtain a mixture; the solid waste contains SiO 2 And Al 2 O 3 . The solid waste preferably comprises one or more of fly ash, gasified slag, red mud, silica fume and aluminum ash, and when the solid waste is multiple, the mass ratio of different types of solid waste is not particularly limited, and any ratio can be adopted. In the present invention, the fly ash preferably comprises NaCl, KCl, caClOH, ca (OH) 2 、CaO、CaSO 4 、SiO 2 、Al 2 O 3 、Fe 2 O 3 The carbon-carbon composite material comprises the following components of carbon residue and toxic element compounds, wherein toxic elements in the toxic element compounds comprise one or more of Pb, cd, zn, cr, hg and As. The concentration of the sulfuric acid solution is preferably 1 to 10mol/L. The method has no special requirement on the dosage of the sulfuric acid solution, and can determine the dosage according to the sulfate radical required by the generation of the ettringite on the premise of completely dissolving the solid waste.
In the present invention, the amounts of the solid waste, the sulfuric acid solution and the fly ash are determined according to the composition of the solid phase, and it is preferable that Si in the solid waste is detected first 4+ And Al 3+ According to the content of Al in the solid waste 3+ The content of the fly ash determines the dosage of the sulfuric acid and part of calcium required for generating the ettringite, and the dosage of part of fly ash can be determined by the dosage of part of calcium. In the presence of known Si 4+ With the remainder of Ca 2+ In a molar ratio of 1 to 10:5. si in solid waste 4+ And part of Si in fly ash 4+ Amount of (A) and Si in fly ash 4+ 、Ca 2+ Under the condition of content, the residual calcium dosage and the residual fly ash dosage required for generating the calcium silicate hydrate can be calculated, and the sum of the partial fly ash dosage and the residual fly ash dosage is the addition amount of the fly ash. Wherein, al in fly ash 3+ The content of (A) is ignored in the calculation. In the present invention, the calcium silicate hydrate preferably comprises an aluminum-containing calcium silicate hydrate and/or tobermorite.
In the present invention, when the solid phase is ettringite or calcium silicate hydrate, part of Ca in the mixture is 2+ Preferably used for producing ettringite and the rest Ca 2+ Preferably for the production of calcium silicate hydrate, al in the mixture 3+ 、SO 4 2- And part of Ca 2+ Preferably in a molar ratio of 2:3:6 or 2:1:4, si 4+ With the remainder of Ca 2+ Preferably 1 to 10:5. when Al is in the mixture 3+ 、SO 4 2- And part of Ca 2+ Preferably in a molar ratio of 2:3: 3 CaO. Al is formed at 6 th 2 O 3 ·3CaSO 4 ·32H 2 O, high sulfur ettringite; when Al is in the mixture 3+ 、SO 4 2- And part of Ca 2+ In a molar ratio of 2:1: when 4, 3 CaO. Al is formed 2 O 3 ·CaSO 4 I.e. mono-sulphur ettringite; when Si is present in the mixture 4+ With the remainder of Ca 2+ In a molar ratio of 1 to 10:5, it will react with Al in fly ash 3+ To produce aluminum-containing calcium silicate hydrate. In the present invention, al is contained in the mixture 3+ Refers to Al in solid wastes 3+ (ii) a Si in the mixture 4+ Refers to Si in solid waste 4+ And Si in fly ash 4+ (ii) a All Ca in the mixture 2+ Refers to Ca in fly ash 2+ (ii) a SO of the mixed solution 4 2- Refers to SO in sulfuric acid solution 4 2- . Al in fly ash 3+ Can participate in the formation of calcium silicate hydrate containing aluminum.
In the present invention, the pH of the mixture is preferably 8 to 14, more preferably 10 to 12. The agent for adjusting the pH value preferably includes one of a saturated NaOH solution, a saturated KOH solution, and ammonia water. The mass concentration of the ammonia water is preferably 25%. After a mixture is obtained, the mixture is subjected to precipitation reaction and then subjected to solid-liquid separation to obtain a liquid phase and a solid phase; the solid phase comprises ettringite and calcium silicate hydrate and the liquid phase comprises chloride salt. In the present invention, the temperature of the precipitation reaction is preferably 25 to 95 ℃, more preferably 50 to 75 ℃; the time of the precipitation reaction is preferably 1 to 24 hours, more preferably 12 to 18 hours. The ettringite and calcium silicate hydrate generated in the precipitation reaction have the adsorption effect on various toxic element ions, so that toxic elements in the fly ash are solidified in the ettringite and the calcium silicate hydrate in the forms of ion exchange, physical adsorption and the like to form a solid phase. When the ettringite and the hydrated calcium silicate solid phase are generated, the chloride salt in the fly ash is dissolved in the solution, so that the chloride salt is free from the interference of calcium and toxic element ions.
After obtaining the liquid phase and the solid phase, the invention preferably dries the liquid phase and the solid phase respectively to obtain the chlorine salt and the toxic element solidified product. The present invention has no special requirements for the drying, and the technical scheme known to the technical personnel in the field can be adopted.
The invention utilizes SiO in solid waste 2 And Al 2 O 3 And SO in sulfuric acid solution 4 2- And Ca in fly ash 2+ Precipitation reaction is carried out to generate ettringite and calcium silicate hydrate, the ettringite has petal-shaped, needle-shaped or rod-shaped appearance and various ion exchange sites, the fiber structure of the calcium silicate hydrate also has various ion exchange sites and has adsorption effect on various toxic element ions, so that toxic elements in the fly ash are solidified in the ettringite and the calcium silicate hydrate in the forms of ion exchange, physical adsorption and the like. When the ettringite and the hydrated calcium silicate solid phase are generated, the chloride salt in the fly ash is dissolved in the solution, so that the chloride salt is free from the interference of calcium and toxic element ions.
The flow chart of the treatment method of the present invention is shown in detail in FIG. 1. As shown in figure 1, the fly ash and the solid waste sulfuric acid solution are mixed for precipitation reaction, and then the precipitated reaction product is subjected to solid-liquid separation and drying to obtain a solidified product containing ettringite, calcium silicate hydrate and toxic elements and a chloride salt.
In order to further illustrate the present invention, the following detailed description of a method for treating fly ash provided by the present invention is made with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
The calculation method of the amount of each component in examples 1 to 4 and comparative example 1 is as follows: according to Al in solid wastes 3+ The content of the fly ash determines the dosage of the sulfuric acid and part of calcium required for generating the ettringite, and the dosage of part of the fly ash can be determined by the dosage of part of the calcium. In the presence of known Si 4+ With the remainder of Ca 2+ In a molar ratio of 1 to 10:5. si in solid waste 4+ And part of Si in fly ash 4+ Amount of (b) and Si in fly ash 4+ 、Ca 2+ Under the condition of content, the residual calcium dosage and the residual fly ash dosage required for generating the calcium silicate hydrate can be calculated, and the sum of the partial fly ash dosage and the residual fly ash dosage is the addition amount of the fly ash. Wherein, al in fly ash 3+ The content of (c) is ignored in the calculation.
In the following examples and comparative examples, the separation rate of the chloride salt was defined as follows:
in the formula, S is the chloride separation rate,%; m is the mass of the toxic element cured product, g; c is the content of chlorine in the toxic element solidified product,%; m 0 Mass of the initially added fly ash, g; c 0 The chlorine content in the fly ash is initially charged,%.
The cure rate of toxic elements is defined as follows:
in the formula, S H The curing rate of toxic elements,%; v is the volume of the reaction liquid after the toxic elements are solidified, L; c i The concentration of the toxic elements in the reaction liquid after the toxic elements are solidified is mg/L; p is i Mg, leaching temperature, liquid-solid ratio, leaching time and pH value for the same extractable amount of the same mass of fly ash in the aqueous solution were the same as in example/comparative example.
Example 1
In the present example, the main components of the fly ash mixture from different time periods of the grate furnace of a certain waste incineration power plant in Liaoning province are shown in Table 1, and the toxic element content and the leaching concentration in the aqueous solution under the same conditions are shown in Table 2. The solid waste is fly ash.
Putting fly ash into sulfuric acid solution with the concentration of 10mol/L for dissolving, adding fly ash into the sulfuric acid solution in which the fly ash is dissolved, and controlling the ion molar ratio to be Al 3+ ：SO 4 2- : part of Ca 2+ : =2:3:6, in this case, si 4+ : residual Ca 2+ 5, adjusting the pH value to 12 by using a saturated NaOH solution to obtain a mixture with a liquid-solid ratio of 4 mL/g;
and carrying out precipitation reaction on the mixed solution at 25 ℃ for 24h, filtering a product obtained by the precipitation reaction, drying the obtained solid phase which is a toxic element solidified product and the obtained liquid phase which is a chlorine salt solution, and respectively obtaining the toxic element solidified product and chlorine salt.
The cured product of the toxic element formed in example 1 was subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis, and the results are shown in fig. 2. As can be seen from FIG. 2, the solidified products of toxic elements are ettringite and calcium silicate hydrate.
The X-ray diffraction analysis of the chloride salt formed in example 1 was carried out, and the results are shown in FIG. 3. As can be seen from FIG. 3, the chloride salts are sodium chloride and potassium chloride.
The curing rate of the toxic elements and the separation rate of the chlorine salts are shown in Table 3, and it can be found that the toxic elements are effectively cured and the chlorine salts are effectively separated.
Example 2
In this example, the main components of the fly ash mixture from waste incineration produced in the grate furnace of a waste incineration power plant of Jiangsu province at different periods are shown in Table 1, and the toxic element content and the leaching concentration in the aqueous solution under the same conditions are shown in Table 2. The solid waste is red mud.
Dissolving red mud in 5mol/L sulfuric acid solution, adding fly ash, and controlling the ion molar ratio to Al 3+ ：SO 4 2- : part of Ca 2+ : =2:3:6, in this case, si 4+ : residual Ca 2+ Adjusting the pH value to 14 by using a saturated KOH solution to obtain a mixture with a liquid-solid ratio of 50 mL/g;
and carrying out precipitation reaction on the mixed solution at 50 ℃ for 12 hours, filtering a product obtained by the precipitation reaction, and drying the solid phase which is a toxic element solidified product and the liquid phase which is a chlorine salt solution to respectively obtain the toxic element solidified product and chlorine salt.
The curing rate of the toxic elements and the separation rate of the chlorine salts are shown in Table 3, and it can be found that the toxic elements are effectively cured and the chlorine salts are effectively separated.
Example 3
In the embodiment, the main components of the waste incineration fly ash mixture of the products of the grate furnace of a certain waste incineration power plant in Beijing are shown in Table 1, and the toxic element content and the leaching concentration in the aqueous solution under the same conditions are shown in Table 2. The solid waste is silica fume and aluminum fume.
Adding silicon ash and aluminum ash into 1mol/L sulfuric acid solution for dissolving, adding fly ash, and controlling the ion molar ratio to be Al 3+ ：SO 4 2- : part of Ca 2+ : =2:3:6, in this case, si 4+ : residual Ca 2+ Adjusting the pH value to 8 by using ammonia water to obtain a mixture with a liquid-solid ratio of 100 mL/g;
and carrying out precipitation reaction on the reaction solution at 95 ℃ for 1h, filtering a product obtained by the precipitation reaction, drying the obtained solid phase which is a toxic element solidified product and the obtained liquid phase which is a chlorine salt solution, and respectively obtaining the toxic element solidified product and the chlorine salt.
The curing rate of the toxic elements and the separation rate of the chlorine salts are shown in Table 3, and it can be found that the toxic elements are effectively cured and the chlorine salts are effectively separated.
Example 4
In this example, the fly ash mixture from the circulating fluidized bed incinerator of a waste incineration power plant of Guangdong province was used, and the main components are shown in Table 1, and the toxic element content and the leaching concentration in the aqueous solution under the same conditions are shown in Table 2. The solid waste is gasified slag.
Dissolving the gasified slag in 8mol/L sulfuric acid solution, adding fly ash, and controlling the ion molar ratio to be Al 3+ ：SO 4 2- : part of Ca 2+ : =2:1:4, in this case, si 4+ : residual Ca 2+ Adjusting the pH value to 10 by using a saturated NaOH solution to obtain a mixture with a liquid-solid ratio of 50 mL/g;
and carrying out precipitation reaction on the reaction solution at 75 ℃ for 6h, filtering a product obtained by the precipitation reaction, drying the obtained solid phase which is a toxic element solidified product and the obtained liquid phase which is a chlorine salt solution, and respectively obtaining the toxic element solidified product and the chlorine salt.
The curing rate of the toxic elements and the separation rate of the chlorine salts are shown in Table 3, and it can be found that the toxic elements are effectively cured and the chlorine salts are effectively separated.
Comparative example 1
This comparative example used fly ash as used in example 1.
Fly ash is added into sulfuric acid solution with the concentration of 10mol/L for dissolution, and the ion molar ratio is controlled to be Al 3+ ：SO 4 2- : part of Ca 2+ : =0.2:0.1:4, in this case, si 4+ : residual Ca 2+ Adjusting the pH value to 7 by using a saturated NaOH solution to obtain a mixture with a liquid-solid ratio of 4 mL/g;
and carrying out precipitation reaction on the reaction liquid at 25 ℃ for 24h, filtering the liquid material obtained by the precipitation reaction, and drying to respectively obtain a solid product and a chlorine salt.
The solid product formed in comparative example 1 was subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis, and the result is shown in fig. 4. As can be seen from fig. 4, the solid product was found to be mainly calcium sulfate dihydrate.
The curing rate and chloride salt separation rate of the toxic elements are shown in table 3, and it can be found that the curing effect of the toxic elements is relatively poor.
Table 1 fly ash chemical composition (%)
| Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 3 | Example 4 | |
| CaO | 26.96 | 47.03 | 32.81 | 25.03 |
| Cl | 25.49 | 15.41 | 19.82 | 9.52 |
| Na 2 O | 15.79 | 11.61 | 13.16 | 2.75 |
| SO 3 | 6.10 | 4.43 | 5.51 | 3.64 |
| K 2 O | 5.83 | 5.14 | 8.73 | 4.05 |
| SiO 2 | 3.32 | 1.34 | 1.09 | 22.88 |
| Fe 2 O 3 | 1.17 | 1.23 | 1.43 | 7.68 |
| Al 2 O 3 | 0.62 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 13.47 |
| Others | 2.65 | 2.72 | 4.08 | 4.63 |
| Loss due to burn | 12.07 | 10.61 | 12.87 | 6.35 |
Table 2 content and leaching amount of toxic elements in fly ash in examples 1 to 4
Table 3 solidification rate of toxic element and chlorine salt separation rate (%)
As can be seen from Table 3, the present invention realizes the solidification of toxic elements in the fly ash from waste incineration, and realizes the separation of chloride while solidifying the toxic elements.
Although the above embodiments have been described in detail, they are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments, and other embodiments can be obtained without inventive step according to the embodiments, and all of the embodiments belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for treating fly ash, comprising the steps of:
mixing fly ash with solid waste sulfuric acid solution to obtain a mixture; the solid waste contains SiO 2 And Al 2 O 3 ；
Carrying out precipitation reaction on the mixture, and then carrying out solid-liquid separation to obtain a liquid phase and a solid phase;
the solid phase comprises ettringite and calcium silicate hydrate and the liquid phase comprises chloride salt.
2. Treatment process according to claim 1, characterized in that part of Ca in the mixture 2+ Is used for generating ettringite and residual Ca 2+ For producing calcium silicate hydrate, al in said mixture 3+ 、SO 4 2- And part of Ca 2+ In a molar ratio of 2:3:6 or 2:1:4,Si 4+ With the remainder of Ca 2+ In a molar ratio of 1 to 10:5.
3. the treatment method according to claim 1, wherein the solid waste comprises one or more of fly ash, gasified slag, red mud, silica fume and aluminum ash.
4. The process of claim 1, wherein the mixture has a pH of from 8 to 14.
5. The process of claim 4, wherein the agent for adjusting the pH comprises one of a saturated NaOH solution, a saturated KOH solution and ammonia.
6. The process according to claim 1, characterized in that the temperature of the precipitation reaction is between 25 and 95 ℃.
7. The process according to claim 1 or 6, characterized in that the temperature of the precipitation reaction is between 50 and 75 ℃.
8. The process according to claim 7, characterized in that the precipitation reaction time is between 1 and 24h.
9. The process of claim 1, wherein the fly ash comprises NaCl, KCl, caClOH, ca (OH) 2 、CaO、CaSO 4 、SiO 2 、Al 2 O 3 、Fe 2 O 3 Carbon residue and toxic element compounds.
10. The process of claim 9, wherein the toxic elements in the toxic element compound comprise one or more of Pb, cd, zn, cr, hg, and As.
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