CN115121687A - Electric shock auxiliary bearing steel tensile deformation process on-line monitoring device and method - Google Patents
Electric shock auxiliary bearing steel tensile deformation process on-line monitoring device and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN115121687A CN115121687A CN202210863917.9A CN202210863917A CN115121687A CN 115121687 A CN115121687 A CN 115121687A CN 202210863917 A CN202210863917 A CN 202210863917A CN 115121687 A CN115121687 A CN 115121687A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D22/00—Shaping without cutting, by stamping, spinning, or deep-drawing
- B21D22/20—Deep-drawing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C51/00—Measuring, gauging, indicating, counting, or marking devices specially adapted for use in the production or manipulation of material in accordance with subclasses B21B - B21F
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
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Abstract
The invention relates to an electric shock auxiliary bearing steel tensile deformation process on-line monitoring device and method, the device comprises a tensile testing machine, a pulse power supply, a high-speed microscopic infrared camera, a ceramic insulation extensometer, a computer and a bearing steel tensile sample; the output end of the pulse power supply is respectively connected with the upper clamping device and the lower clamping device through output electrodes; the high-speed microscopic infrared camera is fixedly arranged on one side of the bearing steel tensile sample, and the lens is aligned to the middle part of the sample; a probe of the ceramic insulation extensometer is clamped on a bearing steel tensile sample; the high-speed microscopic infrared camera and the ceramic insulation extensometer are respectively connected with the computer through data lines. The invention uses a high-speed microscopic infrared camera to monitor the deformation process of the pulse current auxiliary stretching in real time, can see the evolution process of the bearing steel microstructure and the hole defect while monitoring the temperature in real time, and can better adjust the current parameters by observing the evolution process, so that the electric pulse auxiliary deformation can heal the defect more comprehensively.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of bearing manufacturing, and particularly relates to an electric shock auxiliary device and method for monitoring a tensile deformation process of bearing steel on line.
Background
The bearing is an extremely important basic component in mechanical equipment, mainly plays a role in supporting a journal and ensuring the rotary motion of other parts, fixes and reduces a friction coefficient in a mechanical transmission process, and is called as a joint of mechanical equipment. The bearing mainly comprises a sliding bearing and a rolling bearing, wherein the rolling bearing mainly comprises an inner ring, an outer ring, a rolling body and a retainer, the inner ring and the outer ring can be subjected to the action of complex alternating loads such as multi-directional stress, friction force and the like in the service process of the bearing, and the inner ring and the outer ring are the components which are most prone to failure, so that the service life of the rolling bearing is greatly influenced by the performance and the precision of the inner ring and the outer ring.
The precision cold rolling process forming is taken as the mainstream manufacturing process of the aeroengine bearing ring at present, and the strength and the toughness of the bearing steel can be greatly improved by means of grain refinement, martensite refinement, bainite refinement, solid solution strengthening and the like. However, in the cold rolling forming process of the bearing, the deformation resistance is large and the bearing steel is difficult to deform due to low deformation temperature and high strength. Meanwhile, a large amount of brittle hard phase (carbide) and soft phase (ferrite) exist in the bearing steel, during the cold deformation process of large plastic deformation, the strain mismatch between the brittle hard phase (carbide) and the ferrite with good plasticity can cause holes to be generated at the interface of the carbide and the ferrite, and for high alloy bearing steel with poor formability, the holes are more easily formed during the cold deformation process, and the existence of the holes can deteriorate the final mechanical property of the bearing steel.
At present, the difficulty of cold deformation is reduced, and the key for solving the difficult point of the aircraft bearing steel cold rolling process is to repair holes generated by cold deformation. Chinese patent CN111054748B discloses a method for preparing a pulse current auxiliary rolling difficult/easy-to-deform metal composite plate, when rolling, the point discharge effect and the electro-plastic effect are utilized, and discharge in a small gap of the metal plates is utilized, so that the plasticity of the two metal plates is improved, the deformation resistance is reduced, and the residual stress is eliminated, thereby realizing metallurgical bonding. Chinese patent CN110106326B discloses a composite field regulation and control method for bearing matrix carbide, which comprises the steps of firstly adopting a cold-rolled ring forming process to realize the forming of a bearing matrix to obtain a bearing matrix forging; and then, each subarea of the bearing matrix is subjected to continuous pulse current treatment for multiple times through the pulse current generator, and the strain field and the electric field are organically combined, so that the morphology of the carbide of the bearing matrix can be obviously improved in a short time, the size of the carbide can be refined, and the fatigue life of the bearing matrix can be prolonged. The above patent can only carry out sampling characterization test according to the metal after deformation, can only see the result, can not see the evolution process that pulse current influences microstructure and hole defect.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems in the prior art, and provides an electric shock auxiliary bearing steel tensile deformation process on-line monitoring device and method, which can monitor the microstructure change, fracture crack propagation condition, hole defect formation mechanism and real-time temperature change of the bearing steel under the action of electric shock auxiliary tensile deformation in real time, and can better adjust current parameters through observing the evolution process, so that the defect healing by electric shock auxiliary deformation is more comprehensive.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:
an electric shock auxiliary bearing steel tensile deformation process on-line monitoring device comprises a tensile testing machine, a pulse power supply, a high-speed microscopic infrared camera, a ceramic insulation extensometer, a computer and a bearing steel tensile sample; the tensile testing machine comprises an upper clamping device and a lower clamping device, and the upper end and the lower end of the bearing steel tensile sample are respectively clamped by the upper clamping device and the lower clamping device; the output end of the pulse power supply is connected with the upper clamping device and the lower clamping device through output electrodes respectively; the high-speed microscopic infrared camera is fixedly arranged on one side of the bearing steel tensile sample, and the lens is aligned to the middle part of the sample; a probe of the ceramic insulation extensometer is clamped on the bearing steel tensile sample; the high-speed microscopic infrared camera and the ceramic insulation extensometer are respectively connected with the computer through data lines.
In the scheme, the pulse current provided by the pulse power supply is 0-1000A, the frequency is 0-1000 Hz, and the duty ratio is 0-100%.
In the scheme, the high-speed microscopic infrared camera has the amplification factor of 0-2500 times, the temperature monitoring range of 0-1000 ℃ and the shooting field frame rate of 0-5000 frames.
In the scheme, the bearing steel tensile sample is plate-shaped and is made of metal materials including aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, magnesium alloy, stainless steel and carbon steel.
In the above scheme, the tensile testing machine further comprises an upper body of the stretching machine connected with the upper clamping device and a lower body of the stretching machine connected with the lower clamping device; an upper insulating sleeve is arranged between the upper body of the stretcher and the upper clamping device, and a lower insulating sleeve is arranged between the lower body of the stretcher and the lower clamping device, so that the insulation of the body is ensured.
In the above scheme, the output electrode is a copper electrode, and the copper electrode is connected to the upper clamping device and the lower clamping device through threads.
Correspondingly, the invention also provides an electric pulse auxiliary bearing steel tensile deformation process on-line monitoring method, which is carried out by adopting the monitoring device and comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing raw materials: selecting a bearing steel bar to be monitored, processing a tensile sample according to a linear cutting process, processing the tensile sample to a thickness of 1-3mm, polishing the sample smoothly, and preventing the influence of surface linear cutting traces on the observation of a microstructure and a defect evolution process of a high-speed microscopic infrared camera;
s2, building a monitoring device: the monitoring device is set up as required, the upper end of the bearing steel tensile sample is clamped by the upper clamping device, and the lower end of the bearing steel tensile sample is clamped by the lower clamping device;
s3, debugging and monitoring device: firstly, mechanically zeroing a tensile testing machine, then turning on a pulse power supply, and adjusting parameters of the pulse power supply, including pulse frequency, average current and duty ratio;
s4, tensile test: after the parameters of the pulse power supply are adjusted, a high-speed microscopic infrared camera is turned on, a lens is aligned to the middle part of a bearing steel tensile sample, and the tensile sample starts to be stretched until the tensile sample is broken after the microstructure and the temperature of the sample can be seen clearly on a computer; observing the evolution process of the bearing steel on a computer in the test process, wherein the evolution process comprises microstructure change, fracture crack propagation condition, hole defect formation mechanism and real-time temperature change; and simultaneously recording the stress strain data in the stretching process by the computer.
The method also comprises a step S5, after the primary tensile test is finished, according to the last observation on the evolution process, adjusting the pulse current parameters, and performing the multiple tensile tests according to the method of the step S4; and determining the optimal pulse current parameters aiming at the test material by comparing and analyzing the observation results of a plurality of times of tensile tests.
In the above method, the setting up the monitoring device as required includes: the insulating sleeve is arranged on a tensile testing machine to ensure the insulation of the machine body; connecting the output end of the pulse power supply to an upper clamping device and a lower clamping device of the tensile testing machine; mounting a bearing steel tensile sample; clamping a probe of a ceramic insulation extensometer on a bearing steel tensile sample; fixing a high-speed microscopic infrared camera at one side of a bearing steel tensile sample through a bracket, and aligning a lens to the middle part of the sample; and the high-speed microscopic infrared camera and the ceramic insulation extensometer are respectively connected with the computer through data wires.
The method also comprises the step S5 that after the sample is broken, the pulse power supply is firstly closed, then the high-speed microscopic infrared camera is closed, and after the sample is cooled to the room temperature, the sample is taken down, and the electric pulse auxiliary stretching process is completed.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the invention, a deformation process of pulse current auxiliary stretching is monitored in real time by using a high-speed microscopic infrared camera, the temperature can be monitored in real time, the evolution process of the bearing steel microstructure and the hole defect can be seen, and the current parameters can be better adjusted by observing the evolution process, so that the defect can be healed more comprehensively by electric pulse auxiliary deformation.
Drawings
The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an on-line monitoring device for the tensile deformation process of electric shock auxiliary bearing steel according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a pulse waveform in an embodiment of the monitoring method of the present invention.
In the figure: 11. an upper clamping device; 12. an upper body of the stretcher; 13. a lower clamping device; 14. a lower body of the stretcher; 20. a pulse power supply; 31. an upper output terminal electrode; 32. a lower output terminal electrode; 40. a high-speed microscopic infrared camera; 60. a ceramic insulated extensometer; 71. an upper insulating sleeve; 72. a lower insulating sleeve; 80. a computer; 90. bearing steel tensile test specimen.
Detailed Description
For a more clear understanding of the technical features, objects, and effects of the present invention, embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, the device for monitoring the tensile deformation process of the bearing steel by electric shock on line according to the embodiment of the present invention includes a tensile testing machine, a pulse power supply 20, a high-speed micro infrared camera 40, a ceramic insulation extensometer 60, a computer 80, and a bearing steel tensile test specimen 90. The tensile testing machine comprises an upper clamping device 11 and a lower clamping device 13, and the upper end and the lower end of a bearing steel tensile sample 90 are respectively clamped by the upper clamping device 11 and the lower clamping device 13; the tensile testing machine also comprises an upper body 12 of the tensile machine connected with the upper clamping device 11 and a lower body 14 of the tensile machine connected with the lower clamping device 13; an upper insulating sleeve 71 is arranged between the upper body 12 of the stretcher and the upper clamping device 11, and a lower insulating sleeve 72 is arranged between the lower body 14 of the stretcher and the lower clamping device 13, so that the insulation of the body is ensured. The positive pole of the pulse power supply 20 is connected with the upper clamping device 11 through an upper output end electrode 31, and the negative pole of the pulse power supply 20 is connected with the lower clamping device 13 through a lower output end electrode 32; specifically, the output electrode is a copper electrode, and the copper electrode is connected to the upper clamping device 11 and the lower clamping device 13 through threads. The high-speed microscopic infrared camera 40 is fixedly arranged on one side of the bearing steel tensile sample 90 through a bracket, a lens is aligned with the middle of the sample, and a general tensile fracture is arranged in the middle of the sample. The high-speed microscopic infrared camera 40 has a temperature monitoring function. The probe of the ceramic insulated extensometer 60 is clamped on a bearing steel tensile test specimen 90 for accurate measurement of strain during the tensile process. The high-speed microscopic infrared camera 40 and the ceramic insulation extensometer 60 are respectively connected with the computer 80 through data lines.
The coupling effect of the loading pulse current and the load in the cold deformation process of the bearing steel can inhibit the hole defects possibly generated in the matrix structure of the bearing steel due to cold deformation. Wherein, the pulse current provided by the pulse power supply 20 is 0-1000A, the frequency is 0-1000 Hz, and the duty ratio is 0-100%.
By monitoring the built high-speed microscopic infrared camera 40 in real time, the evolution of a microstructure, the expansion of cracks during fracture and the generation mechanism of hole defects in the pulse current-assisted stretching deformation process can be monitored. The high-speed microscopic infrared camera 40 has a magnification of 0-2500 times, a temperature monitoring range of 0-1000 ℃, and a field frame rate of 0-5000 frames.
The monitoring device is suitable for monitoring the electric shock auxiliary deformation process of various metal materials, including aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, magnesium alloy, stainless steel, carbon steel and the like. The bearing steel tensile specimen 90 is plate-shaped.
Correspondingly, the invention also provides an electric pulse auxiliary bearing steel tensile deformation process on-line monitoring method, which is carried out by adopting the monitoring device and comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing raw materials: selecting a certain type of annealing state bearing steel bar to be monitored, taking a certain type of annealing state M50 bearing steel bar as an example, processing a tensile sample according to a linear cutting process, processing the tensile sample to a thickness of 1-3mm, polishing the sample smoothly, and preventing the influence of surface linear cutting traces on the observation of the microstructure and the defect evolution process of the high-speed microscopic infrared camera 40.
S2, building a monitoring device: set up as required monitoring devices includes: the insulating sleeve is arranged on a tensile testing machine to ensure the insulation of the machine body; connecting the output end of a pulse power supply 20 to an upper clamping device 11 and a lower clamping device 13 of the tensile testing machine; installing a bearing steel tensile test sample 90, clamping the upper end of the bearing steel tensile test sample 90 through an upper clamping device 11, and clamping the lower end of the bearing steel tensile test sample 90 through a lower clamping device 13; clamping the probe of the ceramic insulation extensometer 60 on the bearing steel tensile test sample 90; fixing the high-speed microscopic infrared camera 40 at one side of the bearing steel tensile sample 90 through a bracket, and aligning a lens with the middle part of the sample; the high-speed microscopic infrared camera 40 and the ceramic insulated extensometer 60 are respectively connected with the computer 80 through data lines.
S3, debugging and monitoring the device: the tensile testing machine is mechanically zeroed, then the pulse power supply 20 is turned on, and parameters of the pulse power supply 20, including pulse frequency, average current and duty ratio, are adjusted.
S4, tensile test: after the parameters of the pulse power supply 20 are adjusted, the high-speed microscopic infrared camera 40 is turned on, the lens is aligned to the middle part of the bearing steel tensile sample 90, and the tensile sample is started until the tensile sample is broken after the microstructure and the temperature of the sample can be seen clearly on the computer 80; in the test process, the evolution process of the bearing steel, including microstructure change, fracture crack propagation condition, hole defect formation mechanism and real-time temperature change, is observed on a computer 80; the computer 80 also records the stress strain data during the stretching process.
S5, after the primary tensile test is finished, adjusting pulse current parameters according to the last observation of the evolution process, and performing the multiple tensile tests according to the method of the step S4; and determining the optimal pulse current parameters aiming at the test material by comparing and analyzing the observation results of a plurality of times of tensile tests.
The formation and the expansion conditions of the holes and the cracks can be seen from the image, the temperature of the defect part of the crack is higher from the temperature cloud picture, and the strain is larger and later when the holes and the cracks are initiated by adjusting the current, the temperature distribution is more uniform, and the effect is better. In the embodiment, through multiple times of adjustment and comparative analysis, 30A/mm of M50 bearing steel bar stock in the embodiment is found 2 The current density is the most appropriate current density, when the current density is too high, the temperature can be greatly improved, the influence on the material is too large, and when the current density is too low, the influence on the material is small. Passing through 30A/mm 2 The pulse current stretching deformation treatment shows that the pulse current can greatly reduce the deformation resistance of the bearing steel, improve the reduction of area and reduce dislocationDensity, which makes cold deformation easier and the bearing ring easier to process. In addition, the pulse current can inhibit the holes generated by the cold deformation of the bearing steel, and greatly improve the matrix structure after the cold deformation; the pulse current can reduce the surface hardness after cold deformation, thereby facilitating subsequent cutting; the pulse current can reduce the dispersion of the crystal grains after cold deformation, so that the crystal grains of the matrix are more uniform.
Therefore, for the M50 bearing steel bar of the present embodiment, the optimal parameters of the pulse power source 20 are set as follows: pulse period T of 0.01s and pulse width T p 0.002s, and 30A/mm of peak current density J 2 According to I ═ J ═ f ═ T p Wherein J is the peak current density, A is the cross-sectional area of the gauge length section, which is 7.2mm in this embodiment 2 F is pulse frequency, f is 1/T, T p For the pulse width, the average current I is set to 43.2A. The parameters of the pulse current adjustment are shown in fig. 2.
And S5, after the sample is broken, firstly closing the pulse power supply 20, then closing the high-speed microscopic infrared camera 40, and after the sample is cooled to room temperature, taking down the sample to complete the electric pulse auxiliary stretching process.
While the present invention has been described with reference to the embodiments shown in the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments, which are illustrative and not restrictive, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. An electric shock auxiliary bearing steel tensile deformation process on-line monitoring device is characterized in that the monitoring device comprises a tensile testing machine, a pulse power supply, a high-speed microscopic infrared camera, a ceramic insulation extensometer, a computer and a bearing steel tensile sample; the tensile testing machine comprises an upper clamping device and a lower clamping device, and the upper end and the lower end of the bearing steel tensile sample are respectively clamped by the upper clamping device and the lower clamping device; the output end of the pulse power supply is connected with the upper clamping device and the lower clamping device through output electrodes respectively; the high-speed microscopic infrared camera is fixedly arranged on one side of the bearing steel tensile sample, and the lens is aligned to the middle part of the sample; a probe of the ceramic insulation extensometer is clamped on the bearing steel tensile sample; the high-speed microscopic infrared camera and the ceramic insulation extensometer are respectively connected with the computer through data lines.
2. The device for monitoring the tensile deformation process of the electric shock auxiliary bearing steel according to claim 1, wherein the pulse current provided by the pulse power supply is 0-1000A, the frequency is 0-1000 Hz, and the duty ratio is 0-100%.
3. The device for monitoring the tensile deformation process of the electric shock auxiliary bearing steel according to claim 1, wherein the high-speed microscopic infrared camera has a magnification of 0-2500 times, a monitorable temperature range of 0-1000 ℃, and a shooting field frame rate of 0-5000 frames.
4. The device for monitoring the tensile deformation process of the bearing steel in an on-line manner by the aid of the electric shock according to claim 1, wherein the tensile test sample of the bearing steel is plate-shaped and is made of metal materials including aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, magnesium alloy, stainless steel and carbon steel.
5. The device for monitoring the tensile deformation process of the electric shock auxiliary bearing steel according to claim 1, wherein the tensile testing machine further comprises an upper body of the tensile machine connected with the upper clamping device and a lower body of the tensile machine connected with the lower clamping device; an upper insulating sleeve is arranged between the upper machine body of the stretcher and the upper clamping device, and a lower insulating sleeve is arranged between the lower machine body of the stretcher and the lower clamping device, so that the insulation of the machine body is ensured.
6. The device for on-line monitoring of the tensile deformation process of the electric shock auxiliary bearing steel according to claim 1, wherein the output electrode is a copper electrode, and the copper electrode is connected to the upper clamping device and the lower clamping device through threads.
7. An electric pulse auxiliary bearing steel tensile deformation process on-line monitoring method, which is characterized in that the method is carried out by using the monitoring device of any one of claims 1 to 6, and comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing raw materials: selecting a bearing steel bar to be monitored, processing a tensile sample according to a linear cutting process, processing the tensile sample to a thickness of 1-3mm, polishing the sample smoothly, and preventing the influence of surface linear cutting traces on the observation of a microstructure and a defect evolution process of a high-speed microscopic infrared camera;
s2, building a monitoring device: the monitoring device is set up as required, the upper end of the bearing steel tensile sample is clamped by the upper clamping device, and the lower end of the bearing steel tensile sample is clamped by the lower clamping device;
s3, debugging and monitoring device: firstly, mechanically zeroing a tensile testing machine, then turning on a pulse power supply, and adjusting parameters of the pulse power supply, including pulse frequency, average current and duty ratio;
s4, tensile test: after the parameters of the pulse power supply are adjusted, a high-speed microscopic infrared camera is turned on, a lens is aligned to the middle part of a bearing steel tensile sample, and the tensile sample starts to be stretched until the tensile sample is broken after the microstructure and the temperature of the sample can be seen clearly on a computer; observing the evolution process of the bearing steel on a computer in the test process, wherein the evolution process comprises microstructure change, fracture crack propagation condition, hole defect formation mechanism and real-time temperature change; and simultaneously recording the stress strain data in the stretching process by the computer.
8. The electric pulse auxiliary bearing steel tensile deformation process on-line monitoring method of claim 7, further comprising step S5, after the primary tensile test is finished, adjusting pulse current parameters according to the last observation of the evolution process, and performing a plurality of tensile tests according to the method of step S4; and determining the optimal pulse current parameters aiming at the test material by comparing and analyzing the observation results of a plurality of tensile tests.
9. The electric pulse auxiliary bearing steel tensile deformation process on-line monitoring method according to claim 7, wherein in step S2, the building of the monitoring device according to the requirement comprises: the insulating sleeve is arranged on a tensile testing machine to ensure the insulation of the machine body; connecting the output end of the pulse power supply to an upper clamping device and a lower clamping device of the tensile testing machine; mounting a bearing steel tensile sample; clamping a probe of a ceramic insulation extensometer on a bearing steel tensile sample; fixing a high-speed microscopic infrared camera at one side of a bearing steel tensile sample through a bracket, and aligning a lens to the middle part of the sample; and the high-speed microscopic infrared camera and the ceramic insulation extensometer are respectively connected with the computer through data wires.
10. The electric pulse auxiliary bearing steel tensile deformation process on-line monitoring method according to claim 7, characterized by further comprising step S5, after the sample is broken, the pulse power supply is turned off, then the high-speed micro infrared camera is turned off, and after the sample is cooled to room temperature, the sample is taken down to complete the electric pulse auxiliary tensile process.
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| CN202210863917.9A CN115121687A (en) | 2022-07-21 | 2022-07-21 | Electric shock auxiliary bearing steel tensile deformation process on-line monitoring device and method |
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| CN202210863917.9A CN115121687A (en) | 2022-07-21 | 2022-07-21 | Electric shock auxiliary bearing steel tensile deformation process on-line monitoring device and method |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN117655209A (en) * | 2024-01-31 | 2024-03-08 | 成都工业职业技术学院 | Metal plate cutting device and cutting early warning method thereof |
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| WO2011152441A1 (en) * | 2010-06-02 | 2011-12-08 | 国立大学法人 熊本大学 | Apparatus and method for measuring strain in micro material |
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