CN115109906B - 一种汽车用铝合金热轧板及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种汽车用6xxx系铝合金热轧板及其制备方法,其是针对6xxx铝合金板材工业化生产条件,综合考虑大工业生产条件下产量需求、设备能力、工况条件、材料均匀性以及材料性能等多方面要求,通过控制均匀化后的降温方式、热轧条件及热轧后的冷却方式而实现了一种汽车用6xxx系铝合金热轧板的制备,所得热轧板的金属组织为纤维状,Mg2Si体积分数<0.5%,面密度<10000/mm2,Cube织构占比<5%,利用其加工得到的成品板材性能优异,不仅可满足使用要求,且可有效提高外覆盖件用6xxx系板材的漆刷线性能,从而保证车体外形美观。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于铝合金材料制备领域,具体涉及一种汽车用6xxx系铝合金热轧板及其制备方法。
背景技术
汽油车的尾气排放是全球空气污染的重要来源。汽车轻量化是节能减排、降低污染的重要手段。研究表明,汽车质量每减少10%,可以降低能耗8%;与此同时,汽车轻量化可以提高汽车的操控性能,减少制动距离,保障安全。铝合金板材由于质轻、比强度高、综合性能优良,被认为是汽车轻量化的理想材料。汽车中的部分典型零部件可以实现30%以上的减重效果。
6xxx系铝合金是常用的汽车外覆盖件用板材,需要具备良好的成形性能满足冲压要求,还需要具有良好的包边性能从而包覆内板,更重要的是具备优异的表面质量满足外观要求,从而吸引用户。
工业化生产条件下铸锭质量一般在5吨以上,6xxx系汽车板的生产工艺包括:半连续铸造→均匀化→热轧→冷轧→中间退火→最终冷轧固溶预时效。其中热轧工艺是控制板材表面质量的核心工艺之一,特别是热轧开轧温度、终轧温度、以及冷却速度的控制,是保证工业化条件下整卷材料性能均一、质量优异的关键。外覆盖件6xxx板材对最终成品表面质量要求极高,大面上不能有漆刷线这种条纹缺陷,近年来,围绕如何提升6xxx汽车板材质量进行了大量研究:中国专利CN 104532077A提出了一种无漆刷线6xxx系铝合金车身板的短流程制备方法,其是在无中间退火条件下制备无漆刷线的板材,但其热轧板终轧温度高。中国专利CN 113166858A提出了一种制备具有高表面质量的6xxx铝板的方法,其主要是针对内覆盖件板材设计的,对表面质量的要求不及外覆盖件板材,且其均匀化后直接空冷,难以保证大工业铸锭的温度均匀性。此外,其也并未考虑热轧收卷后冷却速度的影响。中国专利CN 112461746A提出了一种漆刷线显示方法,主要是针对如何更好地评价漆刷线,不涉及制备工艺。因此需要提供一种热轧板制备方法,其热轧板整卷性能均一,同时可抑制Mg2Si的析出,从而提升成品板材的表面质量。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种汽车用6xxx系铝合金热轧板及其制备方法,其通过工艺控制,实现了整卷材料组织均匀、Cube织构少、无Mg2Si析出的微观组织,所得热轧板经后续工艺(一次冷轧、中间退火、成品冷轧、连续退火、预时效处理等工序)处理后生产出的汽车板成品板材漆刷线等级优于2级,满足覆盖件外板的使用要求。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种汽车用6xxx系铝合金热轧板的制备方法,其包括以下步骤:
(1)半连续铸造:按铝合金板材的成分配方进行配料后,将所用原料进行熔炼,再进行半连续铸造,所得铸锭厚度为500-700mm;
(2)均匀化处理:将所得铸锭于540-570℃均匀化处理4-20h,之后随炉冷却至500-520℃,保温1-4h;
(3)热粗轧:将均匀化后的铸锭出炉,不经冷却而直接进行热粗轧;所述热粗轧的道次数为10-20道次,热粗轧出口温度<420℃,所得终轧板材厚度为25-40mm;
(4)热精轧:将热粗轧后的铝合金板材进行热精轧;所述热精轧的道次数为2-5道次,道次压下率为20-50%,且后一道次压下率不小于前一道次压下率,最后一道次压下率>40%,热精轧出口温度为250-290℃,所得热轧板材厚度为4-8mm;
(5)冷却:将所得热轧板进行冷却;所述冷却是将热轧板先采用空冷的方式冷却8-15h,冷却速率<10℃/h,之后风冷至室温,冷却速率>30℃/h。
进一步地,按质量百分数之和为100%计,步骤(1)中铝合金板材所含成分的质量百分数为:Si 0.8wt.%~1.5wt.%、Mg 0.2wt.%~0.7wt.%、Cu≤0.3wt.%、Mn 0.05wt.% ~0.2wt.%、Fe≤0.3 wt.%,余量为Al及含量均低于0.05wt.%的杂质。
进一步地,经热粗轧与热精轧后板材的总变形量>98%。
进一步地,所得热轧板的金属组织为纤维状组织,其Mg2Si体积分数<0.5%,面密度<10000/mm2;Cube织构占比<5%。
所得热轧板经后续一次冷轧、中间退火、成品冷轧、连续退火、预时效处理等工序处理,生产出的汽车板成品板材性能优异,其漆刷线等级优于2级。
相比于现有技术,本发明的显著进步主要体现在:
本发明针对工业化生产中利用大规格大尺寸大重量铸锭(铸锭厚度500-700mm)制备汽车用6xxx系铝合金板材存在的各种问题,通过均匀化后的降温以避免高温铝锭在热轧过程中出现粘铝现象从而损伤表面;而采用随炉冷却及保温处理保证了大铸锭各处温度的一致,从而避免了出炉空冷造成的表面与心部温差大,使热轧后各处组织出现差异的问题。
本发明严格限制了热轧温度,这一方面显著降低了Cube织构占比(Cube织构极易遗传至后续工艺生产中,而成品板材Cube织构连续分布是造成漆刷线最重要的原因。因此需要严格控制Cube织构的形成),另一方面抑制了Mg2Si的析出(Mg2Si在后续固溶过程中会抑制PSN机制,从而减少随机织构,增加Cube织构,导致漆刷线下降)。
本发明还严格控制了热轧板冷却方式,在冷却初期采用室温自然冷却的方式,是由于大工业条件下,直接风机冷却会造成热轧卷材内圈、中部、外圈冷却速度差异,使各处强度不一致,进而在后续冷轧过程中造成卷材各处厚度出现差异,不能满足供货时的厚度尺寸公差要求;之后再采用风机快速冷却是为避免Mg2Si的析出。
热轧总变形量>98%是为了细化晶粒,保证最终成品板材具备优异的成形性能、翻边性能、漆刷线性能等综合性能。
附图说明
图1为实施例3(a)、实施例1(b)及比较例4(c)、比较例2(d)所得成品板材表面漆刷线性能的对比图。
图2为实施例1所得热轧板的SEM图。
图3为比较例3所得热轧板的SEM组织图。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明所述的内容更加便于理解,下面结合具体实施方式对本发明所述的技术方案做进一步的说明,但是本发明不仅限于此。
一种汽车用6xxx系铝合金板的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将纯铝、各种中间合金按成分配比进行熔炼,然后利用半连续铸造机铸造出铸锭,其厚度为为500-700mm;按质量百分数之和为100%计,铝合金板材所含成分的质量百分数为:Si 0.8wt.%~1.5wt.%、Mg 0.2wt.%~0.7wt.%、Cu≤0.3wt.%、Mn 0.05wt.% ~0.2wt.%、Fe≤0.3 wt.%,余量为Al及含量均低于0.05wt.%的杂质;
2)将所得铸锭进行切头和铣面后放入热处理炉中于540-570℃均匀化处理4-20h,完成后随炉冷却至至500-520℃并保温1-4h;
3)将均匀化后的铸锭出炉直接进行热粗轧;所述热粗轧的道次数为10-20道次,热粗轧出口温度<420℃,所得终轧板材厚度为25-40mm;
4)将热粗轧后的铝合金板材进行热精轧;所述热精轧的道次数为2-5道次,道次压下率为20-50%,且后一道次压下率不小于前一道次压下率,最后一道次压下率>40%,热精轧出口温度为250-290℃,所得热轧板材厚度为4-8mm;经热粗轧与热精轧后板材的总变形量>98%;
5)将所得热轧板先空冷8-15h(冷却速率<10℃/h)后风冷至室温(冷却速率>30℃/h);
6)热轧完成后,将热轧板冷轧,使其厚度为成品板厚度的2-5倍,然后进行中间退火,其退火温度为460-500℃,时间为20-60s,再水淬至室温,之后将中间退火后的板材冷轧至所要求的厚度,于530-570℃进行固溶处理20-60s,再水淬至室温,于70-110℃预时效处理4-12h,即可获得成品板材。
热轧后样品进行第二相与织构测试,成品板材在室温停放7天后评价漆刷线性能。漆刷线性能测试方法是从成品板材上截取长度为250mm、宽度为35mm的长条状样品(样品长度方向垂直于轧制方向,宽度方向平行于轧制方向),将样品沿长度方向预拉伸10%后,用320目油石打磨,对打磨后样品表面形貌进行等级评价,1级:沿宽度方向无明显漆刷线;2级:沿宽度方向存在断续的漆刷线,无贯穿漆刷线;3级:沿宽度方向存在稀疏的贯穿漆刷线;4级:沿宽度方向出现致密的贯穿漆刷线。其中1级和2级可接受,3级和4级不可接受。
实施例及比较例按表1所示工艺进行制备,所得热轧板材的金相组织、第二相分布、Cube织构比例如表2所示。
表1 6xxx板材制备工艺(1)
表1 6xxx板材制备工艺(2)
表2 6xxx板材热轧板与成品板性能
结果显示,实施例1~5所得成品板材漆刷线性能合格,比较例1~6所得成品板材漆刷线性能不合格。且比较例1由于均匀化后直接出炉热轧,铸锭表面温度过高,热轧时出现粘铝现象,表面质量不合格;比较例2均匀化降温后保温温度过低,在之后保温过程中析出了大量Mg2Si,遗传到最终组织,在固溶时抑制PSN机制,使漆刷线性能变差,不合格;比较例3热粗轧、热精轧出口温度过高,热轧板在之后的冷却过程中析出了大量Mg2Si(如图3所示),遗传到最终组织,在固溶时抑制PSN机制,使漆刷线性能变差,同时,热轧板发生再结晶,Cube织构过高,遗传至最终成品板,使漆刷线性能变差;比较例4热轧板厚度过大,造成后续加工时冷轧率过大,固溶后造成Cube织构沿轧向连续分布,使漆刷线性能变差;比较例5热轧板直接风冷至室温,冷速过快,造成热轧卷材内圈、中部、外圈冷却速度差异,使各处强度不一致,在后续冷轧过程中造成卷材各处厚度出现差异,不能满足供货时的厚度尺寸公差要求;比较例6热轧板采用室温冷却方式,冷速过慢,热轧板在之后的冷却过程中析出了大量Mg2Si,遗传到最终组织,在固溶时抑制PSN机制,使漆刷线性能变差。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例,凡依本发明申请专利范围所做的均等变化与修饰,皆应属本发明的涵盖范围。
Claims (4)
1.一种汽车用6xxx系铝合金热轧板的制备方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
(1)半连续铸造:按铝合金板材的成分配方进行配料后,将所用原料进行熔炼,再进行半连续铸造,所得铸锭厚度为500-700mm;
(2)均匀化处理:将所得铸锭于540-570℃均匀化处理4-20h,之后随炉冷却至500-520℃,保温1-4h;
(3)热粗轧:将均匀化后的铸锭出炉,不经冷却而直接进行热粗轧;
(4)热精轧:将热粗轧后的铝合金板材进行热精轧;
(5)冷却:将所得热轧板进行冷却;
步骤(3)所述热粗轧的道次数为10-20道次,热粗轧出口温度<420℃,终轧板材厚度为25-40mm;
步骤(4)所述热精轧的道次数为2-5道次,道次压下率为20-50%,且后一道次压下率不小于前一道次压下率,最后一道次压下率>40%,热精轧出口温度为250-290℃,热轧板材厚度为4-8mm;
经热粗轧与热精轧后板材的总变形量>98%;
步骤(5)所述冷却是将热轧板先采用空冷的方式冷却8-15h,冷却速率<10℃/h,之后风冷至室温,冷却速率>30℃/h。
2. 根据权利要求1所述的汽车用6xxx系铝合金热轧板的制备方法,其特征在于:按质量百分数之和为100%计,步骤(1)中铝合金板材所含成分的质量百分数为:Si 0.8wt.%~1.5wt.%、Mg 0.2wt.%~0.7wt.%、Cu≤0.3wt.%、Mn 0.05wt.% ~0.2wt.%、Fe≤0.3 wt.%,余量为Al及含量均低于0.05wt.%的杂质。
3.一种如权利要求1-2所述方法制备的汽车用6xxx系铝合金热轧板,其特征在于:该热轧板的金属组织为纤维状组织,其Mg2Si体积分数<0.5%,面密度<10000/mm2;Cube织构占比<5%。
4.根据权利要求3所述的汽车用6xxx系铝合金热轧板,其特征在于:将该热轧板经后续的一次冷轧、中间退火、成品冷轧、连续退火和预时效处理,能制得性能优异的汽车板成品板材,其漆刷线等级优于2级。
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