CN115047509A - Ionizing radiation detection method and device based on suspended particles - Google Patents
Ionizing radiation detection method and device based on suspended particles Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an ionizing radiation detection method and device based on suspended particles. The method comprises the steps that 1) in a suspended optical force system, micro-to nano-scale particles are suspended through an optical field, an electric field or a magnetic field, and the motion state of the suspended particles is detected by an optical method; 2) when external alpha particles are incident into the suspended optomechanical system, the alpha particles ionize positive and negative ions in the gas environment and are adsorbed on the suspended particles, and the net electric quantity of the suspended particles is further changed; 3) the net electric quantity of the particles is detected by detecting the motion response of the suspended particles under the action of an externally applied magnetic field, so that the detection of ionizing radiation is realized. The device comprises a sensitive unit module, an air pressure adjusting module, an electromagnetic applying module, a loop calibration module and an ionizing radiation detection module. The invention can realize the detection of ionizing radiation by utilizing the suspended particles, thereby providing a brand new solution for the integration and miniaturization of an ionizing radiation detection device.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an ionizing radiation detection method and device based on suspended particles.
Background
Ionizing radiation refers to radiation of short wavelength, high frequency, and high energy that can release one or more electrons from an atom, molecule, or other bound state. Alpha particles are one kind of ionizing radiation, are particles emitted by radioactive substances such as uranium, radium, americium and the like during decay, are composed of two neutrons and two protons, and can cause harm to human bodies under sufficient intensity. A device commonly used at present for the detection of ionizing radiation is the geiger counter, which was originally designed in 1908 by german physicist hans geiger and the well-known british physicist rutherford for the detection of alpha particles.
The geiger counter is designed based on the ionization properties of alpha rays on gases. The geiger tube is usually constructed by filling a thin gas into a metal tube whose both ends are sealed with insulating material, installing a wire electrode along the axis of the tube, and applying a voltage slightly lower than the breakdown voltage of the gas in the tube between the metal tube wall and the wire electrode.
The geiger counter has been widely used in nuclear physics, medicine, particle physics, and industry because of its low cost, convenient use, and wide detection range.
The geiger counter realizes the measurement of ionizing radiation by measuring the ionization conduction of gas in the tube, the phenomenon that whether the gas generates the ionization conduction is related to the energy of alpha particles entering the tube, and the phenomenon that the ionization conduction can be generated only by the alpha particles with the energy of more than 2.5 MeV generally, so the geiger counter can only detect the alpha particles with the energy of more than 2.5 MeV, namely, a relatively high detection threshold exists to limit the improvement of the detection sensitivity.
The geiger counter has the advantages that the electric field near the anode of the geiger counter is weakened after one-time discharge, certain recovery time exists, and if other alpha particles enter the geiger counter within the recovery time (generally hundreds of microseconds), the discharge phenomenon cannot be generated, so that the geiger counter cannot detect the alpha particles within the recovery time, namely the geiger counter has the defect that the geiger counter cannot detect in real time.
The size of a Geiger tube of the Geiger counter and the size of the counter are both centimeter-level, the Geiger tube and the counter are generally used independently as independent devices and have no integrated application prospect, namely, the Geiger counter has the defects of large size and difficult integrated application.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an ionizing radiation detection method and device based on suspended particles, aiming at solving the problems that the existing ionizing radiation detection technology is low in detection sensitivity (alpha particle energy is higher than 2.5 MeV), cannot count in real time (measurement time interval is in the order of hundreds of microseconds), and is large in size of a detection device (centimeter order).
The technical scheme for realizing the purpose of the invention is as follows:
a method for detecting ionizing radiation based on suspended particles,
1) suspending micron-to-nanometer-scale particles in a suspended optomechanical system through an optical field, an electric field or a magnetic field, and detecting the motion state of the suspended particles by using an optical method;
2) when external alpha particles are incident into the suspended optomechanical system, the alpha particles ionize positive and negative ions in the gas environment and are adsorbed on the suspended particles, and the net electric quantity of the suspended particles is further changed;
3) the net electric quantity of the particles is detected by detecting the motion response of the suspended particles under the action of an externally applied magnetic field, so that the detection of ionizing radiation is realized.
The method adjusts the detection sensitivity of the ionizing radiation by adjusting the air pressure value of the environment in which the suspended particles are positioned.
The method improves the sensitivity of ionizing radiation detection by reducing the air pressure value of the environment in which the suspended particles are located.
In the step 1), the suspended particles are single particles.
And 3) calibrating the minimum value of the net electric quantity change of the suspended particles, wherein the change value of the motion response amplitude of the suspended particles at the moment is the single-step calibration value.
The device comprises a sensitive unit module, an air pressure adjusting module, an electromagnetic applying module, a loop calibration module and an ionizing radiation detection module;
the sensitive unit module is used for suspending particles in a gas environment;
the air pressure adjusting module is used for adjusting the air pressure value of the gas environment where the suspended particles are located;
the electromagnetic applying module is used for applying an electromagnetic driving signal to the suspended particles;
the loop calibration module is used for calibrating the net electric quantity of the suspended particles or the motion response under an externally-applied magnetic field;
the ionizing radiation detection module is used for measuring the change of the net electric quantity of the suspended particles under the action of the alpha particles, and the change of the net electric quantity is the incidence of the detected alpha particles.
The air pressure adjusting module is connected with the sensitive unit module through a vacuum interface and is used for adjusting the air pressure value of the environment where the suspended particles are located.
The electromagnetic applying module generates an electromagnetic signal outside the sensitive unit module and is connected into the vacuum cavity to directly act on the suspended particles in the form of an electric field or a magnetic field.
The loop calibration module calibrates the phase-locked amplification loop, is located in the sensitive unit module, and is used for changing the net electric quantity of the suspended particles.
The ionizing radiation detection module is positioned in the signal receiving direction outside the sensitive unit module and used for detecting the change of the net electric quantity of the suspended particles under the action of alpha particles.
The beneficial effects of the invention are:
1. the ionizing radiation detection sensitivity based on the suspended particles is higher than that of a Geiger counter, and the sensitivity can be further optimized by adjusting air pressure;
2. the ionizing radiation detection device based on the suspended particles can realize real-time ionizing radiation detection, is limited by the sampling rate of a phase-locked amplifying loop, and has the detection time interval of microsecond magnitude which is far shorter than the recovery time of a Geiger counter;
3. the size of the suspended particles is in the order of micron to nanometer, the invention has the advantage of miniaturization, and can realize the integrated application of the ionizing radiation detection device on other equipment.
The invention can realize the detection of ionizing radiation by utilizing the suspended particles, thereby providing a brand-new solution for the integration and miniaturization of an ionizing radiation detection device and being widely applied to the detection tasks of more nuclear radiation.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the device of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of application example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows the measurement results of net charge of particles in application example 1.
In fig. 3, a laser 1, a first reflector 2, a second reflector 3, a secondary beam expander 4, a primary beam expander 5, a third reflector 6, a fourth reflector 7, a first vacuum chamber window 8, a microscope objective 9, a signal generator 10, a high-voltage amplifier 11, a flat plate electrode 12, a high-voltage discharge device 13, suspended particles 14, a condenser lens 15, a vacuum chamber 16, a second vacuum chamber window 17, a vacuum interface 18, a vacuum pump 19, a condenser lens 20, a four-quadrant photodetector 21, a phase-locked amplification loop 22, and a computer 23.
Detailed Description
The invention is further elucidated with reference to the figures and embodiments.
In the suspension light force system, micro-to nano-scale particles can be suspended by methods such as a light field, an electric field and a magnetic field, and the motion state of the suspended particles can be detected by an optical method with high sensitivity. The particles in the suspension optomechanical system do not have mechanical contact with the outside, and the method can be applied to high-sensitivity measurement of physical quantities such as extremely weak mechanical quantity, high-resolution field, micro mass, charge quantity and the like. When external alpha particles are incident into the suspended optomechanical system, the alpha particles can ionize positive and negative ions in the gas environment, and the positive and negative ions are adsorbed when acting near the suspended particles, so that the net electric quantity of the suspended particles is changed. The net electric quantity of the suspended particles can be observed through the phase-locked amplification loop, the influence of the time resolution of the phase-locked amplification loop is avoided, the time interval of ionizing radiation measurement is several microseconds (far shorter than the recovery time of a Geiger counter), and the real-time counting function can be realized. In the invention, the measurement of the net electric quantity of the suspended particles can reach the measurement accuracy of single charge magnitude, and because the change of the net electric quantity of the suspended particles only comes from positive and negative ions ionized by alpha particles, when the phenomenon that the net electric quantity of the suspended particles changes is observed, the alpha particles enter the suspended light power system. The suspended particles in the suspended optomechanical system also have high sensitivity in the measurement of alpha particles, and can detect the alpha particles with energy below 2.5 MeV. In addition, the size of suspended particles in the vacuum optomechanical system is in the magnitude of nanometer to micrometer, and a detection device based on the method can be small enough and can be integrated into other devices for use, so that the problem that the Geiger counter is difficult to realize integrated application is solved.
A method for detecting ionizing radiation based on suspended particles,
1) suspending micron-to-nanometer-scale particles in a suspended optomechanical system through an optical field, an electric field or a magnetic field, and detecting the motion state of the suspended particles by using an optical method;
2) when external alpha particles are incident into the suspended optomechanical system, the alpha particles ionize positive and negative ions in the gas environment and are adsorbed on the suspended particles, and the net electric quantity of the suspended particles is further changed;
3) the net electric quantity of the particles is detected by detecting the motion response of the suspended particles under the action of an externally applied magnetic field, so that the detection of ionizing radiation is realized.
The method adjusts the detection sensitivity of the ionizing radiation by adjusting the air pressure value of the environment in which the suspended particles are positioned.
The method improves the sensitivity of ionizing radiation detection by reducing the air pressure value of the environment in which the suspended particles are positioned.
In the step 1), the suspended particles are single particles.
And 3) calibrating the minimum value of the net electric quantity change of the suspended particles, wherein the change value of the motion response amplitude of the suspended particles at the moment is the single-step calibration value.
One schematic of the structure of the device of the present invention is shown in fig. 1, and the principle of the present invention is shown in fig. 2.
The sensitive unit module is used for realizing stable suspension of particles in an air environment, observing the motion state of the suspended particles, ensuring that the suspended particles are single particles, and regarding the suspended particles as sensitive units for detecting ionizing radiation.
The air pressure value of the environment where the suspended particles are located is adjusted by the air pressure adjusting module, the detection sensitivity of the device can be improved by slowly reducing the air pressure value (preventing the particles from falling), and the air pressure value is kept stable and unchanged in the subsequent implementation process.
The electromagnetic force applying module is used for applying electric field force or magnetic field force with a certain magnitude to the suspended particles, and the suspended particles can carry a small amount of net charges, so that the particles cannot fall off and the magnitude of the force is far larger than the substrate noise of the particles when the electromagnetic force is applied.
And calibrating the motion response of the suspended particles under the action of the external electromagnetic field when the net electric quantity is 1 by using a loop calibration module, and regarding the value as a single-step calibration value of ionizing radiation.
The electric field intensity or the magnetic field intensity generated by the electromagnetic applying module is ensured to be unchanged, and the ionizing radiation detection module is utilized to detect the motion response of the suspended particles when the alpha particles are incident to the suspended light force system. The alpha particle can ionize the gas environment where the suspended particle is located, positive and negative ions are ionized in the gas environment, the positive and negative ions act on the suspended particle to enable the net electric quantity of the particle to change, the electromagnetic force magnitude of the corresponding particle is in positive correlation with the net electric quantity, the electromagnetic force magnitude of the particle can change correspondingly, and then the motion response amplitude of the particle also changes. The measurement of the net electric quantity of the particles can be realized by detecting the ratio of the motion response amplitude of the particles to the single-step calibration value, and if the net electric quantity of the particles changes, the detection of alpha particles is realized.
The size of the aerosol varies depending on the suspension scheme in the sensitive cell module, and for the optical trap suspension scheme, the aerosol is typically a spherical silica particle with a size in the range of hundreds of nanometers to ten micrometers.
The ionization capacity of alpha particles in vacuum is fully considered when the air pressure is adjusted by the air pressure adjusting module, and the air pressure value is generally kept above 1 mbar.
The frequency of the applied electromagnetic signal should be set near the resonant frequency of the aerosol motion, and deviations from the resonant frequency can affect the accuracy of the detection.
When the ionizing radiation is detected, the previous implementation operation is not required to be repeated, but the air pressure value of the system and the intensity of the applied electromagnetic field are ensured to be stable and unchanged during detection.
Application example 1
The schematic structure of the apparatus of application example 1 is shown in fig. 3. In application embodiment 1, the suspended particles are captured by tightly focusing a light beam to serve as a sensitive unit for detecting ionizing radiation, a vacuum pump is used to adjust the air pressure value of the gas environment where the suspended particles are located, parallel electrodes are used to apply an electric field driving force to the suspended particles, a high-voltage discharge mode is used to calibrate a loop, and finally, the detection of alpha particles generated by an americium source is realized. The sensing unit module used in fig. 3 adopts high-power single-beam laser to bind suspended particles in a vacuum system near a light trap, a 1064 nm laser 1 outputs linearly polarized light with stable power, the linearly polarized light is transmitted along the horizontal direction and reflected by a first reflector 2 and a second reflector 3 which form an angle of 90 degrees in opposite directions to enter a laser beam expanding system, reflected light is expanded and collimated by a beam expanding system consisting of a beam expanding mirror secondary lens 4 and a beam expanding mirror primary lens 5, the diameter of the light beam is matched with a microscope objective lens 9, and the expanded laser is reflected by a third reflector 6 and a fourth reflector 7 which form an angle of 90 degrees in opposite directions to enter a vacuum chamber 16 through a first vacuum chamber window 8. In the vacuum chamber 16, the capturing light injected from the outside of the chamber is accurately coupled into the microscope objective 9, and the microscope objective 9 is an aspheric lens with a high numerical aperture and can function to condense the light beam. Spherical silica particles with the radius of 75 nanometers are sprayed into the vicinity of a laser light trap in a vacuum cavity 16 from the outside of the cavity in an atomizing and supporting mode, the particles are stably suspended in the vacuum cavity after being captured by laser, suspended particles 14 are detected sensitive units, forward scattered light of the particles is collected by a condenser lens 15, the scattered light is converted into parallel outgoing, the parallel light is emitted to the outside of the cavity after passing through a window 17 of a second vacuum cavity and is called detection light, and the detection light is converged by a converging lens 20 to enable the light to be converged into a port of a four-quadrant balance detector 21. After stable particle capture is realized, the system vacuum degree is regulated by using the air pressure regulating module, the vacuum pump 19 is connected with the vacuum cavity 16 through the vacuum cavity interface 18, the air pressure in the vacuum cavity 16 can be reduced by slowly pumping the vacuum pump 19, and the aerosol 14 is still captured by the optical trap. After the air pressure is stable, the electromagnetic applying module is used for applying the electric field force, the signal generator 10 generates an electric signal with the size of 500 millivolts, the frequency of the signal is set to be close to the resonance frequency of the suspended particles 14, the electric field intensity generated by the electric signal with the size of 500 millivolts is too low, the amplitude of the electric signal needs to be amplified by a high-voltage amplifier 11, the amplification factor is set to be 50 times, the amplified signal generates a stable electric field which can act on the suspended particles 14 through the flat electrodes 12, and the suspended particles 14 can naturally carry a certain amount of net charges after being captured, so that the motion information of the suspended particles 14 can be changed under the action of the electric field force. After the electric field force is applied, the motion response amplitude of the suspended particles is calibrated when the net electric quantity is 1 by using a loop calibration module. The high voltage discharge device 13 can change the net charge of the aerosol 14, and when the net charge of the aerosol 14 changes minimally (i.e. 1), the change value of the motion response amplitude is a single-step calibration value. After the single-step calibration value is measured, the ionization radiation detection module can be used for detecting alpha particles, the phase-locked amplification loop 22 is connected with the four-quadrant photoelectric detector 21 and used for processing the detected motion state of the suspended particles 14, and the computer 23 can be used for observing the change of the net electric quantity of the suspended particles 14 under the action of the alpha particles by connecting the phase-locked amplification loop with the computer 23 through the USB interface. The measured change in net charge indicates that there is an alpha particle incident in the vacuum system, and the ionized positive and negative ions act on the aerosol 14 to change its net charge. The change of net electric quantity of the particles under the action of the alpha particles is shown in fig. 4, and fig. 4 also shows that the detection of the alpha particles can be realized by utilizing the suspended particles.
In conclusion, the device utilizes the suspended particles to realize the detection of ionizing radiation, the size of the suspended particles is reduced by several orders of magnitude compared with that of a Geiger counter, the device has the advantage of miniaturization, and the device has the advantages of higher detection sensitivity and real-time detection.
In the embodiment, the applied electric signal amplitude adopts an empirical value, so that the electric field force is far greater than the fluctuation force of particles, the suspended particles are prevented from falling under the action of the electric field force, and if the empirical value is not adopted, the electric signal amplitude is set to be a smaller value, and the electric signal amplitude is gradually increased.
The electromagnetic signal can be applied by other methods, such as by using a permanent magnet or an electromagnet, besides the method of generating an electric field by using a flat plate electrode in the embodiment.
The mode of intra-cavity discharge during loop calibration may be other than the high-voltage discharge in the embodiment, for example, an ultraviolet discharge mode that generates free charges through a photoelectric effect of ultraviolet light irradiated materials is essentially to change the net electric quantity of the suspended particles.
The embodiments in the above description are only for describing the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and do not limit the concept and scope of the present invention, and those skilled in the art can make various changes and modifications (including the miniaturized design of the device of the present invention) to the technical solution of the present invention without departing from the design concept of the present invention, and all fall within the protection scope of the present invention. The scope of the invention is given by the appended claims and any equivalents thereof.
Claims (10)
1. An ionizing radiation detection method based on suspended particles, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) suspending micron-to-nanometer-scale particles in a suspended optomechanical system through an optical field, an electric field or a magnetic field, and detecting the motion state of the suspended particles by using an optical method;
2) when external alpha particles are incident into the suspended optomechanical system, the alpha particles ionize positive and negative ions in the gas environment and are adsorbed on the suspended particles, and the net electric quantity of the suspended particles is further changed;
3) the net electric quantity of the particles is detected by detecting the motion response of the suspended particles under the action of an externally applied magnetic field, so that the detection of ionizing radiation is realized.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: the ionizing radiation detection sensitivity is adjusted by adjusting the air pressure value of the environment in which the aerosol is located.
3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by: the sensitivity of ionizing radiation detection is improved by reducing the pressure value of the environment in which the aerosol is located.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in the step 1), the suspended particles are single particles.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: and 3) calibrating the minimum value of the net electric quantity change of the suspended particles, wherein the change value of the motion response amplitude of the suspended particles at the moment is the single-step calibration value.
6. An aerosol-based ionizing radiation detecting apparatus for carrying out the aerosol-based ionizing radiation detecting method according to claim 1, wherein: the device comprises a sensitive unit module, an air pressure adjusting module, an electromagnetic applying module, a loop calibration module and an ionizing radiation detection module;
the sensitive unit module is used for suspending particles in a gas environment;
the air pressure adjusting module is used for adjusting the air pressure value of the gas environment where the suspended particles are located;
the electromagnetic applying module is used for applying an electromagnetic driving signal to the suspended particles;
the loop calibration module is used for calibrating the net electric quantity of the suspended particles or the motion response under an externally-applied magnetic field;
the ionizing radiation detection module is used for measuring the change of the net electric quantity of the suspended particles under the action of the alpha particles, and the change of the net electric quantity is the incidence of the detected alpha particles.
7. The aerosol-based ionizing radiation detection apparatus of claim 6, wherein: the air pressure adjusting module is connected with the sensitive unit module through a vacuum interface and is used for adjusting the air pressure value of the environment where the suspended particles are located.
8. The aerosol-based ionizing radiation detection apparatus of claim 6, wherein: the electromagnetic applying module generates an electromagnetic signal outside the sensitive unit module and is connected into the vacuum cavity to directly act on the suspended particles in the form of an electric field or a magnetic field.
9. The aerosol-based ionizing radiation detection apparatus of claim 6, wherein: the loop calibration module calibrates the phase-locked amplification loop, is located in the sensitive unit module, and is used for changing the net electric quantity of the suspended particles.
10. The aerosol-based ionizing radiation detection apparatus of claim 6, wherein: the ionizing radiation detection module is positioned in the signal receiving direction outside the sensitive unit module and used for detecting the change of the net electric quantity of the suspended particles under the action of alpha particles.
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| CN117074801A (en) * | 2023-10-14 | 2023-11-17 | 之江实验室 | Device and method for measuring electric field by suspending charged microspheres |
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