CN115001550B - Multi-user wave beam quick alignment method for millimeter wave system - Google Patents
Multi-user wave beam quick alignment method for millimeter wave system Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a millimeter wave multiuser rapid beam alignment method, which mainly solves the problem of overlarge beam alignment time expenditure in the existing millimeter wave multiuser system, and the implementation scheme is as follows: firstly, carrying out area searching to determine the area where each user is located, and dividing the area grade according to the number of users in each area; then, corresponding narrow beam search is carried out according to the region level to find the analog precoding matrix F RF The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Finally, constructing an equivalent channel according to the analog beam forming matrix and the millimeter wave channel, and calculating a baseband precoding matrix F by using the equivalent channel through a zero forcing algorithm BB Obtaining an analog precoding matrix F RF And baseband precoding matrix F BB The beam forming in the analog domain and the beam forming in the digital domain are completed, and then the beam alignment work of the whole system is completed. The invention improves the beam alignment efficiency and the millimeter wave transmission performance, and can be used for millimeter wave systems.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of communication, and particularly relates to a multi-user beam alignment method which can be used for a millimeter wave system.
Background
In the application of millimeter wave technology, the transmission quality is improved between the 5G base station and the user by utilizing the wave beam forming technology, and the method is characterized in that the main lobe of the radiation pattern is adaptively pointed to the incoming wave direction of the user, so that the signal-to-noise ratio is improved, and the obvious array gain is obtained. How to quickly find the beam main lobe direction of each user when multiple users exist in a cell becomes a vital research direction for millimeter wave communication.
Beamforming in wireless communication can be classified into adaptive beamforming technology and codebook switched beamforming technology, the former needs to estimate channels, and the large-scale MIMO technology uses hundreds of antenna arrays, so that the implementation complexity is high, and the method is not suitable for practical application. And the latter uses fixed wave beam weight vector, i.e. designs a group of wave beam code book in advance, selects one group of weight vector to send, selects the optimal code book based on the maximized receiving end signal-to-noise ratio criterion, and has low complexity and easy realization.
S.He, J.Wang, Y.Huang, B.Ottersten and W.hong, "Codebook-Based Hybrid Precoding for Millimeter Wave Multiuser Systems [ J ]," in IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol.65, no.20, pp.5289-5304,15Oct.15,2017 propose that each user and base station traverse all beam Codebook combinations separately, find the best transmit-receive beam combination according to the principle of maximum signal strength, although this approach is the highest in accuracy, all users cannot scan the beam simultaneously while the number of Codebook combinations in a large-scale antenna array is enormous, which results in a significant time overhead for beam alignment, resulting in a reduced system transmission data rate.
In the method, compared with a method for traversing all codebooks, the method can save about half of time, but in a multi-user system, when the user distribution is dense, the whole angular space is not needed to be interlaced, and only the angle range of the user is scanned, so that the method still has useless time waste for scanning the angle range of the user, and further the efficiency of beam alignment and the data transmission rate of the system are affected. Meanwhile, because the occupied time of the downlink time slot in the 5G new air interface time division duplex NR-TDD system is longer than that of the uplink time slot, if beam scanning is carried out on the uplink time slot, huge pressure is brought to the transmission data of the uplink time slot.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art, and provides a multi-user rapid beam alignment method of a millimeter wave system in a downlink so as to improve the beam alignment efficiency and the data transmission rate of the system, thereby improving the data transmission performance between a base station and a user.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme of the invention comprises the following steps:
(1) A control unit is arranged in the base station, and the control unit is used for closing part of the antennas to enable the antennas to be in a working state, so that the number of the antennas and the number of the radio frequency channels N are increased RF Same, base station generates N RF A DFT codebook;
(2) Analog beam usage N for a base station RF The DFT codebooks equally divide the whole channel angle area, each codebook corresponds to one of the channel angle areas and works inThe wide beam pattern beam width of the range is +.>Wherein N is RF The number of the antennas in the working state is N, N is the code book number, N is from 1 to N RF Is an integer of (2);
(3) The base station scans the area in the downlink time slot, namely, each radio frequency link in the base station transmits a mutually orthogonal sequence, and simultaneously configures a wave beam codebook for each radio frequency link, each user carries out local sequence conjugate multiplication processing on the received signal, and the signal intensity from each area is obtained by scanning all users for one time;
(4) Determining an optimal area where a user is located according to a principle of maximum received signal intensity of each area, wherein the optimal area comprises a plurality of millimeter wave narrow beams;
(5) Feeding back the optimal area number of each user to the base station in the uplink time slot, and dividing the areas into different grades according to the number of the users in each area by the base station;
(6) All antennas are turned on by the control unit of the base station, and the analog beamforming matrix uses the DFT codebook to make it work atA range of millimeter wave narrow beam modes, where N BS The number of the antennas in the working state is N, N is the code book number, N is from 1 to N BS Is an integer of (2);
(7) The base station uses a narrow beam mode to search the corresponding narrow beam according to each area level, and finds the best narrow beam of each user;
(8) The base station controls the phase shifter of the antenna array to adjust the phase shifter to the optimal narrow beam of each user, and multi-user analog beam alignment is completed.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1) Aiming at the beam problem of multi-user millimeter wave communication, the invention sets a control unit in the base station, uses the control unit to control the number of antennas in a working state to realize a wide beam mode and a narrow beam mode, sends mutually orthogonal sequences by each radio frequency link in the wide beam mode and the narrow beam mode, and carries out conjugate multiplication processing of a local sequence on signals by a receiving end so as to realize that a plurality of beam training can be completed by one-time scanning, thereby reducing the beam alignment time;
2) Aiming at the fact that the uplink time slot duration is shorter than the downlink time slot duration in the 5G new air interface time division duplex NR-TDD system, the invention scans the wave beam in the downlink time slot, and relieves the pressure brought by the wave beam scanning of the uplink time slot.
3) The invention uses wide wave beam mode to determine the distribution state of users in each area when scanning the area, the base station divides each area into different grades according to the number of users in different areas; and in the narrow beam mode searching stage, a corresponding searching mode is adopted for each region level, so that the beam training time is further optimized, and the beam alignment efficiency is improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a multi-user millimeter wave communication system;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the sparsity of the millimeter wave channel of fig. 1;
fig. 3 is a flow chart of the implementation of the present invention for multi-user beam fast alignment for millimeter wave systems;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of beam coverage in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a sub-flowchart of searching according to region levels in a narrow beam mode in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a diagram of the search results with a region level of 1 in FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a diagram of the search results with a region level of 2 in FIG. 5.
Detailed Description
The following describes the embodiments of the present invention in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Referring to fig. 1, a communication system model used in the present invention includes: base station side, millimeter wave channel and user side.
The base station end adopts a mixed wave beam forming framework with a full connection structure and comprises N BS Multiple antennas N RF Radio frequency link, N s A data flow channel, a Control Module, an Analog coding Analog precoding Module and a Digital Procoding baseband precoding Module. Wherein:
the data flow channel is the data sent to each user; each radio frequency link is connected with N BS Phase shifters and N BS The antennas are connected to each other and,
the control module is used for controlling whether each antenna is in a working state or not;
the baseband pre-coding module adjusts N connected with each radio frequency link BS The phase values of the phase shifters generate analog beamforming vectors f (k), which are analog beamforming vectors of k users, selected from a set of already generated DFT codebooks, each DFT codebook corresponding to a directional pointing angle α (N), the number N of antennas in operation being in a normalized angular domain [ -1,1]Inter-quantization intervalAnd uniformly quantifying to obtain a direction pointing angle alpha (n):
α(n)＝-1+(2n-1)/N n＝1,2...,N，
the weight u (N, α (N)) of the phase shifter of each antenna is adjusted according to the direction pointing angle α (N), namely:
the DFT codebook is generated using u (N, α (N)), and is expressed as follows:
f(n)＝u(N,α(n))，
wherein f (N) represents a codebook numbered N, N is an integer from 1 to N, n=1, 2.n is sequentially taken to respectively generate corresponding f (1), f (2) … f (N) codebooks, N codebook beams are generated altogether, and each beam codebook range is:
the beam width is +.>
The analog beamforming vectors of all users form an analog beamforming matrix F of the base station RF Which completes the beam forming of the analog domain for multiple users.
The baseband precoding module generates a baseband precoding matrix F in data transmission BB And finishing the wave beam forming in the digital domain.
The millimeter wave channel introduces a widely applied Saleh Valenzuela model to the millimeter wave downlink channel h k Modeling:
wherein N is the number of antennas in a working state, L k Is the sum of multipath between kth user and base station, alpha l,k Channel gains for the k users and the first path of the base station;ω l,k ∈[-π,π]for the departure angle AOD of the kth user's first path, the base station antenna employs a uniform antenna array with steering vector +.>
Where d denotes the antenna spacing, where d=λ/2, λ being the carrier wavelength.
The user terminal is of a single antenna structure, and the kth user has the following downlink transmission model:
y k ＝h k F RF F BB X+n k ,k＝1,2,...U，
wherein y is k Representing the signal received by the kth user, X being a matrix of data streams of the respective users, X (k) being the data stream of the kth user, F BB Representing a base band precoding matrix of a base station end, F RF ＝[f(1),...f(k)...,f(U)]For a base station analog beamforming matrix, f (k) is an analog beam codebook of k users, h k For the downlink channel vector between the kth user and the base station, n k Represents an additive complex Gaussian noise vector and satisfies a mean of 0 and a variance of(·) T Representing a transpose operation.
In the communication system, the invention searches the optimal baseband precoding matrix F in the beam training process through the base station end BB Analog beamforming matrix F RF The interference between users is minimized and the maximum signal strength received by each user is ensured.
FIG. 2 shows the sparsity of millimeter wave channels, which shows the received signal strength of each beam in DFT codebook, and it can be seen that the signals are concentrated in a certain angle range, and the invention can quickly find F in beam training by combining the sparsity of millimeter wave channels RF First fix during beam trainingI is an identity matrix, and the most significant is obtainedOptimal analog beamforming matrix F RF The principle is F RF Selecting from the designed DFT beam codebook set to maximize the signal intensity received by each user, and then calculating the baseband precoding matrix F according to zero forcing algorithm BB Embodiments of multi-user beam training strategies are completed.
Referring to fig. 3, the implementation steps of this example are as follows:
and step 1, performing area searching by using the wide beam.
1.1 During area search, each radio frequency link completes wide beam configuration:
let N be by the antenna control module in fig. 1 RF The antennas are in working state, and N is shared at this stage according to the definition of the DFT codebook RF Beam codebooks, one for each codebookAngle area, each codebook width is +.>Each codebook coverage map is shown in FIG. 4, and ++in FIG. 4>Respectively correspond to the N RF Covering the area by each beam codebook, wherein all codebooks cover the whole area;
N RF the radio frequency links are respectively from N RF Selecting one codebook f (n) which is different from each other from the codebooks, and writing the corresponding phase shifter weight into the antenna array;
1.2 Each radio frequency link transmits a mutually orthogonal sequence x (n):
wherein the method comprises the steps ofTau is the length of the sequence, tau > N RF P is the radio frequency link transmission power, phi n Representing a sequence of length τ, which satisfies φ k φ j H ＝δ[k-j]，k,j＝1,2...N RF ，/>
Precoding matrix of base band at region searchingWherein I is an identity matrix, and the signal model received by the user k during the area search is:
y k ＝h k F RF X+n k ,k＝1,2,...U,
wherein, x= [ X (1),. X (N), RF )] T ；
1.3 Each user receives the received signal y) k Processing to recover the received signal strength e of each region k ：
1.3.1 Each user receives the received signal y) k Multiplied byRestoring the initial signal strength e' k ：
Wherein ( H Is the conjugate transpose of matrix
1.3.2 Using orthogonal sequence properties to e' k Simplifying and recovering the final signal intensity e of each received area k ：
By means of orthogonal sequence properties phi k φ j H ＝δ[k-j]，Make it->Wherein->Is a unitary matrix, will->Carry over e' k Recovering the final signal strength e of each received region from the expression k ：
Wherein e k Is 1 XN RF Each element of the vector corresponding to the received signal strength from each region,
1.4 From e) k The value of the largest element is found out, and the corresponding area is the best area of the searched user.
And 2, dividing the areas into different grades by the base station according to the number of users in each area.
2.1 Each user feeds back the located zone number to the base station in the uplink time slot.
2.2 The base station divides each area into different levels R according to the number of coverage users of each area i ：
Wherein N is i For the number of users in the ith area to satisfyU is the total amount of users.
And step 3, searching the corresponding narrow beam according to the region grades to obtain the optimal analog beam vector of each user.
3.1 Controlling millimeter wave operation in narrow beam mode):
the control module of the base station makes all N BS The antennas are in working state, the analog wave beam adopts DFT codebook, and N is generated altogether BS Personal areaAt the position ofIs a narrow beam codebook of +.>Where N is the codebook number, N is from 1 to N BS Is an integer of (2);
by N BS The narrow beam codebooks are used for channel angle coverage, as can be seen from fig. 4, N BS The narrow beams respectively cover the figureRegion, each wide beam is covered with +.>A narrow beam.
3.2 Performing corresponding narrow beam search according to each area level to obtain the optimal analog beam vector of each user:
referring to fig. 5, the specific implementation of this step is as follows:
3.2.1 Obtaining a corresponding jump search codebook set according to each region level:
regional class R i When 0, the area has no user, and the narrow beam under the area is not used for searching, and the jump type searching beam codebook set of the areaWherein->For null sets, such that no user areas do not occupy narrow beam search time and thus reduce alignment time, i=1, 2 RF ；
Regional class R i When the user density is 1, the user distribution is sparse, and 2 millimeter wave narrow beam searching is adopted, wherein the searching mode is shown in fig. 6 (a), each square represents a millimeter wave narrow beam codebook, and the ith area is narrowThe number of wave beams isJump search codebook set W for this region i Beam formation, W, for jump searching of the area i The size is +.>Wherein->Is rounded downwards;
regional class R i When the user density is 2, the user distribution is relatively dense, and 1 millimeter wave narrow beam search is adopted, the mode is shown in fig. 7 (a), and the jump type search codebook set W of the area i Beam formation, W, for jump searching of the area i The size is as follows
3.2.2 Searching codebook set W for different regions i Taking the union set to obtain a narrow beam codebook set W of the whole area during jump search:
wherein, U is the union sign;
3.2.3 Using a set of skip search codebooks W to perform skip search in the same manner as region search, each radio frequency link transmitting a mutually orthogonal sequence x (N) in each scan while selecting N from W each time RF Searching the narrow beam codebook to find the ideal beam searched at this time, and repeating 1.2) and 1.3) iteration in turnThe ideal beam after the jump search for each user can be found once more, where N m Codebook number of W +.>Rounding upwards;
3.2.4 Determining a fine search beam codebook set M of each user at different region levels where each user's ideal beam is located k ：
When the ideal beam is at level R i When the area is 1, as shown in fig. 6 (b), the corresponding user finely searches for the beam set M k 4 beams near the ideal beam for the corresponding user;
when the ideal beam is at level R i For the region of 2, as shown in fig. 7 (b), the corresponding user finely searches for the beam set M k 2 beams near the ideal beam for the corresponding user;
3.2.5 Beam codebook set M) for fine searching of each user k Taking the union set to obtain a beam codebook set M for fine search of all users:
M＝M 1 ∪M 2 ...M k ...∪M U ,
wherein k=1, 2..u, U is the total number of users;
3.2.6 Using the fine search codebook set M to perform fine search in the same manner as the region search, repeating 1.2) and 1.3), iteratingFinding the best analog beam for each user a second time, where N b The number of codebooks is M.
Step 4, adjusting the base station to the optimal analog beam forming matrix F RF According to zero forcing algorithm, obtaining baseband precoding matrix F BB And (5) completing the beam forming of the whole system.
4.1 The base station obtains the signal strength e of each wave beam received by each user in the uplink time slot k ：
Each user feeds back the optimal analog beam to the base station end in the uplink time slot, and the base station finds the beam codebook f (k) of the corresponding user according to the beam ID, and at this time, the analog beam forming matrix of the base station end is as follows: f (F) RF ＝[f(1),...f(k)...,f(U)]；
Each radio frequency link is respectively from F RF Selecting a different codebook vector, writing it into the corresponding weight vector of the transmitting antenna array, and executing steps 1.2) to 1.3), each user obtaining its own signal strength e' k And e' k Feeding back to the base station end;
4.2 Based on each received user e' k Constructing an equivalent channel matrix H:
H＝[e′ 1 ,...e′ k ...,e′ U ]；
4.3 According to the equivalent channel matrix H, using zero forcing algorithm to calculate the baseband precoding matrix F BB ：
F BB ＝H H (HH H ) -1 ，
Wherein ( -1 Is the inverse of the matrix.
The analog precoding matrix F obtained above RF And baseband precoding matrix F BB The beam forming in the analog domain and the beam forming in the digital domain are completed, and then the beam alignment work of the whole system is completed.
The foregoing is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and it should be noted that modifications and adaptations to those skilled in the art may be made without departing from the principles of the present invention, which are intended to be comprehended within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A multi-user wave beam rapid alignment method of a millimeter wave system is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) A control unit is arranged in the base station, and the control unit is used for closing part of the antennas to enable the antennas to be in a working state, so that the number of the antennas and the number of the radio frequency channels N are increased RF Same, base station generates N RF A DFT codebook;
(2) Analog beam usage N for a base station RF The DFT codebooks equally divide the whole channel angle area, each codebook corresponds to one of the channel angle areas and works inThe wide beam pattern beam width of the range is +.>Wherein N is RF The number of the antennas in the working state is N, N is the code book number, N is from 1 to N RF Is an integer of (2);
(3) Each radio frequency link of the base station transmits a mutually orthogonal sequence during regional scanning, meanwhile, a beam codebook is configured for each radio frequency link, each user carries out local sequence conjugate multiplication processing on a received signal, and all users obtain the signal intensity from each region through one-time scanning;
(4) Determining an optimal area where a user is located according to a principle of maximum received signal intensity of each area, wherein the optimal area comprises a plurality of millimeter wave narrow beams;
(5) Feeding back the optimal area number of each user to the base station in the uplink time slot, and dividing the areas into different grades according to the number of the users in each area by the base station; specifically, the base station counts the number of users covered in each area, and then divides each area into different grades R according to the number of covered users i ：
Wherein N is i Is the number of users in the ith area and meets the requirement ofU is the total amount of users;
(6) All antennas are turned on by the control unit of the base station, and the analog beamforming matrix uses the DFT codebook to make it work atA range of millimeter wave narrow beam modes, where N BS The number of the antennas in the working state is N, N is the code book number, N is from 1 to N BS Is an integer of (2);
(7) The base station searches the corresponding narrow beam mode according to the region grades to find the optimal narrow beam of each user, and the implementation is as follows:
7a) Obtaining a corresponding jump type search codebook set according to each region level:
grade R i When equal to 0, the jump search is not needed for the area, and the jump search codebook set of the areaWherein->Is an empty set;
grade R i When the code is 1, the code book set W is searched by jumping 2 millimeter wave narrow beam searches on the area i The number of the middle codebook isWherein->Is rounded downwards;
grade R i When the number is 2, the jump 1 millimeter wave narrow beam search is adopted for the area, and then the jump search codebook set W of the area i The number of the middle codebook is
7b) Search codebook set W for different regions i The union set is taken out and the two sets are combined, i=1, 2N RF A narrow beam codebook set W of the whole area during jump search is obtained:
wherein, U is the union sign;
7c) Using the jump search codebook set W to carry out jump search in the same way as region search, transmitting mutually orthogonal sequences x (N) by each radio frequency link in each scan, and selecting N from W each time RF Searching the narrow beam codebook to find the ideal beam searched at this time, and sequentially iteratingNext, find the best ideal beam for each user, where N m Codebook number of W +.>Rounding upwards;
7d) Determining a fine search beam codebook set M of each user according to different region levels of ideal beams of each user k ；
Ideal beam at level R i 1, the beam set M is finely searched by the corresponding user k 4 idle beams for its vicinity;
ideal beam at level R i 2, the beam set M finely searched by the corresponding user k 2 idle beams in its vicinity;
7e) Beam codebook set M for fine searching of each user k Taking the union, k=1, 2..u, yields the set M of beam codebooks that all users finely search:
M＝M 1 ∪M 2 ...M k ...∪M U ,
wherein U is the total number of users;
7f) Performing fine search by using fine search codebook set M in the same manner as region search, iteratingThe number of times finds the best beam for each user, where N b The number of codebooks is M;
(8) The base station controls the phase shifter of the antenna array to adjust the phase shifter to the optimal narrow beam of each user, and multi-user beam simulation alignment is completed.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (1) a control unit is provided in the base station, and a control unit module is added on the base station side, wherein a control line of the control unit module is connected with each antenna, and the control unit realizes the on/off of the switch by sending a signal, so as to control the working state of the antenna.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the base station generates N in step (1) RF Individual DFT codes
The realization is as follows:
1a) According to a direction angle alpha (N) corresponding to each codebook, the number N of antennas RF In the normalized angle domain [ -1,1]In accordance with quantization intervalsUniformly quantizing the sample to obtain a direction pointing angle alpha (n),
α(n)＝-1+(2n-1)/N RF n＝1,2...,N RF ，
1b) Adjusting the weight u (N) of the phase shifter of each antenna according to the direction angle alpha (N) RF α (n)), i.e.:
1c) By u (N) RF α (n)) generates a DFT codebook, expressed as follows:
f(n)＝u(N RF ,α(n))，
f (N) represents a codebook with a number N, N is the codebook number from 1 to N RF N=1, 2..n.n in turn RF Generating corresponding f (1), f (2) … f (N) codebooks respectively, and generating N altogether RF And the codebook beams.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein each radio frequency link of the base station transmits a mutually orthogonal sequence x (n) during the area scan of step (3) as follows:
wherein the method comprises the steps ofTau is the length of the sequence, tau > N RF P is the radio frequency link transmission power, phi n Representing a sequence of length τ, which satisfies φ k φ j H ＝δ[k-j]，k,j＝1,2...N RF ，/>
5. The method of claim 1, wherein all users in step (3) obtain the signal intensity e from each region by one scan k It is represented as follows:
wherein x= [ X (1), X (N) RF )] T A matrix of orthogonal sequences transmitted on each link, x (n) being the sequence transmitted by the nth radio link, (-) T Is a transposition operation; p is the transmit power of each radio frequency link, tau is the length of the sequence x (n),millimeter wave channel vector for kth user, F RF ＝[f(1),...,f(n),...f(N RF )]The beamforming matrix is simulated for the base station, and f (n) is the beam codebook for each radio frequency link.
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