CN114995578A - Tracking method for maximum power of photovoltaic array under local shadow - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for tracking maximum power of a photovoltaic array under a local shadow. The method comprises the steps of judging whether local shadow occurs or not, and quickly determining a first maximum extreme point of local power based on a conductance increment method when the local shadow occurs. Then, the power at all extreme points is quickly tracked and found by adopting the specific step length by combining a conductance increment method by utilizing the principle that the voltage difference between each peak point of the P-U curve under the local shadow is about 0.9 times of integral multiple of open-circuit voltage. Through comparison, the circuit works at the globally optimal maximum power point, and the maximum output power is tracked. The method can quickly and accurately track the global maximum power point, greatly reduces the number of retrieved points compared with the conventional global search method, has higher tracking speed and improves the tracking efficiency. Meanwhile, the algorithm does not need to additionally increase the number of sensors and other auxiliary circuits, is simple to realize, and has higher market value and practical value.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of photovoltaic arrays, in particular to a method for tracking maximum power of a photovoltaic array under a local shadow.
Background
With the increasing prominence of environmental issues, photovoltaic power generation issues, represented by photovoltaic power generation, have received much attention. By tracking the maximum power point of the photovoltaic power generation system, the utilization rate of the solar energy is improved, and the market value and the actual value are high. Under the condition of uniform illumination, the P-U characteristic curve output by the photovoltaic power generation system presents a single-peak state. The existing maximum power tracking algorithms include a hill climbing method, a disturbance observation method, a conductance increment method, a variable step conductance increment method and other classical MPPT algorithms, and the methods have advantages under the condition of uniform illumination, can accurately track the maximum power point of an array and ensure the full utilization of light energy. However, when the photovoltaic array is partially shielded, that is, when cloud layer shadows, surrounding building shadows and dust on the surface of the photovoltaic array exist in the actual environment, the P-U characteristic curve output by the photovoltaic system is in a multi-peak state, and at this time, the P-U characteristic curve is easily trapped at a local power extreme point by using a conventional algorithm, so that the light energy utilization rate is reduced.
In the related art, the solutions for tracking the maximum power point under the local shadow of the photovoltaic array are mainly divided into three types. Firstly, the photovoltaic array is reconstructed. The photovoltaic array reconstruction can balance the distribution of all the shielded photovoltaic modules in the whole array, improve the average output power of the photovoltaic array and effectively relieve the influence of hot spot effect on the photovoltaic array. However, the method has poor flexibility when applied to different photovoltaic modules, and has weak ability to cope with environmental mutation. Secondly, a compensation circuit is connected in parallel to correct the P-U multimodal curve into a unimodal curve when the local shadow occurs, and then the traditional MPPT algorithm is adopted for tracking. The method utilizes the compensation circuit to maintain the terminal voltage of the shielded photovoltaic module, so that correction is realized, and the occurrence of multimodal conditions is avoided. However, the disadvantage is that the addition of the compensation circuit results in a complicated circuit structure, which is difficult to control, and the implementation cost is also increased greatly. And thirdly, optimizing and improving the maximum power point tracking algorithm. Such as in the improved global scan method, the method effectively solves the problem of falling into local extrema, but the problem of large steady-state power oscillation occurs. For example, the particle swarm optimization algorithm has better rapidity and accuracy than the traditional algorithm under the condition of local shadow. However, the parameter setting of the method depends on experience, the transportability is poor, and the method is not easy to realize in engineering. If a three-step search method is provided by using an approximate relation between the current and the short-circuit current at the photovoltaic array, the method effectively improves the operation speed, but is greatly influenced by the proportional relation, and misjudgment is easily formed. According to the existing research at home and abroad, the existing method can improve the light energy utilization rate of the photovoltaic array to a certain extent, but has the defects of inaccurate tracking, low tracking speed, complex circuit structure, weak capacity of coping with environmental mutation and the like, so that the maximum power tracking under local shadow still remains a problem to be solved urgently.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, the present application provides a tracking method based on maximum power of a photovoltaic array under a local shadow, which can effectively improve tracking efficiency.
A method for tracking maximum power of a photovoltaic array under a local shadow comprises the following steps:
acquiring a first peak point in a P-U characteristic curve of the photovoltaic array under a local shadow condition, wherein the P-U characteristic curve is a corresponding relation with voltage as an independent variable and power as a dependent variable;
based on the first peak point, searching in the P-U characteristic curve by taking 0.9 time of open-circuit voltage as a step length to obtain at least one second peak point;
and obtaining the maximum power from the first peak point and the second peak point.
Optionally, the "obtaining the maximum power from the first peak point and the second peak point" includes:
selecting actual power values from the corresponding actual power values of the first peak point and the second peak point
A maximum value of the margin;
and when the actual maximum value corresponds to the second peak point, obtaining the maximum power according to the voltage value corresponding to the actual maximum value.
Optionally, the "obtaining the maximum power according to the voltage value corresponding to the actual maximum value" is a conductance increment method.
Optionally, the manner of "obtaining the first peak point" is a conductance increment method.
Optionally, the local shadow condition is determined according to the following formula:
U 1 >U 0 *(1±1/n)；
wherein n is the total number of the cell panels in the series photovoltaic branch circuit, U 1 For tracking the measured voltage value of the first peak point in real time, U 0 Is the operating voltage one minute ago.
Alternatively, the search is ended when it is detected that the actual voltage value of the second peak point exceeds 0.9 times the open circuit voltage.
Compared with the related technology, the tracking method for the maximum power of the photovoltaic array under the local shadow has the following technical effects:
1. by using the tracking method, the number of the peak points of the P-U curve is equal to or less than the number of the solar panels in the series branch of the photovoltaic cell panel when the local shadow occurs, so that the number of actually required scanning and comparing points only depends on the number of the solar panels in the series branch after the step length is changed to 0.9 Uoc. By skipping the areas where some points which are not needed to be searched are located, the searching time is saved, the searching efficiency is improved, and the utilization rate of photovoltaic energy is increased.
2. The circuit is simple, the algorithm principle is simple, the number of sensors and auxiliary circuits are not required to be additionally increased, and the cost is reduced. According to the method, only two data of the output voltage and the output current of the photovoltaic array are required to be acquired, and the data of each module in the array is not required to be acquired, so that only one pair of voltage and current sensors is required, and any other additional compensation circuit is not required, so that the circuit is very simple, the reliability is high, and the cost is greatly reduced.
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The technical solutions and other advantages of the present application will become apparent from the following detailed description of specific embodiments of the present application when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a graph showing P-U characteristics under partial shadow conditions according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a trace curve using a related art conductance increment method.
Fig. 3 is a tracking curve of a tracking method provided in an embodiment of the present application.
Fig. 4 is a flowchart of a tracking method according to an embodiment of the present application.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application. It is to be understood that the embodiments described are only a few embodiments of the present application and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present application.
In the description of the present application, it is to be understood that the terms "first", "second" and "first" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or as implying that the number of indicated technical features is indicated. Thus, features defined as "first", "second", may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the described features. In the description of the present application, "a plurality" means two or more unless specifically limited otherwise.
In the description of the present application, it is to be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, e.g., as meaning either a fixed connection, a removable connection, or an integral connection; may be mechanically connected, may be electrically connected or may be in communication with each other; either directly or indirectly through intervening media, either internally or in any other relationship. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present application can be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art as the case may be.
The following disclosure provides many different embodiments or examples for implementing different features of the application. In order to simplify the disclosure of the present application, specific example components and arrangements are described below. Of course, they are merely examples and are not intended to limit the present application. Moreover, the present application may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples, such repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed. In addition, examples of various specific processes and materials are provided herein, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize the application of other processes and/or the use of other materials. .
Before the technical solutions of the present application are introduced, it is necessary to explain the background of the invention of the present application.
In the related art, the solutions for tracking the maximum power point under the local shadow of the photovoltaic array are mainly divided into three types. Firstly, the photovoltaic array is reconstructed. The photovoltaic array reconstruction can balance the distribution of all the shielded photovoltaic modules in the whole array, improve the average output power of the photovoltaic array and effectively relieve the influence of hot spot effect on the photovoltaic array. However, the method has poor flexibility when applied to different photovoltaic modules, and has weak ability to cope with environmental mutation. Secondly, a compensation circuit is connected in parallel to correct the P-U multimodal curve into a unimodal curve when the local shadow occurs, and then the traditional MPPT algorithm is adopted for tracking. The method utilizes the compensation circuit to maintain the terminal voltage of the shielded photovoltaic module, so that correction is realized, and the occurrence of multimodal conditions is avoided. However, the disadvantage is that the addition of the compensation circuit results in a complicated circuit structure, which is difficult to control, and the implementation cost is also increased greatly. And thirdly, optimizing and improving the maximum power point tracking algorithm. As in the modified global scan method, this method effectively solves the problem of falling into local extrema, but the problem of large steady-state power oscillation occurs. Like the particle swarm algorithm, the method has better rapidity and accuracy than the traditional algorithm under the condition of local shadow. However, the parameter setting of the method depends on experience, the transportability is poor, and the method is not easy to realize in engineering. If a three-step search method is provided by using an approximate relation between the current and the short-circuit current at the photovoltaic array, the method effectively improves the operation speed, but is greatly influenced by the proportional relation, and misjudgment is easily formed. According to the existing research at home and abroad, the existing method can improve the light energy utilization rate of the photovoltaic array to a certain extent, but also has the defects of inaccurate tracking, low tracking speed, complex circuit structure, weak capacity of coping with environmental mutation and the like, so that the maximum power tracking under local shadow is still a problem to be solved urgently.
In order to solve the technical problem, the inventor creatively provides a method for tracking the maximum power of the photovoltaic array under the local shadow. The inventor unexpectedly finds an objective rule that the voltage difference between adjacent peak points is equal to an integral multiple of 0.9 open-circuit voltage in a P-U characteristic curve of a photovoltaic array under the condition of local shadow. Based on the creative application discovered by the rule, after the first extreme point is tracked, searching and comparing are carried out according to the step length of 0.9 time of the open-circuit voltage, so that the maximum power point in all peak points of the output power can be searched, the circuit can work at the power point, and the maximum output power can be obtained. The method can accurately track the global maximum power point, has higher tracking speed than a conventional global search method, and improves the tracking efficiency. Meanwhile, the algorithm does not need to additionally increase the number of sensors and other auxiliary circuits, and has the advantages of simplicity, high efficiency, strong practicability and the like. Therefore, the invention is created.
The embodiment of the application provides a method for tracking the maximum power of a photovoltaic array under a local shadow, which comprises the following steps:
s1, obtaining a first peak point in a P-U characteristic curve of the photovoltaic array under the condition of local shadow, wherein the P-U characteristic curve is a corresponding relation taking voltage as an independent variable and power as a dependent variable.
As well known to those skilled in the art, the local shadow condition refers to a phenomenon that the photovoltaic array is partially shielded, such as cloud layer shadow, surrounding building shadow, dust on the surface of the photovoltaic array, and the like in an actual environment.
When a partial shadow condition occurs, a situation may occur in which the operating voltage at the moment varies greatly from the operating voltage of the previous minute. Thus, the generation of the local shadow condition can be defined by monitoring the voltage value of the P-U characteristic curve.
In particular, according to the formula U 1 >U 0 *(1±1/n)；
In the above formula, n is the total number of the cell panels in the series photovoltaic branch, U 1 For real-time tracking of the measured voltage value of the first peak point, U 0 Is the operating voltage one minute ago.
The first peak point is obtained by a conductance increment method. Since the conductance increment method is already known to those skilled in the art, it is not repeated here.
And S2, based on the first peak point, searching in the P-U characteristic curve by taking 0.9 time of open circuit voltage as a step length to obtain at least one second peak point.
It can be understood that, based on the search of the first peak point in the P-U characteristic curve with 0.9 times of the open-circuit voltage as the step size, the specific operation is: and taking the voltage value corresponding to the first peak value as an initial voltage value, and increasing the voltage gradually by taking 0.9 times of open circuit voltage as amplification on the basis of the initial voltage value, wherein the point corresponding to a certain point on the P-U characteristic curve after the voltage is increased every time is a second peak value point.
Further description is made with respect to the above description in conjunction with fig. 1. In the figure, point a is the first peak point, and point B, C, D is the second peak point. Certainly, when the illumination intensity of the photovoltaic array panel is the same in the searching (or searching) process, the voltage at the extreme point may be detected by a plurality of points other than the extreme point, but obviously, since the power corresponding to the plurality of detected points is lower than the power corresponding to the maximum voltage, the judgment result is not affected in the judgment of step 5, and the detection of the plurality of points does not affect the rapidity of the algorithm.
And ending the search when the actual voltage value of the second peak point is detected to exceed 0.9 times of the open-circuit voltage. When the actual voltage value after the voltage is gradually increased exceeds 0.9 times of the open-circuit voltage, the last peak point is judged to be exceeded, and the voltage is not increased any more to search the peak point.
And S3, obtaining the maximum power from the first peak point and the second peak point.
Specifically, the "obtaining the maximum power from the first peak point and the second peak point" includes:
selecting an actual maximum value from the actual power values corresponding to the first peak point and the second peak point respectively;
and when the actual maximum value corresponds to the second peak point, obtaining the maximum power according to the voltage value corresponding to the actual maximum value.
The above "the actual maximum value corresponds to the second peak point" implicitly indicates that the tracking method of the present application includes a determination of whether the actual maximum value is the second peak point. The reason for setting this judgment is: the voltage difference between the second peaks is about 0.9 times the open circuit voltage, or the voltage difference between the first peak and the first occurring second peak is about 0.9 times the open circuit voltage, so the actual maximum power value obtained by using 0.9 times the open circuit voltage does not absolutely represent the true "peak" position on the P-U characteristic curve. That is, the second peak, which is determined by the search with 0.9 times the step size of the open circuit voltage, has a certain deviation from the theoretical peak position.
To eliminate this deviation, the second peak determined by the search for 0.9 open circuit voltage steps is closer to the theoretical "peak". Therefore, the theoretical maximum power value is obtained by calculating through a preset model from the voltage corresponding to the actual power maximum value in the searched second peak point.
Here, the "obtaining the maximum power from the voltage value corresponding to the actual maximum value" may be a conductance increment method, or another method.
It should be appreciated that the operation of the manner of obtaining the open circuit voltage may be: and initializing the electrical parameters of the photovoltaic array panels to obtain the total number n of the photovoltaic panels in the series branch. And the output voltage of the photovoltaic array is an open-circuit voltage by adjusting the duty ratio, and the open-circuit voltage value U at the moment is recorded oc 。
In order to verify the effectiveness of the novel MPPT algorithm provided by the invention, the existing conductance incremental method MPPT algorithm and the MPPT algorithm are subjected to simulation comparison under the Matlab/Simulink software environment, and the simulation effect is shown in figures 2 and 3.
Referring to fig. 4, a description will now be given of an implementation process of the tracking method according to the present application in a common application scenario. It should be noted that this common embodiment is not to be considered as a basis for understanding the essential features of the technical problem which the present application claims to solve, and it is merely exemplary.
Step 1: and initializing the electrical parameters of the photovoltaic array panels to obtain the total number n of the photovoltaic panels in the series branch. And the output voltage of the photovoltaic array is the open-circuit voltage by adjusting the duty ratio, and the open-circuit voltage value U at the moment is recorded oc 。
Step 2: quickly tracking the first extreme point with the maximum local power based on a conductance incremental method, and recording the power value P of the point 1 And U 1 。
And step 3: judging whether a local shadow occurs, wherein when the shadow determination formula depends on the occurrence of the shadow, the working voltage at the moment is greatly changed compared with the working voltage in the previous minute due to the fact that one or more photovoltaic cell panels are bypassed, so that the judgment formula is U 1 >U 0 (1 +/-1/n), wherein n is the total number of the solar panels in the series photovoltaic branch, U 0 Is one minute before the operating voltage;
and 4, step 4: tracking the first local power peak point by using a conductance incremental method, and then changing the step size to be 0.9U oc N (wherein n is the number of the photovoltaic cell panels of the serial branch), searching in the direction of the open-circuit voltage, and obtaining and storing the corresponding power value and voltage of each point at the moment;
and 5: by comparing the power at each point, the corresponding voltage value at the point of the maximum value of the approximate actual power can be obtained preliminarily. And further optimizing and tracking the global maximum power point with the maximum power value by a conductance incremental method, and finally enabling the circuit to work at the global maximum power point.
More specifically, the specific implementation process is as follows:
tracking the first local power peak point of the output power of the photovoltaic array by using a conductance incremental method in the fourth step as shown as a point A in the figure 1, and recording the power value P of the point 1 And U 1 ；
Then, the step size is set to 0.9U oc N (where n is the number of photovoltaic panels in the series branch), disturbance in the direction of open circuit voltage can be measured at this point in time as the work corresponding to point B, C, D in FIG. 1The value of the value and the voltage. Certainly, in the process, if the illumination intensities of several battery panels are the same, the voltage at the extreme point may be detected and several points other than the extreme point may be detected, but obviously, since the powers corresponding to the detected points are lower than the power corresponding to the maximum voltage, the judgment result is not affected in the judgment of the step 5, and the detection of the points does not affect the rapidity of the algorithm. When the disturbance is detected, the working voltage U>0.9U oc Judging that the current exceeds the last peak point, and no longer continuing to increase the voltage to search the peak point;
in the step five, because the algorithm utilizes the principle that the voltage difference between the peak points is about 0.9 times of integral multiple of the open-circuit voltage, the algorithm can search the voltage corresponding to the maximum power obtained by comparison and is not necessarily completely equal to the voltage corresponding to the actual maximum power, but the power corresponding to the voltage obtained after the search and comparison is very close to the maximum power, so that the change of the judgment result is not influenced. After the comparison is finished, the voltage value corresponding to the actual maximum power can be further optimized by utilizing the technology of the existing conductance incremental method, and the accurate tracking is realized.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A method for tracking maximum power of a photovoltaic array under a local shadow is characterized by comprising the following steps:
acquiring a first peak point in a P-U characteristic curve of the photovoltaic array under a local shadow condition, wherein the P-U characteristic curve is a corresponding relation with voltage as an independent variable and power as a dependent variable;
based on the first peak point, searching in the P-U characteristic curve by taking 0.9 time of open-circuit voltage as a step length to obtain at least one second peak point;
and obtaining the maximum power from the first peak point and the second peak point.
2. The tracking method according to claim 1, wherein the obtaining the maximum power from the first peak point and the second peak point comprises:
selecting an actual maximum value from the actual power values corresponding to the first peak point and the second peak point respectively;
and when the actual maximum value corresponds to the second peak value point, obtaining the maximum power according to the voltage value corresponding to the actual maximum value.
3. The tracking method according to claim 2, wherein the "obtaining the maximum power according to the voltage value corresponding to the actual maximum value" is a conductance increment method.
4. The tracking method according to claim 1, wherein the obtaining of the first peak point is performed by a conductance increment method.
5. The tracking method according to claim 1, wherein the local shadow condition is determined according to the following formula:
U 1 >U 0 *(1±1/n)；
wherein n is the total number of the cell panels in the series photovoltaic branch circuit, U 1 For real-time tracking of the measured voltage value of the first peak point, U 0 Is the operating voltage one minute ago.
6. The tracking method according to claim 1, wherein the search is ended when it is detected that the actual voltage value of the second peak point exceeds 0.9 times the open circuit voltage.
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