CN114965942B - Advanced drill geological exploration simulation test device - Google Patents
Advanced drill geological exploration simulation test device Download PDFInfo
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- CN114965942B CN114965942B CN202210398693.9A CN202210398693A CN114965942B CN 114965942 B CN114965942 B CN 114965942B CN 202210398693 A CN202210398693 A CN 202210398693A CN 114965942 B CN114965942 B CN 114965942B
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 76
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 241001074085 Scophthalmus aquosus Species 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 abstract description 24
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009711 regulatory function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000004443 Ricinus communis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/24—Earth materials
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A90/00—Technologies having an indirect contribution to adaptation to climate change
- Y02A90/30—Assessment of water resources
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of geological exploration, in particular to an advanced drilling geological exploration simulation test device, which comprises a model frame, wherein the model frame is composed of three types of frames, namely a border, an equal-ratio compression frame and a test frame, rock and soil are filled in the border, the equal-ratio compression frame and the test frame to form a ground model, sensors are arranged in the rock and soil, casters and connecting lugs are fixedly arranged on the border, the equal-ratio compression frame and the test frame, the connecting lugs are connected onto a series structure with an adjusting function, and a pocket net is arranged on the border, the equal-ratio compression frame and the test frame and fixedly connected onto the adjusting structure with a centralized operation function; the simulation test device is subjected to modularized design, and the three different types of frames filled with rock and soil are combined to form the whole model frame, so that rock and soil with different intensities can be arranged at different positions, accurate simulation of regional intensity is performed, and the occupied area of the whole simulation test device is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of geological exploration, in particular to an advanced drilling geological exploration simulation test device.
Background
Geological exploration refers to exploration and detection of geology through various means and methods, a proper bearing layer is determined, foundation types are determined according to the foundation bearing capacity of the bearing layer, and investigation and research activities of foundation parameters are calculated. Among various means of geological exploration, lead drilling is one of the most commonly used, mainly for drilling construction on the ground, and specific underground rock formation structure is ascertained by means of perforation.
However, before the pilot drill construction, in order to avoid damage or even danger to the geological structure caused by the shikim construction, the geological record needs to be inspected generally to perform the simulation test of exploration. In the current simulation test, a physical geological model structure is generally adopted in a mode of scaling down, drilling construction is carried out on the model, and structural stability is monitored to exclude points which cannot be constructed. However, in order to ensure the homogeneity of the soil structure, the existing geologic simulation model adopts an integrated structure, so that the main structure is heavy and unfavorable for use, and the reusability is poor. In view of the above, we propose a device for simulating the geological exploration of the pilot drill.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an advanced drilling geological exploration simulation test device so as to solve the problems in the background technology.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: the utility model provides an advance drill geological exploration analogue test device, includes the model frame, the model frame comprises frame, equal ratio compression frame and test frame three types of frame, all pack rock soil in frame, equal ratio compression frame and the test frame and constitute ground model, and be provided with the sensor in the rock soil, and equal ratio compression frame, test frame are last all fixed mounting have truckle and engaging lug, the engaging lug is through having regulatory function's concatenate structural, all install the pocket net on frame, equal ratio compression frame, the test frame, and pocket net fixed connection is on the regulatory structure that has concentrated operational function, fixed mounting has the backplate on the frame, and fixed mounting has the guide rail on the backplate, fixed mounting has the locating piece on the guide rail, and fixed mounting has the mount pad on equal ratio compression frame and the test frame, and rotates on the mount pad and installs the bracing piece.
Preferably, the model frame is formed by arranging and combining a border, an equal-ratio compression frame and a test frame according to test requirements.
Preferably, the frame, the equal-ratio compression frame and the test frame are all formed into a frame structure by the stomacher, wherein the stomacher is connected to one side of the frame, and the equal-ratio compression frame and the test frame are both connected to the stomacher on two sides.
Preferably, the castor is installed in balance at the bottom of frame, equal ratio compression frame, test frame, and the engaging lug is installed on the same level of side of three, and the tandem connection structure is including cluster link rod, end block, threaded rod and lock nut.
Preferably, the string link rod and the threaded rod are coaxially welded, the end blocks and the threaded rod are respectively connected to two ends of the string link rod, and the locking nut is connected to the threaded rod.
Preferably, the adjusting structure comprises a secondary adjusting button, a branching rope, a steering seat, a main rope, a main adjusting button and scales.
Preferably, the secondary adjusting buttons are arranged on the side face of the pocket net, the branching ropes are connected to the net wire nodes of the pocket net, the steering seat is arranged in the middle of the two secondary adjusting buttons, the main ropes are movably connected in the steering seat, the main ropes are connected between the branching ropes and the main adjusting buttons, and the dividing ropes are arranged on the main adjusting buttons in a ring shape.
Preferably, the guide rail is horizontally arranged on the back plate, the positioning blocks are arranged on the side surfaces of the guide rail, the positioning blocks are provided with slots, and the support rods are arranged on the mounting seats through the rotating shafts.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the simulation test device is subjected to modularized design, and the whole model frame is formed by combining three different types of frames filled with rock and soil, so that rock and soil with different intensities can be arranged at different positions, accurate simulation of regional intensity can be flexibly carried out according to geological data, in addition, the frame is a remote position of a test area and is basically not influenced by drilling, the structure effect is mainly played, the rock and soil loaded in the test frame directly simulate the drilling position, a mode of reducing the proportion of the rock and soil with exploration equipment is adopted, a simulation result can be more clearly represented, an equal proportion compression frame is positioned between the frame and the test frame, a wide area outwards from the drilling point is simulated, a smaller proportion is adopted according to specific test requirements, meanwhile, the purpose of simulating a large area with a small structure is achieved, the occupied area of the whole simulation test device is reduced, and the flexibility and the portability of the simulation test device are further increased;
2. according to the invention, the frame, the equal-ratio compression frame and the test frame are all made of the pocket net as the connecting surfaces between the adjacent frames, the film is used for further packaging before shaping connection, and the film is withdrawn when combined connection is carried out, so that the pocket net can not completely isolate the connection between rock and soil, the influence of drilling can be directly transmitted, the accuracy of a result is ensured, the tightness of the pocket net can be regulated by using the regulating structure according to the rock and soil strength of the frame, the concentrated conversion connection of each point of the pocket net can be converged on the main regulating button by using the regulating structure, the aim of rapid regulation can be achieved by using a single main regulating button, the rock and soil strength of the position where the pocket net is attached is ensured, and the test is not interfered.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a first schematic illustration of the structure of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a second schematic illustration of the structure of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged schematic view of area A of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the frame structure of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the test frame structure of the present invention.
In the figure: the model frame 1, the frame 2, the equal-ratio compression frame 3, the test frame 4, the caster 5, the connecting lug 6, the serial rod 7, the end block 8, the threaded rod 9, the locking nut 10, the pocket net 11, the secondary adjusting button 12, the branching rope 13, the steering seat 14, the main rope 15, the main adjusting button 16, the scale 17, the backboard 18, the guide rail 19, the positioning block 20, the mounting seat 21 and the supporting rod 22.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Referring to fig. 1 to 5, the present invention provides a technical solution: the utility model provides a leading geological exploration analogue test device, including model frame 1, model frame 1 comprises frame 2, equal ratio compression frame 3 and test frame 4 three types of frame, all pack the ground model in frame 2, equal ratio compression frame 3 and the test frame 4, and be provided with the sensor in the ground, and frame 2, equal ratio compression frame 3, all fixed mounting has truckle 5 and engaging lug 6 on the test frame 4, on the engaging lug 6 is through having the series connection structure of regulatory function, frame 2, equal ratio compression frame 3, all install the pocket net 11 on the test frame 4, and pocket net 11 fixed connection is on the regulatory structure that has concentrated operation function, fixed mounting has backplate 18 on the frame 2, and fixed mounting has guide rail 19 on the backplate 18, fixed mounting has locating piece 20 on the guide rail 19, and fixed mounting has mount pad 21 on equal ratio compression frame 3 and the test frame 4, and the bracing piece 22 is installed in the rotation on the mount pad 21.
The model frame 1 is formed by arranging and combining a frame 2, an equal-ratio compression frame 3 and a test frame 4 according to test requirements, is subjected to modularized design, and is formed by combining three different types of frames filled with rock and soil, so that rock and soil with different intensities can be arranged at different positions, accurate simulation of regional intensity can be flexibly carried out according to geological data, the frame 2 is a remote position of a test area and is basically not influenced by drilling, the rock and soil loaded in the test frame 4 directly simulates the drilling position, a mode of reducing the same proportion as that of exploration equipment is adopted, a simulation result is more clearly represented, the equal-ratio compression frame 3 is positioned between the frame 2 and the test frame 4, a wide area from a drilling point to the outside is simulated, a smaller scale is adopted according to specific test requirements, and meanwhile, the purpose of simulating a large area by a small structure is achieved, and the occupied area of the whole simulation test device is reduced;
the frame 2, the equal-ratio compression frame 3 and the test frame 4 are all formed into a frame structure by the pocket net 11, wherein the pocket net 11 is connected to one side of the frame 2, the pocket net 11 is connected to the other side of the frame 2, the pocket net 11 is adopted by the equal-ratio compression frame 3 and the test frame 4 as the connecting surfaces between the adjacent frames, and the films are further packaged before the fixed connection, and the films are withdrawn when the combined connection is carried out, so that the pocket net 11 can not completely isolate the connection between the rock and soil, the drilling effect can be directly transmitted, the accuracy of the result is ensured, and the tightness of the pocket net 11 can be adjusted by using the adjusting structure according to the rock and soil strength of the frame to achieve the corresponding strength;
the casters 5 are arranged at the bottoms of the frame 2, the equal-ratio compression frame 3 and the test frame 4 in a balanced manner, the connecting lugs 6 are arranged on the same horizontal height on the side surfaces of the frame 2, the equal-ratio compression frame 3 and the test frame 4, the serial connection structure comprises a serial connection rod 7, an end block 8, a threaded rod 9 and a locking nut 10, the casters 5 enable the three frames to move freely, assembly is facilitated, and after the frames are arranged in sequence, the serial connection structure is used for stable fixation;
the string link rod 7 and the threaded rod 9 are coaxially welded, the end block 8 and the threaded rod 9 are respectively connected to two ends of the string link rod 7, the lock nut 10 is connected to the threaded rod 9, the string link rod 7 can sequentially penetrate through the connecting lugs 6 on each split frame according to the width of the arranged model frames 1, the lock nut 10 is finally screwed on the threaded rod 9, the end block 8 and the lock nut 10 are respectively connected with the connecting lugs 6 on the side frames 2, the end parts are locked, the quick assembly of the model frames 1 is completed, and the serial connection structure can be used for completing the fixation when the number of the split frames used is different;
the adjusting structure comprises a secondary adjusting button 12, a branching rope 13, a steering seat 14, a main rope 15, a main adjusting button 16 and scales 17, and can concentrate the connection of the points of the stomachic net 11 connected on the three split frames to the main adjusting button 16, and finally the strength of the stomachic net 11 is adjusted through a single main adjusting button 16;
the secondary adjusting buttons 12 are arranged on the side face of the pocket net 11, the branching ropes 13 are connected to the net wire nodes of the pocket net 11, the steering seat 14 is arranged in the middle of the two secondary adjusting buttons 12, the main ropes 15 are movably connected to the steering seat 14, the main ropes 15 are connected between the branching ropes 13 and the main adjusting buttons 16, scales 17 are annularly arranged on the main adjusting buttons 16, the branching ropes 13 are connected with the pocket net 11 nodes, the elasticity of the pocket net 11 can be changed by pulling the branching ropes 13, the strength of the pocket net 11 in a rock soil layer is determined, a plurality of branching ropes 13 are connected to a single main rope 15 through the secondary adjusting buttons 12 and the steering seat 14, and the main ropes 15 are finally connected to the main adjusting buttons 16, so that control can be completed through a single main adjusting button 16;
the guide rail 19 is horizontally arranged on the backboard 18, the positioning blocks 20 are arranged on the side surfaces of the guide rail 19, the positioning blocks 20 are provided with slots, the supporting rods 22 are arranged on the mounting seats 21 through rotating shafts, after the model frame 1 is integrally built, the upper guide rail 19 of the lead drilling equipment can be moved to the drilling position along the guide rail and is firmly connected with the positioning blocks 20 to be drilled, the sensors built in the rock and soil layers are used for reflecting the influence of drilling actions at different positions, a simulation test of geological exploration is performed, the middle part of the guide rail 19 can be reinforced when the supporting rods 22 rotate to the horizontal position, and the accuracy of the test is ensured;
working principle: firstly, a modularized design is carried out, the whole model frame is formed by combining three different types of frames filled with rock and soil, thereby rock and soil with different intensities can be arranged at different positions, the accurate simulation of regional intensity can be flexibly carried out according to geological data, in addition, the frame 2 is the remote position of a test area and is basically not influenced by drilling, the rock and soil loaded in the test frame 4 directly simulates the drilling position, the simulation result is more clearly represented by adopting a mode of reducing the proportion of exploratory equipment and the like, the equal proportion compression frame 3 is positioned between the frame 2 and the test frame 4, the wide area from the drilling point to the outside is simulated, a smaller scale is adopted, the aim of simulating the large area by adopting a small structure is fulfilled, the occupied area of the whole simulation test device is reduced, the truckle 5 enables the three frames to freely move, the assembly is convenient, after the frames are arranged, the frames are firmly fixed by using a structure, the width of the arranged model frame 1 can be connected with the frames 6 in series through the connecting rods 7 in sequence, the end frames 6 are connected with the end frames 10 in series by using the end frames 6 in series, the end frames 10 are not connected with the end frames 6 in series, the end frames 6 can be locked by the end frames 6 are connected in series, and the end frames 6 are locked, the end frames are completed; the frame 2, the equal ratio compression frame 3 and the test frame 4 all adopt the stomacher 11 as the connecting surface between the adjacent frames, and use the film to further package before the shaping connection, and when the combination connection is carried out, the film is withdrawn, the stomacher 11 can not completely isolate the connection between the rock and soil, so that the influence of drilling can be directly transmitted, the accuracy of the result is ensured, and the tightness of the stomacher 11 can be regulated according to the rock and soil strength of the frame, the regulation structure can be used for regulating the tightness of the stomacher 11 by using the regulation structure, the regulation structure can concentrate the concentrated connection of each point of the stomacher 11 connected on the three split frames to the main regulation button 16, the connection is firstly connected with the stomacher 11 through the rope 13, the pulling of the wire separation rope 13 can change the tightness of the stomacher 11 and, the strength of the model frame 1 in a rock-soil layer is determined, a plurality of branching ropes 13 are connected to a single main rope 15 through a secondary adjusting knob 12 and a steering seat 14, and the main rope 15 is finally connected to a main adjusting knob 16, so that control can be completed through the single main adjusting knob 16, after the model frame 1 is integrally built, an upper guide rail 19 of the lead drilling equipment can be moved to a drilling position along the guide rail and is firmly connected with a positioning block 20 for punching, the sensors built in the rock-soil layer are used for reacting to the influences of drilling actions at different positions, a simulation test of geological exploration is performed, and the middle part of the guide rail 19 can be reinforced when a supporting rod 22 rotates to a horizontal position, so that the accuracy of the test is ensured.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made therein without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (4)
1. The utility model provides a leading brill geological exploration analogue test device, includes model frame (1), its characterized in that: the model frame (1) is composed of three types of frames of a side frame (2), an equal-ratio compression frame (3) and a test frame (4), rock and soil are filled in the side frame (2), the equal-ratio compression frame (3) and the test frame (4) to form a ground model, a sensor is arranged in the rock and soil, the side frame (2), the equal-ratio compression frame (3) and the test frame (4) are fixedly provided with casters (5) and connecting lugs (6), the connecting lugs (6) are connected in series through a connecting structure with an adjusting function, the side frame (2), the equal-ratio compression frame (3) and the test frame (4) are provided with a pocket net (11), the pocket net (11) is fixedly connected to an adjusting structure with a centralized operation function, a backboard (18) is fixedly arranged on the side frame (2), a guide rail (19) is fixedly arranged on the backboard (18), the side frame (2) and the test frame (3) and the test frame (4) are fixedly provided with a positioning block mounting seat (21), and a supporting rod (22) is arranged on the mounting seat (21);
the model frame (1) is formed by arranging and combining a frame (2), an equal-ratio compression frame (3) and a test frame (4) according to test requirements;
the frame (2), the equal-ratio compression frame (3) and the test frame (4) form a frame structure by the pocket net (11), wherein the pocket net (11) is connected to one side of the frame (2), and the equal-ratio compression frame (3) and the test frame (4) are connected to the pocket net (11) in double sides;
the adjusting structure comprises a secondary adjusting button (12), a branching rope (13), a steering seat (14), a main rope (15), a main adjusting button (16) and scales (17);
the secondary adjusting buttons (12) are arranged on the side face of the pocket net (11), the branching ropes (13) are connected to net wire nodes of the pocket net (11), the steering seat (14) is arranged in the middle of the two secondary adjusting buttons (12), the main ropes (15) are movably connected to the steering seat (14), the main ropes (15) are connected between the branching ropes (13) and the main adjusting buttons (16), and the scales (17) are annularly arranged on the main adjusting buttons (16).
2. The advanced drill geological exploration simulation test device according to claim 1, wherein: the truckle (5) balanced installation is in the bottom of frame (2), equal ratio compression frame (3), test frame (4), and connecting lug (6) are installed on the same horizontal height of side of three, and the structure of concatenating is including cluster link rod (7), end block (8), threaded rod (9) and lock nut (10).
3. The advanced drill geological exploration simulation test device according to claim 2, wherein: the series rod (7) and the threaded rod (9) are coaxially welded, the end block (8) and the threaded rod (9) are respectively connected to two ends of the series rod (7), and the locking nut (10) is connected to the threaded rod (9).
4. The advanced drill geological exploration simulation test device according to claim 1, wherein: the guide rail (19) is horizontally arranged on the back plate (18), the positioning blocks (20) are arranged on the side surfaces of the guide rail (19), the positioning blocks (20) are provided with slots, and the supporting rods (22) are arranged on the mounting seats (21) through rotating shafts.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202210398693.9A CN114965942B (en) | 2022-04-15 | 2022-04-15 | Advanced drill geological exploration simulation test device |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202210398693.9A CN114965942B (en) | 2022-04-15 | 2022-04-15 | Advanced drill geological exploration simulation test device |
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| CN114965942A CN114965942A (en) | 2022-08-30 |
| CN114965942B true CN114965942B (en) | 2024-01-02 |
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Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN107991465A (en) * | 2018-01-19 | 2018-05-04 | 石家庄铁道大学 | For simulating the test model of underground engineering construction |
| CN108802824A (en) * | 2018-06-15 | 2018-11-13 | 山东大学 | A kind of physical analog test apparatus and method for geophysical exploration |
| CN109470501A (en) * | 2018-10-24 | 2019-03-15 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | A kind of similar reconstruction model experimental provision and method based on three-dimensional geological exploration |
| WO2019148921A1 (en) * | 2018-01-31 | 2019-08-08 | 山东科技大学 | Three-dimensional simulation testing device and testing method for surface movement resulting from underground coal mining |
-
2022
- 2022-04-15 CN CN202210398693.9A patent/CN114965942B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107991465A (en) * | 2018-01-19 | 2018-05-04 | 石家庄铁道大学 | For simulating the test model of underground engineering construction |
| WO2019148921A1 (en) * | 2018-01-31 | 2019-08-08 | 山东科技大学 | Three-dimensional simulation testing device and testing method for surface movement resulting from underground coal mining |
| CN108802824A (en) * | 2018-06-15 | 2018-11-13 | 山东大学 | A kind of physical analog test apparatus and method for geophysical exploration |
| CN109470501A (en) * | 2018-10-24 | 2019-03-15 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | A kind of similar reconstruction model experimental provision and method based on three-dimensional geological exploration |
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