CN114927255A - Nuclear power supply integrating alkali metal thermoelectric converter and thermoelectric generator - Google Patents

Nuclear power supply integrating alkali metal thermoelectric converter and thermoelectric generator Download PDF

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CN114927255A
CN114927255A CN202210466276.3A CN202210466276A CN114927255A CN 114927255 A CN114927255 A CN 114927255A CN 202210466276 A CN202210466276 A CN 202210466276A CN 114927255 A CN114927255 A CN 114927255A
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alkali metal
power supply
thermoelectric
thermoelectric converter
condenser
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姜乃斌
王勇
马宇
王亚辉
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Sun Yat Sen University
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H02N11/00—Generators or motors not provided for elsewhere; Alleged perpetua mobilia obtained by electric or magnetic means
    • H02N11/002—Generators
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21H—OBTAINING ENERGY FROM RADIOACTIVE SOURCES; APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION FROM RADIOACTIVE SOURCES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; UTILISING COSMIC RADIATION
    • G21H1/00—Arrangements for obtaining electrical energy from radioactive sources, e.g. from radioactive isotopes, nuclear or atomic batteries
    • G21H1/10—Cells in which radiation heats a thermoelectric junction or a thermionic converter
    • G21H1/103—Cells provided with thermo-electric generators
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
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Abstract

The invention discloses a nuclear power supply integrating an alkali metal thermoelectric converter and a thermoelectric generator, wherein the hot end of a heat pipe is inserted into a core of a solid-state reactor, the cold end of the heat pipe is inserted into an evaporator, the upper end outlet of the evaporator is communicated with the inlet end of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter through a gas-liquid separator, the output end of a condenser is communicated with the lower end inlet of the evaporator through an electromagnetic pump, the outlet end of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter is communicated with the input end of the condenser, and the thermoelectric generator is arranged on the shell of the condenser; through reasonable design, the thermoelectric generator is integrated to the condensation end of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter, and the advantages of two static thermoelectric conversion technologies are complemented, so that the successful recovery and utilization of the waste heat discharged by the alkali metal thermoelectric converter are realized; on one hand, the problem of waste heat discharge of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter is effectively solved, and negative effects on the environment are reduced; on the other hand, the static thermoelectric conversion efficiency is improved, and the comprehensive cascade utilization of energy is realized.

Description

Nuclear power supply integrating alkali metal thermoelectric converter and thermoelectric generator
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of small nuclear thermal power generation devices used for deep space and deep sea exploration, in particular to a nuclear power supply integrating an alkali metal thermoelectric converter and a thermoelectric generator.
Background
The heat pipe cooling reactor is a solid reactor core type, is different from the traditional pressurized water reactor, takes out heat in the reactor core by virtue of the heat pipe, does not need a coolant, has the advantages of non-activity, long service life, high reliability and the like, and is one of the first-choice reactors of the microminiature nuclear power supply required by the future deep space and deep sea exploration. The heat pipe is a high-efficiency heat transfer element, which makes full use of the heat conduction principle and the rapid heat transfer property of the phase change medium, and the heat conduction capability of the heat pipe is superior to that of any known metal.
The nuclear power supply has the function of converting heat energy released by nuclear reaction into electric energy, and the conversion of the heat energy into the electric energy has two modes at present, one mode is power generation by mechanical motion and belongs to dynamic thermoelectric conversion; the other is direct thermoelectric conversion technology without mechanical motion, and belongs to static thermoelectric conversion.
Compared with dynamic thermoelectric conversion, the static thermoelectric conversion has the advantages of no noise, compact system structure, low failure rate, high reliability, light weight, long service life and the like, so that the nuclear power supply used by the system is more suitable for adopting a direct static thermoelectric conversion technology in application scenes such as deep space and deep sea unmanned exploration.
The technologies that can realize static thermoelectric conversion at present mainly include temperature difference thermoelectric conversion, thermionic thermoelectric conversion, magnetofluid thermoelectric conversion, thermal photoelectric energy conversion, and alkali metal thermoelectric conversion.
Wherein the alkali metal thermoelectric converter is a novel high-efficiency area-type static thermoelectric conversion device, so as to
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
The solid electrolyte is an ion selective permeable membrane, liquid or gaseous alkali metal is taken as circulating working fluid, working medium operating pressure is near normal pressure, mechanical moving parts are not used, the noise is low, the failure rate is low, the power density is high, the energy conversion efficiency is unrelated to the device capacity, the thermoelectric conversion efficiency can reach 30-40% theoretically, and the power generation work is performedThe rate is generally 5-50 kW, and the condenser is suitable for a heat source at 600-900 ℃, and has the defects that the temperature grade of waste heat released by the condenser is high (150-450 ℃), and the energy loss is large.
The thermoelectric generator is a static thermoelectric conversion device which converts heat energy into electric energy by utilizing temperature difference, can be used for a heat source at 200-600 ℃, has obvious advantages in the aspect of waste heat recovery and utilization, has no chemical reaction and no mechanical moving part, has the advantages of no noise, no pollution, no abrasion, light weight, long service life and the like, and has the defect that the temperature difference between the hot end and the cold end has larger mechanical stress, and is not suitable for being directly used for the heat source with higher temperature.
In view of the fact that the highest temperature in the reactor core of the heat pipe reactor is generally above 700 ℃, the heat pipe is made to have isothermality based on the phase change heat transfer principle, the temperature difference of the hot end of the cold end is very small, and the heat pipe reactor is suitable for directly utilizing the high-temperature grade heat of the reactor core transferred by the heat pipe by using an alkali metal thermoelectric converter, but can discharge a large amount of waste heat, and has high energy loss; in addition, the waste heat is relatively difficult to discharge in deep space, and a corresponding complex radiator needs to be designed for radiating; the waste heat discharged in deep sea can increase the temperature of seawater and cause adverse effect on environment.
Therefore, the method has important significance for reasonably recycling and utilizing the waste heat and improving the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the nuclear power supply by using the alkali metal thermoelectric converter on the premise of not influencing the static thermoelectric conversion characteristic of the nuclear power supply.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a nuclear power supply integrating an alkali metal thermoelectric converter and a thermoelectric generator, which can improve the static thermoelectric conversion efficiency, realize comprehensive gradient utilization of energy and reduce negative effects on the environment.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a nuclear power supply integrating an alkali metal thermoelectric converter and a thermoelectric generator is characterized by comprising a reactor core, a plurality of heat pipes, an evaporator, a gas-liquid separator, the alkali metal thermoelectric converter, the thermoelectric generator, a condenser, an electromagnetic pump and a power supply system, wherein the reactor core is arranged in a pressure protection container; wherein,
the hot ends of all the heat pipes are inserted into the solid reactor core, and the cold ends of all the heat pipes are inserted into the evaporator;
the gas-liquid separator is connected with an outlet at the upper end of the evaporator, an inlet at the lower end of the evaporator is communicated with an output end of the condenser through a corresponding pipeline, and the electromagnetic pump is positioned on a pipeline communicated between the condenser and the evaporator;
the inlet end of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter is communicated with the outlet end of the gas-liquid separator through a corresponding pipeline, and the outlet end of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter is communicated with the input end of the condenser through a corresponding pipeline; the alkali metal thermoelectric converter is electrically connected with the power supply system through a power circuit and is used for converting the waste heat of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter into electric energy to be input into the power supply system;
the thermoelectric generator is arranged on the shell of the condenser and used for absorbing the waste heat of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter to generate electricity, and the thermoelectric generator is electrically connected with the power supply system through a power line and used for converting the waste heat of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter into electric energy to be input into the power supply system.
The nuclear power supply integrating the alkali metal thermoelectric converter with the thermoelectric generator, wherein: the condenser is made of alloy materials, and the thermoelectric generator is in contact with the shell of the condenser through a heat conduction insulator.
The nuclear power supply integrating the alkali metal thermoelectric converter with the thermoelectric generator, wherein: and a plurality of thermoelectric generators are arranged around the shell of the condenser and are electrically connected with a power supply system through a power line.
The nuclear power supply integrating the alkali metal thermoelectric converter with the thermoelectric generator, wherein: when the reactor core is vertically installed, the installation and the work of the vertical nuclear power supply are realized by adjusting the relative positions of the gas-liquid separator and the evaporator.
According to the nuclear power supply integrating the alkali metal thermoelectric converter and the thermoelectric generator, through reasonable design, the thermoelectric generator is integrated to the condensation end of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter, and through complementation of the advantages of two static thermoelectric conversion technologies, successful recovery and utilization of waste heat discharged by the alkali metal thermoelectric converter are realized; on one hand, the problem of waste heat discharge of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter is effectively solved, and negative effects on the environment are reduced; on the other hand, the static thermoelectric conversion efficiency is improved, and the comprehensive cascade utilization of energy is realized.
Drawings
The drawings described herein are for illustration purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way; the shapes, the proportional sizes, and the like of the respective members in the drawings are merely schematic for aiding the understanding of the present invention, and do not specifically limit the shapes, the proportional sizes, and the like of the respective members of the present invention; those skilled in the art, having the benefit of the teachings of this invention, may choose from the various possible shapes and proportional sizes to implement the invention as a matter of case.
Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the (horizontal) architecture of a nuclear power supply integrating an alkali thermoelectric converter and a thermoelectric generator according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic of the configuration of a reactor core for a nuclear power supply incorporating an alkali thermoelectric converter and a thermoelectric generator according to the present invention;
the various symbols in the drawings are summarized:
1-reactor core, 2-heat pipe, 3-evaporator, 31-gas-liquid separator, 4-connecting pipeline, 5-alkali metal thermoelectric converter, 51-solid electrolyte, 6-power circuit, 7-thermoelectric generator, 71-insulator, 72-N type semiconductor, 73-P type semiconductor, 74-metal conductor, 75-metal conductor, 76-insulator, 8-pressure protection container, 9-power system, 10-condenser, 11-electromagnetic pump, 12-substrate, 13-control drum, 14-fuel rod, 15-reflecting layer.
Detailed Description
The embodiments and examples of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, and the described embodiments are only for the purpose of illustrating the present invention and are not intended to limit the embodiments of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1, fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a (horizontal) structure of a nuclear power supply integrating an alkali metal thermoelectric converter and a thermoelectric generator according to the present invention, and the nuclear power supply integrating an alkali metal thermoelectric converter and a thermoelectric generator according to the present invention comprises a pressure protection container 8 and, disposed inside the pressure protection container 8: the system comprises a solid-state reactor core 1, a plurality of heat pipes 2, an evaporator 3, a gas-liquid separator 31, an alkali metal thermoelectric converter 5, a thermoelectric generator 7, a condenser 10, an electromagnetic pump 11 and a power supply system 9; wherein,
the hot ends of all the heat pipes 2 are inserted into the base body of the solid reactor core 1, and the cold ends of all the heat pipes 2 are inserted into the evaporator 3 and are used for directly transferring heat generated by the reactor core 1 to the evaporator 3;
the gas-liquid separator 31 is connected with the upper end outlet of the evaporator 3, the lower end inlet of the evaporator 3 is communicated with the output end of the condenser 10 through a corresponding pipeline 4, and the electromagnetic pump 11 is positioned on the pipeline communicating the condenser 10 and the evaporator 3;
the alkali metal thermoelectric converter 5 can utilize the heat energy of the gaseous alkali metal to generate electricity, the inlet end of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter 5 is communicated with the outlet end of the gas-liquid separator 31 through a corresponding pipeline 4, and the outlet end of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter 5 is communicated with the input end of the condenser 10 through a corresponding pipeline 4; the alkali metal thermoelectric converter 5 is electrically connected with the power supply system 9 through the power circuit 6, and is used for inputting the electric energy converted by the alkali metal thermoelectric converter 5 into the power supply system 9;
the thermoelectric generator 7 is a thermoelectric semiconductor element and can generate power by using temperature difference, the thermoelectric generator 7 is arranged on the shell of the condenser 10 and is used for absorbing the waste heat of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter 5, and the thermoelectric generator 7 is electrically connected with the power supply system 9 through the power line 6 and is used for converting the waste heat of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter 5 into electric energy to be input into the power supply system 9; the power supply system 9 is used for storing electric energy and supplying power to the outside after transformation and rectification.
Specifically, the working medium used in the evaporator 3 is alkali metal such as potassium, sodium, etc.; for example, in the case of using sodium metal as a working medium, the solid electrolyte 51 in the alkali metal thermoelectric converter 5 isβ’’-Al 2 O 3 Blocks orβ’’-Al 2 O 3 Slicing; preferably, a plurality of alkali metal thermoelectric converters 5 are provided thereinβ’’-Al 2 O 3 A block orβ’’-Al 2 O 3 And a multi-stage parallel arrangement is adopted to increase the power generation power of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter 5.
Specifically, the condenser 10 is made of an alloy material with good heat conductivity, and the thermoelectric generator 7 is in contact with the shell of the condenser 10 through the heat-conducting insulator 71, so that the power generation subsystem of the thermoelectric generator 7 and the power generation subsystem of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter 5 are independent of each other; the heat conductive insulator 71 is made of an insulating material having a good heat conductivity.
Specifically, the thermoelectric generator 7 comprises a metal conductor 74, an N-type semiconductor 72, a P-type semiconductor 73 and a metal conductor 75 to form a multistage thermoelectric generator, wherein the N-type semiconductor 72 and the P-type semiconductor 73 in the middle are connected in series and in parallel in a multistage manner, and the heads and the tails of the N-type semiconductor 72 and the P-type semiconductor 73 are respectively connected by the metal conductor 74 or the metal conductor 75; the leading metal conductor 74 is in contact with the shell of the condenser 10 through the thermal conductive insulator 71, and the trailing metal conductor 75 is externally provided with a thermal conductive insulator 76. The thermoelectric generator 7 adopts the thermoelectric semiconductor elements of the N-type semiconductor 72 and the P-type semiconductor 73, and the power generation power is improved by multi-stage series connection or parallel connection.
Preferably, a plurality of thermoelectric generators 7 are arranged around the shell of the condenser 10, and are electrically connected with the power supply system 9 through the power lines 6, so as to integrate the output electric energy, thereby improving the efficiency of utilizing the waste heat of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter 5.
Referring to fig. 2, fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a reactor core for a nuclear power supply integrating an alkali metal thermoelectric converter and a thermoelectric generator according to the present invention, specifically, a substrate 12 of a solid reactor core 1 is made of a stainless material, and heat pipes 2 and fuel rods 14 are arranged inside the solid reactor core at staggered intervals; the outer side of the base body 12 is wrapped by a reflecting layer 15, and a plurality of rotatable control drums 13 are arranged in the reflecting layer 15 at intervals along the periphery; therefore, the whole reactor core 1 is fixed in structure, has no liquid working medium, and can realize vertical and horizontal installation and work of the nuclear power supply.
Fig. 1 shows only the horizontal installation of the reactor core 1 and the internal structure of the horizontal nuclear power supply and the positional relationship between the components, and in addition, when the reactor core 1 is installed in a vertical manner, the vertical (or vertical) nuclear power supply can be installed and operated by adjusting the relative positions of the gas-liquid separator 31 and the evaporator 3 in fig. 1.
The nuclear power supply integrating the alkali metal thermoelectric converter and the thermoelectric generator has the working principle that: the heat pipe 2 transfers heat generated by the reactor core 1 to the evaporator 3, the working temperature of the heat pipe 2 is 700-800 ℃, the metallic sodium in the evaporator 3 can be heated to a gaseous state, and after being separated by the gas-liquid separator 31 at the top end of the evaporator 3, high-concentration gaseous sodium is formed and enters the alkali metal hotspot converter 5 through the connected pipeline 4, and the gaseous sodium passes through the evaporatorβ’’-Al 2 O 3 The solid electrolyte 51 is changed into low-pressure gas state and generates electric energy, then enters the condenser 10 through the pipeline 4 to be condensed into liquid sodium, is pressurized and conveyed back to the evaporator 3 through the electromagnetic pump 11 through the pipeline 4, and circulates in the way; meanwhile, the heat conducting insulator 71 at one end of the thermoelectric generator 7 absorbs the condensation heat released by the gaseous sodium in the condenser 10 during liquefaction to become a hot end, so that the temperature of the metal conductor 74 in contact with the heat conducting insulator is the same as the temperature of the shell of the condenser 10, and the heat conducting insulator 76 at the other end, namely the cold end, at room temperature or normal temperature is also at room temperature or normal temperature, so that the temperature of the metal conductor 75 in contact with the heat conducting insulator 74 is also at room temperature or normal temperature, thereby generating a temperature difference between the metal conductor 74 and the metal conductor 75, and converting the condensation heat into electric energy by utilizing the temperature difference power generation characteristic between the N-type semiconductor and the P-type semiconductor, so as to recover and utilize the waste heat generated by the alkali metal thermoelectric converter 5.
Compared with the nuclear power supply in the prior art, the nuclear power supply has the following advantages:
(1) the alkali metal thermoelectric converter and the thermoelectric generator are integrated, so that comprehensive graded utilization of energy is realized, and the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the nuclear power supply is directly improved;
(2) the waste heat discharged by the alkali metal thermoelectric converter is recycled and utilized, so that the adverse effect on the environment is reduced and even avoided, and the method is favorable for protecting the environment;
(3) the theoretical thermoelectric conversion efficiency can reach 40% -50%, and compared with a system adopting a single static power generation technology, the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the system adopting two static power generation technologies is improved by 25% -33%;
(4) the whole nuclear power supply is arranged in the pressure protection container, and no mechanical moving part exists, so that the fault rate is low, the reliability is high, the power density is high, the nuclear power supply is flexible, free of noise, light in weight and long in service life, and the nuclear power supply is very suitable for the exploration tasks of deep space and deep sea in the future;
(5) the reactor core of the all-solid-state reactor is adopted, no coolant flows in the reactor core, and the installation and the work of the vertical and horizontal nuclear power sources can be considered.
Those skilled in the art, for example, reactor cores, alkali metal thermoelectric converters, thermoelectric generators, etc., are well known in the art and not described in detail herein.
It should be understood that the above-mentioned embodiments are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the technical solutions of the present invention, and those skilled in the art should understand that they can add, subtract, change or modify the above-mentioned descriptions within the spirit and principle of the present invention, and all the technical solutions of the add, subtract, change, modification or modify should belong to the protection scope of the appended claims.

Claims (4)

1. A nuclear power supply integrating an alkali metal thermoelectric converter and a thermoelectric generator is characterized by comprising a reactor core (1), a plurality of heat pipes (2), an evaporator (3), a gas-liquid separator (31), an alkali metal thermoelectric converter (5), a thermoelectric generator (7), a condenser (10), an electromagnetic pump (11) and a power supply system (9) which are arranged in a pressure protection container; wherein,
the hot ends of all the heat pipes (2) are inserted into the solid reactor core (1), and the cold ends of all the heat pipes (2) are inserted into the evaporator (3);
the gas-liquid separator (31) is connected with an upper end outlet of the evaporator (3), a lower end inlet of the evaporator (3) is communicated with an output end of the condenser (10) through a corresponding pipeline (4), and the electromagnetic pump (11) is positioned on a pipeline communicated between the condenser (10) and the evaporator (3);
the inlet end of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter (5) is communicated with the outlet end of the gas-liquid separator (31) through a corresponding pipeline (4), and the outlet end of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter (5) is communicated with the input end of the condenser (10) through a corresponding pipeline (4); the alkali metal thermoelectric converter (5) is electrically connected with the power supply system (9) through the power circuit (6) and is used for converting the waste heat of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter (5) into electric energy to be input into the power supply system (9);
the thermoelectric generator (7) is arranged on the shell of the condenser (10) and used for absorbing the waste heat of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter (5) to generate electricity, and the thermoelectric generator (7) is electrically connected with the power supply system (9) through the power line (6) and used for converting the waste heat of the alkali metal thermoelectric converter (5) into electric energy to be input into the power supply system (9).
2. The nuclear power supply integrating an alkali metal thermoelectric converter and a thermoelectric generator as recited in claim 1, wherein: the condenser (10) is made of alloy materials, and the thermoelectric generator (7) is in contact with the shell of the condenser (10) through a heat conducting insulator (71).
3. The nuclear power supply integrating an alkali thermoelectric converter and a thermoelectric generator as recited in claim 1, wherein: a plurality of thermoelectric generators (7) are arranged around the shell of the condenser (10) and are electrically connected with a power supply system (9) through a power line (6).
4. The nuclear power supply integrating an alkali metal thermoelectric converter and a thermoelectric generator as recited in claim 1, wherein: when the reactor core (1) is vertically installed, the installation and the work of the vertical nuclear power supply are realized by adjusting the relative positions of the gas-liquid separator (31) and the evaporator (3).
CN202210466276.3A 2022-04-29 2022-04-29 Nuclear power supply integrating alkali metal thermoelectric converter and thermoelectric generator Pending CN114927255A (en)

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CN202210466276.3A CN114927255A (en) 2022-04-29 2022-04-29 Nuclear power supply integrating alkali metal thermoelectric converter and thermoelectric generator

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CN114927255A true CN114927255A (en) 2022-08-19

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