CN1149176C - 二氧化碳生产方法和装置 - Google Patents

二氧化碳生产方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN1149176C
CN1149176C CNB991076311A CN99107631A CN1149176C CN 1149176 C CN1149176 C CN 1149176C CN B991076311 A CNB991076311 A CN B991076311A CN 99107631 A CN99107631 A CN 99107631A CN 1149176 C CN1149176 C CN 1149176C
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H·E·霍华德
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Abstract

一种特别是由含有显著量的轻度污染物的进料制备二氧化碳的系统，其中来自于分馏柱的轻塔顶馏出物相对于含有二氧化碳和轻度污染物的热交换流体而部分冷凝以及将所得热交换流体通入分馏柱的进料中。

Description

二氧化碳生产方法和装置
本发明一般涉及二氧化碳的生产。
二氧化碳有许多用途。例如，二氧化碳可用于碳酸饮料、制冷、冷冻和包装海产品、肉类、家禽、烘烤食物、水果和蔬菜，以及延长奶制品的期限。它在工业废气和水处理工艺中作为硫酸的替代物以控制pH值是一种重要的成分。其它的应用包括饮用水处理、环境低毒杀虫剂和在温室中加快蔬菜的生长的气体添加剂。
二氧化碳一般通过有机或无机化学工艺的副产物的废气流的净化来生产。含有二氧化碳的废气流被浓缩然后在蒸馏柱中处理以生产出产品级二氧化碳。
随着二氧化碳需求的持续增长，现采用更多勉强可用的二氧化碳源向进料净化装置提供粗二氧化碳。在蒸馏成产品之前，这样勉强可用的进料可能包括大量的轻度污染物和需要大量的更多的能量以进行必需的液化。
因此，本发明的一个目的是提供一种以较用常规二氧化碳的系统更高能量效率之方式有效地处理含有轻度污染物的粗二氧化碳进料流。
通过本发明的如下方面可获得上述和其它目的，本领域内的技术人员通过阅读本文内容会使这些目的更明了，该方面是：
一种生产二氧化碳的方法，包括：
(A)提供含有二氧化碳和轻度污染物的进料并使该进料进入柱；
(B)分离柱中的进料成为轻塔顶馏出物和二氧化碳产品；
(C)从柱中排出轻塔顶馏出物和通过含有二氧化碳和轻度污染物的热交换流体进行间接热交换部分冷凝轻塔顶馏出物和轻度污染物以生产气态热交换流体；
(D)将气态热交换流体通入柱的进料上游；和
(E)从柱的下部回收二氧化碳产品。
本发明的另一方面：
制备二氧化碳的装置，包括：
(A)一个柱和用于将含有二氧化碳和轻度污染物的进料通入柱中的进料供给装置；
(B)一个排气冷凝器和将来自柱上部的流体通入该排气冷凝器的装置；
(C)一个相分离器和将流体从排气冷凝器通入该相分离器的装置；
(D)将流体从相分离器通入排气冷凝器和从排气冷凝器通入到进料供给装置的装置；
(E)从柱的下部回收二氧化碳产品的装置。
在此使用的术语“柱”表示蒸馏或分馏柱或区，即接触的柱或区，其中液相和汽相反向接触以有效分离流体混合物，例如，通过汽相和液相在柱中的垂直间隔放置所一系列蒸馏盘或板上接触，和/或在诸如构型的或松散的填充物的填充物件上接触。蒸馏柱的另一讨论见R.H.Perry和C.H.Chilton编辑的《化学工程手册》(第十五版，McGraw-Hill出版社，纽约)第13节“ 连续蒸馏法”。
气液接触分离法依据组份蒸气压的不同。高蒸气压(或高挥发或低沸点)组份趋向于在汽相中浓缩而低蒸气压(或低挥发或高沸点)组份趋向于在液相中浓缩。部分冷凝是一种分离工艺，因此冷却气体混合物可用作浓缩汽相中的挥发成分和液相中少量的挥发成分。精馏、或连续蒸馏是一个顺序结合部分蒸馏和冷凝的分离过程，通过汽相和液相的反向处理而实现。汽相和液相的反向接触一般是绝热的且包括在相之间积分的(分段地)或微分的(连续地)接触。采用精馏原理以分离混合物的分离工艺排列常常可交替使用精馏柱、蒸馏柱、或分馏柱。
在此使用的术语“上部”和“下部”意为分别是中点上面和下面的柱部分。
在此使用的词“间接热交换”意为将两种流体带入热交换而没有流体间的物理接触或相互混合。
在此使用的术语“轻度污染物”意为一种或几种气压高于二氧化碳的物质。轻度污染物的例子包括氮气、氧气、氩、氢气和一氧化碳。
在此使用的术语“相分离器”意为一具有足够截面积的容器以便于输入的流体能通过重力被分离成分离气体和液体成分，然后该液体成分可分别从相分离器容器中除去。
在此使用的术语“过冷”意为冷却液体到比存在气压的液体饱和温度更低的温度。
唯一的图表示本发明的一个优选的实施例。
参考附图对本发明作更详细的描述。参考附图，通常在约大气压下，含有二氧化碳、轻度污染物和水蒸气的进料流50通入压缩机1，在其中压缩到60～90磅/英寸2(绝对压强)的气压。进料流50通常可取自如乙醇和/或其它醇的有机或无机化学生产系统的废气排出物。进料中的二氧化碳的浓度一般大于80mol％(在干燥的基础上)。本发明对于处理其中轻度污染物含量至少5mol％(在干燥的基础上)的进料特别有用。
压缩过的进料51通过水或空气驱动冷却器2冷却并在相分离器3中使冷凝湿气分离。进料通过压缩机4再次压缩以使压力一般在280～325磅/英寸2绝对压强的范围内。再次压缩的进料52通过冷却器5和6冷却。冷凝湿气在相分离器7中被除去并通过吸附床8再干燥进料。
冷却过的、干燥的进料流53通过柱再沸器9冷却到接近它的露点并通过导管进入到进料冷凝器10，其中通过与循环制冷剂的间接热交换(将在以下作更详细的论述)，它至少部分冷凝，优选基本上全部冷凝，所得的冷凝进料54被通过阀11排出并优选地在柱口的顶部通入柱12中，如图所示。
气态制冷剂流体55，优选氨气，通过压缩机15压缩到适当的压力再通入直接接触后冷却器16。气体的适当压力的制冷剂流体以气流56从后冷却器16排出并在压缩机17中压缩到高压。通过通道进入热交换器18与如水或空气进行间接热交换，高压气流基本上全部被凝结，然后通过阀19并进入后冷却器16作为冷却介质。适当压力冷却的制冷剂流体以气流57从后冷却器16排出。如果需要的话，如图所示，气流57的一部分58通入冷却器6以冷却进料然后返回后冷却器16。气流57残存的部分通过阀20然后分为气流59和60。气流59通过导管供给进料冷凝器10并通过与上述冷凝进料的间接热交换来蒸发，所得蒸发的制冷剂流体从进料冷凝器10作为气流61排出。气流60通入过冷器13，在其中通过与过冷产品的间接热交换来蒸发。所得蒸发的气流62与气流61合并以形成气流55，并且重复该闭路冷却循环。
柱12一般在压力为250～320磅/英寸2绝对压强范围内进行操作。在柱12中进料通过分馏分成轻的塔顶馏出物和二氧化碳产品而分离。进料液体流相对于上升蒸汽而流向柱12的下部，而轻度污染物从往下流的液体中汽提出来并进入往上流的蒸汽中，以在柱12的顶部形成轻的塔顶馏出物而在柱12的底部形成二氧化碳产品。
一般含有二氧化碳的浓度至少为99.9mol％的二氧化碳产品液体以气流63从柱12的下部排出。一部分64通过重沸器9与冷凝进料进行间接热交换而汽化，所得汽化的部分65回到柱12作为上升气流。气流63的另一部分66通过过冷器13进行过冷，通过阀14并以气流67作为二氧化碳产品回收。
含有较高浓度的来自于进料的轻度污染物和还含有二氧化碳的轻的塔顶蒸汽以气流68从柱12的上部排出。轻的塔顶馏出物通过通道进入排气冷凝器30部分冷凝然后通入相分离器31中。如果需要，气流67的部分气流28可通过阀33并进入相分离器31。来自于相分离器31的主要含有轻度污染物的蒸气以气流69从相分离器31中排出，通过阀34并从系统中排出。含有轻度污染物的液体和大部分轻塔顶馏出物的二氧化碳从相分离器31中排出作为热交换流体70，通入阀29，通过通道进入排气冷凝器30进行蒸发，通入阀32，并循环至柱12上游的进料供给装置中进来的进料。
使用含有轻度污染物和二氧化碳的热交换流体以驱动排气冷凝器能够以使低耗使排气冷凝器中的轻的塔顶馏出物部分冷凝。通过降低冷却的部分冷凝塔顶馏出物相对于流经排气冷凝器的汽化的多组份热交换流体的温差，使用多组份热交换流使耗功的工艺过程最少。另外，因为该多组份热交换流体含有二氧化碳和较轻污染物作为进料，为了另外的二氧化碳产品使本发明工艺更有效，将来自于排气冷凝器的气态多组份热交换流体与进料合并。
本发明的一个作用是通过从含有显著数量的轻度污染物的进料中分离出有效地提供产品级二氧化碳。尽管本发明参考优选的实施例进行了详细的描述，本技术领域内的技术人员会认识到在本发明权利要求的精神和范围内仍存在其它实施例。例如，如果此工艺采用特别的压缩机，如油压螺旋压缩机，能提供一支流，热交换流体流70能在中级压力水平被蒸发和升温以及在适当的侧面人口导入压缩机4。另一种方式，热交换流体流70可单独被压入到类似于压缩机4的分离压缩机然后加入到进料气流52。同样，压缩的热交换流体流70可独立地在类似于单元10的冷凝器中冷凝，然后在进入柱中之前加入到进料气流中。

Claims (10)

1.一种制备二氧化碳的方法，包括：
(A)供给一含有二氧化碳和轻度污染物的进料并将进料通入分馏柱中；
(B)在分馏柱中将进料分离成轻塔顶馏出物和二氧化碳产品；
(C)从分馏柱中排出轻塔顶馏出物和通过与含有二氧化碳和轻度污染物的热交换流体进行间接热交换而部分冷凝轻塔顶馏出物以制备气态热交换流体；
(D)将气态热交换流体通入分馏柱的进料上游位置；
(E)从分馏柱的下部回收二氧化碳产品。
2.根据权利要求1的方法，其中进料在通入分馏柱之前进行冷凝。
3.根据权利要求2的方法，其中进料与循环制冷剂通过间接热交换进行冷凝。
4.根据权利要求1的方法，其中热交换流体含有来自于分馏柱下部分的二氧化碳。
5.根据权利要求1的方法，其中热交换流体含有从部分冷凝的轻塔顶馏出物来的轻度污染物。
6.制备二氧化碳的装置，包括：
(A)一个分馏柱和用于将含有二氧化碳和轻度污染物的进料通入分馏柱中的进料供给装置；
(B)一个排气冷凝器和将来自分馏柱上部的流体通入排气冷凝器的装置；
(C)一个相分离器和用于将流体从排气冷凝器通入相分离器的装置；
(D)用于将流体从相分离器通入排气冷凝器以及从排气冷凝器通入进料供给装置的装置；和
(E)用于从分馏柱的下部回收二氧化碳产品的装置。
7.根据权利要求6的装置，其中进料供给装置包括进料冷凝器和用于将流体从排气冷凝器通入进料供给装置的装置，该装置与进料冷凝器上游的进料供给装置相通。
8.根据权利要求6的装置，还包括将流体从分馏柱的下部通入相分离器的装置。
9.根据权利要求6的装置，其中从分馏柱的下部回收二氧化碳产品的装置包括一个过冷器。
10.根据权利要求6的装置，其中进料供给装置包括一个重沸器，还包括一将来自分馏柱的下部的流体通入至重沸器和从重沸器通入到分馏柱的下部的装置。
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