CN114893128B - Drill bit for petroleum drilling and preparation process thereof - Google Patents
Drill bit for petroleum drilling and preparation process thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN114893128B CN114893128B CN202210832085.4A CN202210832085A CN114893128B CN 114893128 B CN114893128 B CN 114893128B CN 202210832085 A CN202210832085 A CN 202210832085A CN 114893128 B CN114893128 B CN 114893128B
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B10/00—Drill bits
- E21B10/46—Drill bits characterised by wear resisting parts, e.g. diamond inserts
- E21B10/54—Drill bits characterised by wear resisting parts, e.g. diamond inserts the bit being of the rotary drag type, e.g. fork-type bits
- E21B10/55—Drill bits characterised by wear resisting parts, e.g. diamond inserts the bit being of the rotary drag type, e.g. fork-type bits with preformed cutting elements
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J3/00—Processes of utilising sub-atmospheric or super-atmospheric pressure to effect chemical or physical change of matter; Apparatus therefor
- B01J3/06—Processes using ultra-high pressure, e.g. for the formation of diamonds; Apparatus therefor, e.g. moulds or dies
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/25—Diamond
- C01B32/26—Preparation
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B10/00—Drill bits
- E21B10/42—Rotary drag type drill bits with teeth, blades or like cutting elements, e.g. fork-type bits, fish tail bits
- E21B10/43—Rotary drag type drill bits with teeth, blades or like cutting elements, e.g. fork-type bits, fish tail bits characterised by the arrangement of teeth or other cutting elements
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B10/00—Drill bits
- E21B10/60—Drill bits characterised by conduits or nozzles for drilling fluids
- E21B10/602—Drill bits characterised by conduits or nozzles for drilling fluids the bit being a rotary drag type bit with blades
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/10—Geometric CAD
- G06F30/17—Mechanical parametric or variational design
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
Abstract
The invention discloses a drill bit for petroleum drilling and a preparation process thereof. The invention belongs to the technical field of oil exploitation. The drill bit for petroleum drilling and the preparation process thereof can prolong the service life of the drill bit, reduce mud pocket risks, improve the working stability of the well bottom, and enhance the gauge protection wear-resisting strength and the capacity of maintaining the quality of the well wall. The drill bit for oil drilling comprises a bit body; the bit body having a crown; the crown part is provided with five blades; a flow channel is formed between the adjacent blades; a water hole is arranged in the flow passage; the preparation process of the drill bit for petroleum drilling comprises the steps of S1, designing and manufacturing cutting teeth; s2, hydraulic optimization design; s3, arranging transverse motion retarding cloth teeth; s4, designing auxiliary stability; and S5, manufacturing the drill designed in the step S4. The drill bit for petroleum drilling and the preparation process thereof can improve the working stability of the drill bit, prolong the service life and reduce the cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of oil exploitation, in particular to a drill bit for oil drilling and a preparation process thereof.
Background
It is well known that the useful life of a drill bit is closely related to its design, application scenario, and cutter type selection. The main reason that the service life of the drill bit is short of the expected performance is that the drill bit is damaged in advance due to abnormal abrasion of the cutting teeth of the composite sheet, such as tooth breakage, falling of the polycrystalline diamond layer, falling of the cutting teeth, supporting and erosion of the hard alloy of the cutting teeth and the like, so that the drill bit cannot be in a normal working state. Therefore, the drill bit needs to have a good force imbalance design during design, and the stress, cutting torque, wear characteristics and cooling capacity of a single composite sheet are required to be balanced as much as possible. Once a cutting tooth is damaged in advance, the rest of the cutting teeth need to share extra force and cause the self-abrasion to progress, and finally the service life of the drill bit is reduced.
When the traditional drill diamond is subjected to hot press molding, process residual stress exists inside the polycrystal and near the interface of the polycrystal and the tungsten carbide substrate, and the wear resistance and the thermal fatigue resistance are influenced to a certain extent.
Secondly, the reservoir of the fracture body is specifically as follows: the sea and land hydrocarbon sources in the region of the Sichuan basin, tongjiang and the back of the road are sufficient, the structural deformation is strong, and the source connection fracture is used for communicating the reservoir stratum with a plurality of sets of high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks. The stratum has the characteristics of stratum breakage, easiness in drilling sticking, strong abrasiveness, leakage and simultaneous storage caused by high-pressure and low-pressure same layers and the like, the leakage frequency is high, in order to ensure underground safety in the early stage, a roller bit is mainly used for penetrating through the stratum, the mechanical drilling speed is low, the stroke footage of the bit is small, the bit is easy to break, and the conventional PDC bit is adopted, so that the water hole blockage phenomenon is easy to occur during large-scale leakage plugging construction, and the safe and efficient development of oil and gas resources of a 'fracture body' reservoir is seriously influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a drill bit for petroleum drilling and a preparation process thereof, wherein the drill bit can prolong the service life of the drill bit in the drilling process, reduce the risk of mud pockets, improve the working stability of a well bottom, and enhance the gauge protection wear-resisting strength and the capacity of maintaining the quality of a well wall.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: a drill bit for oil drilling, comprising a bit body; the bit body having a crown; the crown part is provided with five blades; a flow channel is formed between the adjacent blades; a water hole is arranged in the flow passage;
the lower end of the blade is provided with a diameter protection section; the blade adopts a large spiral blade; the blade is provided with cutting teeth; PDC teeth are arranged on the outer surface and the side surface of the diameter-keeping section; a flat welding composite sheet is arranged on the gauge surface of the gauge section;
the crown profile adopts a shallow inner cone and double-arc crown profile; the crown comprises a shoulder, a side and a top; the crown having an inner cone and an outer cone; the cutting angle of the cutting teeth in the inner cone area is 18-20 degrees, and the cutting angle of the cutting teeth in the outer cone area is 15-20 degrees;
the water holes are designed into large and small holes, and the number of the water holes is six, wherein three water holes are water nozzles at the core part, and three water holes are external water nozzles; the diameter of the external water nozzle is larger than that of the core part water nozzle;
the top of the flow channel is a flow channel narrow area; two of the five blades are main blades, and three blades are secondary blades; the main blades and the secondary blades are alternately distributed; and a narrow flow passage area is formed between the main blade and the auxiliary blade opposite to the main blade.
Specifically, the water nozzles in the six water nozzles and the three core parts are 18 mm water nozzles, and the three external water nozzles are 20 mm water nozzles.
Further, the flow passage region includes a rock chip intersection point where rock chips generated by the nose of the drill bit tend to extend in a direction perpendicular to the cutter block interface and eventually intersect at a point within the flow passage where a line perpendicular to the cutter block interface tends to intersect.
Furthermore, gauge teeth are inlaid in the gauge cutting tooth area and the shoulder cutting tooth area on the blade.
Further, the top of the flow channel is a narrow flow channel area; two of the five blades are main blades, and three are secondary blades; the main blades and the secondary blades are alternately distributed; and a narrow flow passage area is formed between the main blade and the secondary blade on the opposite side of the main blade.
The invention also provides a preparation process of the drill bit for petroleum drilling, which comprises the following steps:
s1, designing and manufacturing a cutting tooth;
the process for manufacturing the cutting teeth adopts two high-temperature and high-pressure steps:
s11, manufacturing a polycrystalline diamond blank by adopting conventional high-temperature and high-pressure parameters; the temperature is 1200 +/-50 ℃, and the pressure is 6 +/-1 Gpa;
s12, adhering the polycrystalline diamond blank to a tungsten carbide substrate under the condition of ultrahigh temperature and high pressure parameters; the temperature is 1600 +/-50 ℃, and the pressure is 8 +/-1 Gpa;
s2, hydraulic optimization design; the hydraulic optimization design comprises the following steps:
s21, designing a three-dimensional structure of hydraulic structure parameters; calculating the angle and the position of the nozzle by finite element numerical simulation; obtaining parameters that the rock carrying effect of jet flow and the rock breaking effect assisted by water jet flow reach the best;
s22, three-dimensional design of the blades and the water channel is realized, and a steel PDC drill bit is adopted to increase the overflowing space;
s23, enlarging a narrow area of a flow channel;
the number of the main blades is reduced, the secondary blades are added, and a flow channel between the main blades and the secondary blades is enlarged;
s24, optimizing the contour shape of the base surface of the flow channel, so that the flow channel area comprises a rock debris intersection point, wherein the rock debris intersection point is that rock debris generated by the nose of the drill bit tends to extend along a direction vertical to the cutting tooth plugging stone interface and finally intersects at a certain point in the flow channel, and a line vertical to the cutting tooth plugging stone interface tends to intersect at the certain point;
the design principle of a Venturi tube is adopted, and the width of a flow channel at the high point position of the nose parts of the front and the rear blades is controlled to be smaller than the gap between two ends of the blades; so that natural pressure difference is formed between the head end and the tail end of the flow channel, namely the core part of the drill bit and the tail end of the blade, and the tail end of the blade is farthest away from the position of the water hole;
the design principle of the Kangda effect is adopted: the tail ends of the blade surfaces on the two sides are designed with large curvature, and the included angle between the tail end of the crown and the axial position of the bit body is increased;
s3, arranging transverse motion retarding cloth teeth;
gauge teeth are embedded in the gauge cutting tooth area and the shoulder cutting tooth area on the blade;
s4, assisting in stability design;
s41, designing the crown profile of the PDC bit of the directional well according to the design principle of the PDC bit and the finite element analysis result of interaction between the crown profile of the PDC bit and rocks;
designing the profile of the crown part according to the bit design principle, wherein three basic profiles of the crown part of the PDC bit are a single cone, a shallow cone and a double cone; determining the outline shape suitable for the crown part of the drill bit by combining the design experience of the drill bit and the analogy of the drill bit on the basis of fitting three basic outline theoretical curve equations;
s42, determining a tooth arrangement mode;
and S5, manufacturing the drill designed in the step S4.
Further, in step S41, the drill bit design rule includes an equal cutting rule, an equal wear rule, and an equal power rule.
Furthermore, in step S42, a tooth arrangement manner on the same track is adopted, and on the basis of a conventional gauge protection manner, a flat welding composite sheet is added on the gauge protection surface.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: according to the drill bit for petroleum drilling, the water holes comprise large and small water holes, and PDC teeth are arranged on the outer surface and the side surface of the diameter-keeping section; a flat welding composite sheet is arranged on the gauge surface of the gauge section; the composite sheet with high wear resistance, strong impact resistance and good thermal stability is adopted, so that the service life of the drill bit is prolonged; therefore, the service life of the drill bit in the drilling process can be prolonged, the risk of mud bags is reduced, the working stability of the well bottom is improved, and the gauge protection wear-resisting strength and the capacity of maintaining the quality of the well wall are enhanced;
according to the preparation method of the drill bit for petroleum drilling, two high-temperature steps are adopted in the preparation process of the cutting teeth, so that the residual stress existing in the polycrystalline diamond blank and the residual stress near the interface of the polycrystalline diamond blank and the tungsten carbide substrate can be optimized; the microstructure of the cutting tooth is optimized and improved by high temperature and high pressure; compared with the conventional cutting teeth, the wear resistance and the thermal fatigue resistance are obviously improved; and the impact resistance is not reduced; thereby improving the service life; meanwhile, through hydraulic optimization and stability design, the drill bit can be guaranteed against mud bags, and the working stability of the drill bit can be improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a drill bit in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a front view of a drill bit in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a top view of a drill bit in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a directional section PDC bit profile in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the crown shape of a drill bit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph of the volume index of rock cut in an embodiment of the invention;
the following are marked in the figure: 1-bit body, 2-crown, 3-blade, 31-shoulder, 32-flank, 33-top, 34-inner cone, 4-flow channel, 41-flow channel narrow zone, 5-water hole, 6-diameter-keeping section, 7-PDC tooth and 8-cutting tooth.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples in conjunction with the drawings.
As shown in fig. 1 to 5, a drill bit for oil drilling according to the present invention includes a bit body 1; the bit body 1 has a crown 2; the crown 2 is provided with five blades 3; a flow passage 4 is formed between the adjacent blades 3; a water hole 5 is arranged in the flow passage 4;
the lower end of the blade 3 is provided with a diameter protection section 6; the blade 3 adopts a large spiral blade; the blade 3 is provided with cutting teeth 8; PDC teeth 7 are arranged on the outer surface and the side face of the diameter-protecting section 6; a flat welding composite sheet is arranged on the gauge surface of the gauge section 6;
the profile of the crown part 2 adopts a shallow inner cone and double-arc crown part profile; the crown 2 comprises a shoulder 31, sides 32, a top 33; the crown 2 has an inner cone 34 and an outer cone; the cutting angle of the cutting teeth 8 in the inner cone 34 region is 18-20 degrees, and the cutting angle of the cutting teeth 8 in the outer cone region is 15-20 degrees;
the water holes 5 are designed into large and small holes, and comprise six water nozzles, wherein three water nozzles are core water nozzles, and three water nozzles are external water nozzles; the diameter of the external water nozzle is larger than that of the core part water nozzle;
the top of the flow passage 4 is a flow passage narrow area 41; two of the five blades 3 are main blades, and three are secondary blades; the main blades and the secondary blades are alternately distributed; a narrow flow passage area 41 is formed between the main blade and the secondary blade opposite to the main blade.
The large-size water hole is matched with a flow channel design with pertinence improvement, the self cavity storage capacity of the drill body to large flaky and blocky falling blocks and the kinetic energy chip removal function are improved, and the low-efficiency drilling fluid circulation effect caused by complex bottom hole and increased discharge pressure is relieved. Specifically, the drill bit adopting the large-size water hole design can be applied to the stratum structure of the complex conditions of the well bottom, such as high-frequency block falling, well leakage and the like which can occur in the Takawa west region and the second-section stratum of the home river.
Further, the flow channel 4 region includes a rock chip intersection point, which is a point where rock chips generated by the nose of the drill bit tend to extend in a direction perpendicular to the cutter block interface and eventually intersect at a point within the flow channel where a line perpendicular to the cutter block interface tends to intersect.
Furthermore, gauge teeth are embedded in the gauge cutting tooth area and the shoulder cutting tooth area of the blade 3.
Specifically, three core water nozzles in the six water holes 5 are 18 mm water nozzles, and three external water nozzles are 20 mm water nozzles; the length of the gauge section 6 is 38mm.
The top of the flow passage 4 is a flow passage narrow area 41; two of the five blades 3 are main blades, and three are secondary blades; the main blades and the secondary blades are alternately distributed; a flow channel narrow region 41 is formed between the main blade and the secondary blade on the opposite side. The runner narrow region is the narrow region between main wing of a knife and its opposite time wing, and 3 main wing of conventional 5 wing bit designs 3 main wing of a knife and main wing thickness is great, this application 2 main wing of drill design, 3 time wing of a knife from structural formation that reduces the narrow region, reduce main wing of a knife thickness simultaneously, the regional width increase between main wing of a knife and the time wing of adjustment back compares conventional drill and increases 21%.
The drill bit for petroleum drilling is additionally provided with the flat welding composite sheet on the diameter-preserving surface; the wear resistance and the gauge protection effect of the gauge protection are enhanced, the smoothness of the gauge protection surface is increased, and the effect of reducing the self abrasion resistance of the drill bit in a large-slope directional well and a horizontal well is particularly remarkable. The outline shape of the crown part of the drill bit adopts the outline of a shallow inner cone and a double-arc crown part, and the length of an outer cone is shorter. The design of the large spiral blade can effectively prevent the drill bit from circling round, so that the drill bit can work more stably. The double circular arc profile has the characteristics that when the drill bit interacts with rock at the bottom of a well, the distribution rule of the drill bit pressure strength born by the drill bit along with a crown curve is as follows: near the crown of the bit and on both sides, the weight-on-bit is taken the most and then decreases towards both sides. The larger radius of the crown allows the drill bit to cut away rock near the outside of the borehole at lower drilling pressures and release the inner cone portion of rock from the formation surrounding pressure, making this portion of rock easier to cut, thereby increasing the rate of penetration of the drill bit as a whole. The crown profile also allows for as efficient a placement of the cutter as possible on the face of the bit and a smooth transition of the bit from crown to gage cutters. The shallow inner cone can better ensure the guiding performance of the drill bit, and the short outer cone can reduce the contact area of the drill bit and the well wall, so that the friction force between the drill bit and the well wall is reduced. Also, a short outer cone is less sensitive to lateral displacement and a bit design with a shorter outer cone allows the well to be drilled with a reduced diameter and is therefore more suitable for directional drilling. The outer cone is shorter and is designed in a shallow cone mode, so that the directional response sensitivity of the drill bit is improved.
Gauge teeth are embedded in the gauge cutting tooth area and the shoulder cutting tooth area of the blade 3; thereby limiting the instantaneous depth of cut that the gauge and shoulder cutters can make laterally downhole; reducing the transverse cutting load when transverse vibration occurs; the abrasion resistance is reduced due to the early damage of the composite sheet caused by the transverse impact, and the service life of the drill bit is prolonged.
Secondly, the water holes 5 are provided with six water holes, wherein three water holes are water nozzles at the core part, and three water nozzles are external water nozzles; and the diameter of the external water nozzle is larger than that of the core part water nozzle, so that the number of drill bit mud bags can be reduced, and the working stability is improved.
The invention also discloses a preparation process of the drill bit for petroleum drilling, which comprises the following steps:
s1, designing and manufacturing a cutting tooth;
the process for manufacturing the cutting teeth adopts two high-temperature and high-pressure steps:
s11, manufacturing a polycrystalline diamond blank by adopting conventional high-temperature and high-pressure parameters; the temperature is 1200 +/-50 ℃, and the pressure is 6 +/-1 Gpa;
s12, adhering the polycrystalline diamond blank to a tungsten carbide substrate under the conditions of ultrahigh temperature and high pressure parameters; the temperature is 1600 +/-50 ℃, and the pressure is 8 +/-1 Gpa;
the main reason for this is that the composite sheet cutting teeth are worn seriously in advance, especially abnormally, such as the collapse of teeth, the fall of polycrystalline diamond layer, the fall of sheet, the erosion of tooth column, etc., which cause the early damage of the drill bit, and the drill bit can not work normally in the design adopting forced balance design, and the stress, cutting, abrasion, water flushing force and torque of each composite sheet are equal to each other as much as possible. Thus, once one cutting tooth is prematurely worn, the remaining cutting teeth experience additional forces and accelerated wear, thereby significantly reducing the useful life of the drill bit.
Therefore, corresponding improvement measures are found from the design, and the composite sheet with high wear resistance, strong impact resistance and good thermal stability is preferably selected, so that the service life of the drill bit is prolonged.
Compared with the conventional process for completing the manufacturing once, the manufacturing method has the following advantages:
(1) The residual stress existing in the polycrystalline diamond blank and the residual stress near the interface of the polycrystalline diamond blank and the tungsten carbide substrate are optimized;
(2) The higher high temperature and high pressure enables the microstructure of the cutting tooth to be optimized and improved.
The prepared novel cutting tooth has much stronger wear resistance and thermal fatigue resistance than the conventional cutting tooth, and the impact resistance is not reduced. Laboratory experiments on high hardness, highly abrasive granite materials have shown that the wear life of this new cutting tooth is 3-4 times that of conventional high quality cutting teeth; as shown in fig. 6.
S2, hydraulic optimization design; the hydraulic optimization design comprises the following steps:
s21, designing a three-dimensional structure of hydraulic structure parameters; carrying out finite element numerical simulation calculation on the angle and the position of the nozzle; the obtained rock carrying effect of jet flow and the rock breaking effect assisted by water jet flow reach optimal parameters;
s22, three-dimensional design of the blades and the water channel, and increasing an overflowing space by adopting a steel PDC drill bit;
s23, enlarging a narrow area of a flow channel;
the number of the main blades is reduced, the secondary blades are added, and a flow channel between the main blades and the secondary blades is enlarged;
in the specific embodiment, the number of the main blades is 2, and the number of the secondary blades is 3; thereby reducing the number of the main blades, increasing the secondary blades and enlarging a flow passage between the main blades and the secondary blades;
s24, optimizing the outline shape of the base surface of the flow channel, so that the area of the flow channel 4 comprises a rock debris intersection point, wherein the rock debris intersection point is that rock debris generated by the nose of the drill bit tends to extend along a direction vertical to the cutting tooth plugging stone interface and finally intersects at a certain point in the flow channel, and a line vertical to the cutting tooth plugging stone interface tends to intersect at the certain point;
the design principle of a Venturi tube is adopted, and the width of a flow channel at the high point position of the nose parts of the front and the rear blades is controlled to be smaller than the gap between the two ends of the blades; so that natural pressure difference is formed between the head end and the tail end of the flow channel, namely the core part of the drill bit and the tail end of the blade, and the tail end of the blade is farthest away from the position of the water hole;
the design principle of the Kangda effect is adopted: the tail ends of the blade surfaces on the two sides are designed with large curvature, and the included angle between the tail end of the crown and the axial position of the bit body is increased;
the design concept of a Venturi tube is adopted, and the width of a flow channel at the high point position of the nose parts of the front and the rear blades is controlled to be properly smaller than the gap between two ends of the blades. Therefore, natural pressure difference is formed between the head end and the tail end of the flow channel, namely the core part of the drill bit and the tail end of the blade, the kinetic energy in the fluid movement process is improved, the linear velocity of the drill bit, which is improved along with the increase of the radius, is matched, and the sand return capacity is enhanced.
The design concept of the Kangda effect is adopted: the tail ends of the two sides of the blade surfaces are designed with large curvature, and the tail ends of the two sides of the blade surfaces are matched with an increased included angle between the axial positions of the crown part and the drill body, so that the technical problems that the tail ends of the blades are farthest away from a water hole, the kinetic energy of fluid is minimum, the flow resistance of rock debris is large, and the rock debris is easy to attach to the surface of a flow channel to cause rock debris accumulation can be solved; the characteristic that the fluid deviates from the original flowing direction and flows along the surface of the protruding body is changed, the surface flow velocity of the drilling fluid is increased, and the circulation efficiency is improved.
The formation of PDC bit balling is a complex phenomenon involving a variety of interaction mechanisms that may be influenced by a number of control factors, perhaps related to the design of the PDC bit and the drilling operating parameters, that are optimized to reduce or even prevent bit balling.
The drill bit mud bags generally comprise a core mud bag, a narrow-area mud bag, a chip removal groove mud bag and a comprehensive mud bag, and the common reason that the drill bit is easy to generate the mud bag when drilling in the mud shale is the erection and mechanical embedding effects of rock debris. Factors that affect bit balling include, among others, bottom hole pressure, drilling fluid flow rate, rate of formation cuttings generation, wetting properties of the bit surface, adhesion properties of the cuttings, and electrical properties of the cuttings and bit surface. In general, hydraulics is often used as the primary research basis for optimizing drill bit performance and reducing bit balling; the factors that reduce PDC bit balling include nozzle angle and position and two major bit design factors, the "narrow region" of the blades and the profile shape of the flow channel base.
The hydraulic optimization in the steps can lead the drill bit to have the optimal nozzle angle and position and the optimal flow passage and flow passage profile, thereby avoiding the occurrence of drill bit mud bags.
In order to discharge rock powder from the bottom of the well as soon as possible, avoid secondary crushing and prevent the bit from being covered with mud, the overflow space is increased to the maximum extent on the premise of the allowable bit strength.
In the three-dimensional design of the blades and the water channel in the step S22, the steel PDC drill bit is adopted to increase the overflowing space; the height of the blade of the steel PDC drill bit is doubled compared with that of a common drill bit, and the blade is thinner and has a larger water tank area.
In many PDC bit designs, there are instances where two adjacent blades are too close together, thereby potentially severely limiting the discharge of debris. This problem generally occurs in the narrow region (this region is called "narrow region" and the rock debris generated in the narrow region must be discharged through this narrow region, and if the rock debris generation amount is large enough, the rock debris starts to accumulate, and once the rock debris is blocked, the drilling fluid flow through the main junk slot is severely restricted, resulting in a mud pocket in the narrow region and finally developing into a mud pocket in the main junk slot, which leads to a reduction in the drilling speed of the machine.
Therefore, in step S23, the narrow area of the flow channel is enlarged, so as to avoid balling, avoid the reduction of the drilling rate of the machine, and ensure the stability of the operation of the equipment.
The profile shape of the PDC drill bit flow passage base surface plays an important role in the bit balling condition.
The cuttings produced by the nose of the bit tend to spread in a direction perpendicular to the cutter block interface and eventually intersect at some point within the flow path. Lines normal to the cutting tooth plugging interface tend to intersect at a point known as the rock chip intersection point. Rock debris produced at the nose of the drill bit may tend to be expelled directly outward into the junk slots (no balling occurs) and may tend to crowd into the center of the drill bit, resulting in balling or junk slot balling in the center of the drill bit, depending on the relative positions of the bisecting line of the rock debris trajectory and the bisecting line of the flow channel floor profile that intersect at the point of rock debris contact.
The effect of the flow channel narrowing and flow channel floor profile on PDC bit balling is bit geometry, and both may work together in bit design, thereby exacerbating the balling of the bit.
In step S24, the contour shape of the flow channel base surface is optimized, so that the drill bit can smoothly discharge chips, mud pockets are avoided, and the stability of the operation is ensured.
S3, setting transverse movement slowing cloth teeth;
gauge cutting teeth are embedded in the gauge cutting teeth area and the shoulder cutting teeth area of the blade 3;
gauge cutters are embedded in the gauge cutter area and the shoulder cutter area of the drill bit, so that the instantaneous cutting depth of the gauge cutters and the shoulder cutters in the transverse direction of the well bottom is limited; the transverse cutting load when transverse vibration occurs is reduced; the abrasion resistance is reduced due to the early damage of the composite sheet caused by the transverse impact, and the service life of the drill bit is prolonged.
S4, assisting in stability design;
s41, designing the crown profile of the PDC bit of the directional well according to the design principle of the PDC bit and the finite element analysis result of interaction between the crown profile of the PDC bit and rock;
designing the profile of the crown part according to the bit design principle, wherein three basic profiles of the crown part of the PDC bit are a single cone, a shallow cone and a double cone; determining the outline shape suitable for the crown part of the drill bit by combining the design experience of the drill bit and the analogy of the drill bit on the basis of fitting three basic outline theoretical curve equations;
s42, determining a tooth arrangement mode;
the tool surface of the drill bit is unstable in directional drilling, and the tool surface needs to be frequently adjusted, so that the drilling time is greatly delayed. The drill bit compacts fracture, chip, delaminate, etc., leading to premature failure of the drill bit. The drill bit is unable to drill efficiently and the rate of penetration is too low. Excessive wear of the gauge section of the drill bit causes the borehole to shrink, resulting in premature bit abandonment. The PDC bits used in this block-oriented well must be redesigned. Because the PDC drill bit destroys rock in a shearing mode, the PDC drill bit is correspondingly targeted to the stratum. A PDC bit may not be suitable for use in all formations, and therefore the design of a PDC bit does not allow for the corresponding analysis of the formation to be drilled. And designing and manufacturing the PDC drill bit of the directional well on the basis of analyzing the formation characteristics.
The profile design of the crown part of the PDC drill bit is carried out on three basic profile daggers of a single cone, a shallow cone and a double cone. Single cone profile bits, which are used primarily in soft formations, often have large cutting teeth embedded therein, and such profile bits are susceptible to hydraulic action and can produce high rates of penetration in softer formations. The method is suitable for low-to-medium density tooth arrangement and is suitable for drilling extremely soft to medium soft strata. The shallow cone profile bit enhances the load resistance of the cutting teeth, has a longer service life, is suitable for low-to-high density tooth distribution, and is suitable for drilling soft-to-medium-hard formations. The double cone profile drill bit has a pointed nose and a deep internal cone, is suitable for medium to high density tooth placement, and is suitable for drilling medium to medium hard formations. In design, no matter what crown section shape is adopted, the principle of 'easy tooth arrangement, convenient processing, quality guarantee and efficiency improvement' is finally satisfied. In terms of use, whatever crown cross-sectional shape is chosen, is ultimately intended to meet the requirements of a particular formation and to suit particular conditions of use.
And designing the crown profile of the PDC bit of the directional well according to the design principle of the PDC bit and the finite element analysis result of the interaction between the crown profile of the PDC bit and the rock. PDC bit crown profiles with shallow inner and short outer cones are more suitable for use in directional wells than crown profiles of other shapes.
In specific application, the design can be carried out by combining different bottom layer characteristics, for example, by combining the characteristics of a western Sichuan beard family river stratum, a western Sichuan new place beard two gas reservoir stratum and a western Sichuan recessed midsection beard family river component beard four-section stratum, the crown profile design is carried out by combining an equal wear principle and an equal cutting principle, and the profile shape of the crown of the drill bit suitable for drilling an abrasive high multi-interbed stratum is determined by combining drill bit design experience and drill bit analogy: shallow cone, bi-arc crown profile. The double-circular-arc-shaped profile section has the characteristics that the cutting teeth are arranged on the surface of the drill bit as effectively as possible, and the drill bit can smoothly transit from the nose cutting teeth to the gauge-protecting cutting teeth; thereby increasing the wear resistance of the drill bit.
The double-circular-arc profile has the characteristics that when the drill bit interacts with rock at the bottom of a well, the distribution rule of the bit pressure intensity born by the drill bit along with a crown curve is as follows: near the crown of the bit and on both sides, the weight-on-bit is taken the most and then decreases gradually to both sides. The larger radius of the crown allows the drill bit to cut away rock near the outside of the borehole at lower drilling pressures and release the inner cone portion of rock from the formation surrounding pressure, making this portion of rock easier to cut, thereby increasing the rate of penetration of the drill bit as a whole. The crown profile also allows for as efficient as possible placement of the cutting teeth on the bit face and smooth transition of the bit from crown to gage cutting teeth. The shallow inner cone can better ensure the guiding performance of the drill bit, and the short outer cone can reduce the contact area of the drill bit and the well wall, so that the friction force between the drill bit and the well wall is reduced. Moreover, the short outer cone is not very sensitive to lateral displacement and the design of the drill bit with the shorter outer cone allows the well to be drilled with a reduced diameter, thus being more suitable for directional drilling; the outer cone is shorter and is designed in a shallow cone mode, so that the directional response sensitivity of the drill bit is improved.
The drill bit adopts a shallow inner cone and double-arc geometric shape; in order to facilitate tooth arrangement, the same-track tooth arrangement mode and the like are adopted, so that the stability of the drill bit is improved, and the drill bit is designed to adapt to the characteristics of high grinding performance of the stratum and the like; gauge protection is based on a conventional gauge protection mode, and a flat welding composite sheet is added on a gauge protection surface; the wear resistance and the gauge protection effect of the gauge protection are enhanced, the smoothness of the gauge protection surface is improved, and the effect of reducing the self abrasion resistance of the drill bit in a large-inclination directional well and a horizontal well is particularly remarkable. The outline of the crown part of the PDC drill bit is carried out according to the characteristics of the stratum and the design principle of the drill bit (equal cutting principle, equal abrasion principle and equal power principle).
The design principle of the drill bit is different in the practical application process, aiming at the characteristics of the multi-interlayer stratum in the Chongqing region, the crown profile design is carried out by combining the equal abrasion principle and the equal cutting principle, and the profile shape of the crown of the drill bit suitable for drilling the high-abrasiveness multi-interlayer stratum is determined by combining the design experience of the drill bit and using the drill bit analogy: shallow cone, bi-arc crown profile. The double-circular-arc-shaped profile section has the characteristics that the cutting teeth are arranged on the surface of the drill bit as effectively as possible, and the drill bit can smoothly transit from the nose cutting teeth to the gauge-protecting cutting teeth; thereby increasing the wear resistance of the drill bit.
And S5, manufacturing the drill designed in the step S4.
In summary, the drill bit for petroleum drilling provided by the invention has the advantages that the water holes comprise large and small water holes, and PDC teeth are arranged on the outer surface and the side surface of the diameter-keeping section; a flat welding composite sheet is arranged on the gauge surface of the gauge section; the composite sheet with high wear resistance, strong impact resistance and good thermal stability is adopted, so that the service life of the drill bit is prolonged; therefore, the service life of the drill bit in the drilling process can be prolonged, the risk of mud bags is reduced, the working stability of the bottom of the well is improved, and the gauge protection wear-resisting strength and the capacity of maintaining the quality of the well wall are enhanced.
According to the preparation method of the drill bit for petroleum drilling, two high-temperature steps are adopted in the preparation process of the cutting teeth, so that the residual stress existing in the polycrystalline diamond blank and the residual stress near the interface of the polycrystalline diamond blank and the tungsten carbide substrate can be optimized; the microstructure of the cutting tooth is optimized and improved by high temperature and high pressure; compared with the conventional cutting teeth, the wear resistance and the thermal fatigue resistance are obviously improved; and the impact resistance is not reduced; thereby improving the service life; meanwhile, through hydraulic optimization and stability design, the drill bit can be guaranteed against mud bags, and the working stability of the drill bit can be improved.
Claims (6)
1. A preparation process of a drill bit for petroleum drilling is characterized by comprising the following steps: a drill bit for oil drilling comprises a bit body (1); the bit body (1) having a crown (2); the crown part (2) is provided with five blades (3); a flow channel (4) is formed between the adjacent blades (3); a water hole (5) is arranged in the flow passage (4);
the lower end of the blade (3) is provided with a diameter protection section (6); the blade (3) adopts a large spiral blade; cutting teeth (8) are arranged on the blade (3); PDC teeth (7) are arranged on the outer surface and the side surface of the diameter-protecting section (6); a flat welding composite sheet is arranged on the gauge surface of the gauge section (6);
the profile of the crown part (2) adopts a shallow inner cone and double-arc crown profile; the crown (2) comprises a shoulder (31), a side (32), a top (33); the crown (2) having an inner cone (34) and an outer cone; the cutting angle of the composite sheet of the cutting teeth (8) in the inner cone (34) area is 18-20 degrees, and the cutting angle of the composite sheet of the cutting teeth (8) in the outer cone area is 15-20 degrees;
the water holes (5) are designed into large and small holes and are six, wherein three are water nozzles at the core part and three are external water nozzles; the diameter of the external water nozzle is larger than that of the core part water nozzle;
the top of the flow channel (4) is a flow channel narrow area (41); two of the five blades (3) are main blades, and three are secondary blades; the main blades and the secondary blades are alternately distributed; a narrow flow passage area (41) is formed between the main blade and the secondary blade opposite to the main blade;
further comprising the steps of:
s1, designing and manufacturing a cutting tooth;
the process for manufacturing the cutting teeth adopts two high-temperature and high-pressure steps:
s11, manufacturing a polycrystalline diamond blank by adopting conventional high-temperature and high-pressure parameters; the temperature is 1200 plus or minus 50 ℃, and the pressure is 6 plus or minus 1Gpa;
s12, adhering the polycrystalline diamond blank to a tungsten carbide substrate under the condition of ultrahigh temperature and high pressure parameters; the temperature is 1600 +/-50 ℃, and the pressure is 8 +/-1 Gpa;
s2, hydraulic optimization design; the hydraulic optimization design comprises the following steps:
s21, designing a three-dimensional structure of hydraulic structure parameters; calculating the angle and the position of the nozzle by finite element numerical simulation; the obtained rock carrying effect of jet flow and the rock breaking effect assisted by water jet flow reach optimal parameters;
s22, three-dimensional design of the blades and the water channel, and increasing an overflowing space by adopting a steel PDC drill bit;
s23, enlarging a narrow area of a flow channel;
s24, optimizing the outline shape of the flow channel base surface, so that the flow channel (4) area comprises a rock debris intersection point, wherein the rock debris generated by the nose of the drill bit tends to extend along the direction vertical to the cutting tooth stone blocking interface and finally intersects at a certain point in the flow channel, and a line vertical to the cutting tooth stone blocking interface tends to intersect at the certain point;
the design principle of a Venturi tube is adopted, and the width of a flow channel at the high point position of the nose parts of the front and the rear blades is controlled to be smaller than the gap between the two ends of the blades; so that natural pressure difference is formed between the head end and the tail end of the flow channel, namely the core part of the drill bit and the tail end of the blade, and the tail end of the blade is farthest away from the position of the water hole;
the design principle of the Kangda effect is adopted: the tail ends of the blade surfaces on the two sides are designed with large curvature, and the included angle between the tail end of the crown and the axial position of the bit body is increased;
s3, setting transverse movement slowing cloth teeth;
gauge teeth are embedded in the gauge cutting tooth area and the shoulder cutting tooth area on the blade (3);
s4, assisting in stability design;
s41, designing the crown profile of the PDC bit of the directional well according to the design principle of the PDC bit and the finite element analysis result of interaction between the crown profile of the PDC bit and rock;
designing the profile of the crown part according to the bit design principle, wherein three basic profiles of the crown part of the PDC bit are a single cone, a shallow cone and a double cone; determining the outline shape suitable for the crown part of the drill bit by combining the design experience of the drill bit and the analogy of the drill bit on the basis of fitting three basic outline theoretical curve equations;
s42, determining a tooth arrangement mode;
and S5, manufacturing the drill designed in the step S4.
2. A process for the preparation of a drill bit for oil drilling according to claim 1, characterized in that: the drill bit design rules in step S31 include an equal cutting rule, an equal wear rule, and an equal power rule.
3. A process for the preparation of a drill bit for oil drilling according to claim 2, characterized in that: in step S32, a tooth arrangement manner on the same track is adopted, and on the basis of a conventional gauge protection manner, a flat welding composite sheet is added on a gauge protection surface.
4. A drill bit for oil drilling prepared by the process for preparing a drill bit for oil drilling according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein: the flow passage (4) region includes a rock chip intersection point where rock chips generated at the nose of the drill bit tend to spread in a direction perpendicular to the cutter block interface and eventually intersect at a point within the flow passage where a line perpendicular to the cutter block interface tends to intersect.
5. The drill bit for petroleum drilling as claimed in claim 4 wherein: gauge teeth are inlaid in the gauge cutting tooth area and the shoulder cutting tooth area on the blade (3).
6. The drill bit for oil drilling according to claim 5, wherein: three core water nozzles in the six water holes (5) are 18 mm water nozzles, and three external water nozzles are 20 mm water nozzles; the length of the gauge section (6) is 38mm.
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| CN201412068Y (en) * | 2009-06-12 | 2010-02-24 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | PDC drill bit suitable for small-hole directional well |
| CN203097722U (en) * | 2013-01-21 | 2013-07-31 | 青岛石大华通科技有限公司 | Tapered gauge PDC drill bit |
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| AU2014202882A1 (en) * | 2013-05-31 | 2014-12-18 | Tricon Drilling Solutions Pty Ltd | Hybrid Rotary Cone Bit |
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