CN114885780B - Rice field CH 4 Emission reduction method - Google Patents
Rice field CH 4 Emission reduction method Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses a paddy field CH 4 Emission reduction method capable of reducing CH 4 The rice stable yield effect is realized while the discharge is carried out, and CH is realized by reducing the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer and exogenously adding iron powder 4 The rice field in-situ test is carried out for two years, and the rice field CH is carried out by a static camera-gas chromatograph method in each rice growth period 4 Collecting and measuring, and measuring the yield of the rice after each rice season is finished. As can be seen from the test results, the treatment of adding iron powder by reducing nitrogen by 20% on the basis of the traditional nitrogen application level can reduce CH of the paddy field 4 Is discharged from the reactor; in the rice yield, compared with the traditional nitrogen application level treatment, the treatment has no obvious drop, always keeps the same level, and has stable yield effect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to paddy field CH 4 The technical field of emission reduction, in particular to a paddy field CH 4 An emission reduction method.
Background
Greenhouse gases play an important role in global warming due to their radiation forces, and IPCC evaluation reports indicate CH 4 Is CO 2 Is up to 12.4 years in average life in the atmosphere due to its 28 timesTheir high warming potential and their long-term presence in the atmosphere have led to their effect on global warming being not neglected. CH produced by agricultural activities 4 Global non-CO 2 More than half of the greenhouse gases, while the paddy field habitat is CH in agricultural activities 4 Is an important emission source of rice paddy field annual average CH 4 The discharge amount occupying CH discharged to atmosphere 4 10% -20% of the total amount.
Paddy field CH 4 The emission is CH generation by soil methanogen fermentation by organic matter 4 And methane-oxidizing bacteria oxidation consumption CH 4 The two processes combine the results of the action. The two kinds of microorganisms are greatly influenced by the oxygen content of soil, methanogens are obligate anaerobes, have high activity in anaerobic environment, and methane oxidizing bacteria are CH 4 Is a unique carbon source and an energy source of the special aerobic bacteria. But at the same time paddy field soil CH 4 Not only depends on the aerobic environment, but also under anaerobic conditions, such as Fe-mediated anaerobic oxidation of metals with methane, microbial NO 2 - The processes of nitrite methane anaerobic oxidation and the like which are electron acceptors can also be completed 4 Is a metal oxide semiconductor device.
Bodegom et al found in H in the pure Methanomyces culture experiments 2 /CO 2 And in methanolMethanosarcina barkeriHaving the ability to reduce Fe (III), this methanogen may contribute to CH production 4 Inhibition of the process. In paddy field environment, iron circulation pair CH 4 Is believed to be closely related to the competing mechanisms of different microorganisms for a common substrate. The application of the iron fertilizer or the iron modifier can effectively reduce the CH of the paddy field 4 Is mainly conducted by iron recycling to CH 4 Suppression of the production process and CH 4 Enhancement of the oxidation process is achieved by both of these approaches.
First, iron circulation is conducted on paddy field CH 4 Inhibition of formation is generally believed to be the production of CH from electron flow under flooded conditions 4 Process transfer to Fe 3+ The conversion process of the iron cycle at the same time affects the bioavailability of the soluble organic carbon by microorganisms, which is caused by the reduction process. Dongqi et al showed that in riceIn the time sequence of the field, ferric iron in the hydrochloric acid leaching state has obvious positive correlation with organic carbon in the soil, which shows that the existence of ferric iron also contributes to the accumulation of organic carbon in the soil, and after the organic carbon is accumulated and fixed in the soil, CH generation is reduced at the source 4 This also side reacts with the carbon fixing effect of ferric iron. Other observations are that Bodegom et al consider Fe 3+ The presence of (C) also makes it possible to inhibit CH production 4 Total metabolic activity of the bacteria.
Hydrogen and acetic acid are Fe 3+ Reducing bacteria and CH production 4 A substrate commonly used by bacteria. If Fe is present in the soil 3+ Fe (Fe) 3+ The reducing bacteria utilize these substrates to convert Fe 3+ Reduction to Fe 2+ 。Fe 2+ Is diffused into a water layer of a field surface and oxidized into Fe under aerobic conditions 3+ 。Fe 3+ Is precipitated in soil and is coated with Fe 3+ The reducing bacteria are reused. Fe in soil 3+ When exhausted, produce CH 4 Bacterial use of substrates to produce CH 4 . Compared with CH production 4 Bacteria, fe 3+ The reducing bacteria can utilize acetic acid and H under the condition of far lower than the metabolism level 2 At the same time Fe 3+ The reducing bacteria have higher affinity to the substrate, so that the reducing bacteria have certain advantages in competition, while Fe 3+ Specific production of CH by reduction reaction 4 The reaction more effectively gains energy to make Fe 3+ The substrate can be fully utilized by the reducing bacteria.
In the habitat of the paddy field, the oxygen-secreting environment of the root of the crop and the flooded surface of the paddy field can have methane oxidation process, and microorganisms participate in Fe under the flooding condition 3+ Reduction of driven CH 4 Anaerobic oxidation, which causes the formation of CH 4 The discharge terminal in the soil environment can be further suppressed. CH (CH) 4 Oxidation of (c) and mineralization of organic carbon may lead to soil CO 2 Increased emissions, but at the same time, some Fe 2+ CO can be fixed by the metabolic energy of oxidizing bacteria 2 For example, some acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria in acidic environment, various photosynthetic iron-oxidizing bacteria under neutral anaerobic conditions, which suppress CO to some extent 2 Is not easy to inhibit the discharge ofCH (CH) 4 Emissions promote CO 2 The situation that this is lost is discharged.
Paddy field CH 4 The influence factors of the discharge are soil oxidation-reduction potential Eh, irrigation mode, depth of a water layer on a field surface, soil temperature, fertilization type, fertilization time and the like. In addition to these conventional factors, the iron recycling process in paddy fields also affects CH in the presence of microorganisms 4 Is related to the generation and discharge of iron-reducing bacteria and CH production 4 Substrate competition of bacteria, iron reduction process and CH 4 Coupling of oxidation processes, etc. Exogenous addition of iron powder under reduced nitrogen conditions may trigger these related mechanisms further, in which case we explore the paddy field CH by field in situ experiments 4 Emission characteristics and change laws.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a paddy field CH 4 The emission reduction method adopts a method of reducing the nitrogen fertilizer consumption and simultaneously adding iron powder exogenously so as to reduce the CH of the paddy field in the growth period of the paddy field 4 The emission and the stable rice yield are realized, and the environmental negative effect caused by excessive nitrogen application amount of the paddy field is reduced due to the reduction of the nitrogen fertilizer consumption, so that the aims of emission reduction and cooperative stable yield are fulfilled.
The technical scheme adopted for solving the technical problems is as follows:
rice field CH 4 The emission reduction method comprises the following steps:
step 1, arranging field in-situ test lands in a typical paddy field in a long triangular area, dividing test cells, and separating the cells by ridges so as to prevent the fertilizer in each cell from affecting each other;
step 2, setting four nitrogen application levels, wherein three nitrogen reduction levels set seven test treatments of exogenous added iron powder, and each treatment is repeated four times;
and 3, adding iron powder into the paddy field at one time before the in-situ test of the paddy field for two years starts, wherein the application amount of the district applying the iron powder treatment is 5000kg per hectare, the application is only carried out once during the two-year test, and the paddy field CH4 is collected and measured during the whole growth period of the paddy field.
Further, the test treatments of the four nitrogen application levels are respectively: 100 The weight percent of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer, the 80wt percent of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer, the 60wt percent of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer and the non-applied nitrogen fertilizer are respectively marked as 100 percent N, 80 percent N, 60 percent N and 0 percent N.
Further, the test treatments of setting the exogenous added iron powder at the three nitrogen reduction levels are respectively as follows: 80 The weight percent of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer is added with the exogenously applied iron powder, the weight percent of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer is 60wt percent of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer is added with the exogenously applied iron powder, the nitrogen fertilizer is not applied with the exogenously applied iron powder, and the total weight of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer is respectively marked as 80 percent of N+Fe, 60 percent of N+Fe and 0 percent of N+Fe.
Further, the types of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer comprise urea and a strip stack organic fertilizer, the dosage of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer is 315: 315kg nitrogen/hectare, the traditional nitrogen fertilizer is applied to a paddy field in three times, the traditional nitrogen fertilizer is respectively a base fertilizer, a first additional fertilizer and a second additional fertilizer, the distribution ratio is 6:3:1, the base fertilizer comprises 70: 70kg nitrogen/hectare of the strip stack organic fertilizer, the residual nitrogen is supplemented by urea, and the first additional fertilizer and the second additional fertilizer are both applied with urea.
Further, the iron powder is zero-valent iron with purity of >99%.
Further, in step 3, the rice field CH is in the whole growth period 4 The specific steps of acquisition and measurement are as follows: the static camera bellows inserts the base during sampling, fill up water in the base recess, seal with the aqueous seal, respectively 0, 15, 30min after buckling the case draw the gas sample from the incasement to vacuum sampling bottle with the syringe, survey and record the incasement temperature simultaneously, the sample returns to the laboratory, adopts gas chromatograph GC to survey the gas sample, CH 4 The concentration was quantified with a flame ionization detector.
The beneficial effects are that:
compared with the prior art, the invention relates to a paddy field CH 4 The emission reduction method has the following advantages:
(1) Reducing CH in paddy field 4 The emission aspect is as follows:
CH is easy to appear in the field flooding period 4 Peak emissions, during which exogenous iron powder addition treatment reduced CH 4 Emission peaks; iron is added in the rice season of 2020-2021 under the same nitrogen reduction levelPowder treatment reduces CH 4 Emission intensity, and maintain significant CH 4 Emission reduction effect, 57.54% -62.16% of emission reduction of 80% of N treatment groups, 30.95% -71.46% of emission reduction of 60% of N treatment groups; the addition of iron powder is beneficial to the methane emission reduction of paddy fields.
(2) Stabilizing rice yield: the chemical nitrogen fertilizer application reduction obviously causes the yield reduction of rice on the basis of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer application. However, the iron powder addition treatment maintains the yield increase state all the time after the nitrogen reduction of 20% or the nitrogen reduction of 40%, the 80% n+fe treatment yield is increased by 5.78% to 9.68% relative to the 80% N treatment, and the 60% n+fe treatment yield is increased by 8.73% to 13.94% relative to the 60% N treatment. The addition of the exogenous iron powder in the rice field after nitrogen fertilizer application is reduced has a positive effect on the rice yield compared with the pure nitrogen reduction; the 80% N+Fe treated rice yield has no obvious yield reduction compared with 100% N treatment, and has positive effects on stable rice yield.
(3) Cost and implementation aspects:
the iron powder selected by the invention is easy to obtain and has lower cost, and the invention has relatively lower cost in terms of the overall technology, simple operation and convenient popularization.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a methane emission flux case where (a) is the year 2020 rice season methane emission flux and (b) is the year 2021 rice season methane emission flux;
FIG. 2 shows the methane cumulative emissions, wherein (a) is the rice season 2020 methane cumulative emissions and (b) is the rice season 2021 methane cumulative emissions;
FIG. 3 shows the rice yield conditions, wherein (a) is the rice yield in the year 2020 and (b) is the rice yield in the year 2021.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples. The reagents or instrumentation used are not manufacturer specific and are considered to be commercially available conventional products.
Example 1
Rice field CH 4 The emission reduction method comprises the following steps:
step 1, laying a field in-situ test field in a paddy field under a Jiangsu Liuhe long triangle rice-wheat rotation planting system, wherein the distribution of cell treatment is completely random design, the size of each cell is 4m multiplied by 5m, the cells are separated by a ridge with the width of 0.6 m so as to prevent the mutual influence of fertilizers in each cell, and 2.5 m wide protection rows are arranged on the periphery of the test field;
step 2, setting four nitrogen application levels, wherein the three nitrogen reduction levels are provided with seven test treatments of exogenous added iron powder, each treatment is repeated for four times, and 28 cells are provided;
step 3, adding iron powder into the paddy field for two years before the in-situ test of the paddy field begins, wherein the application amount of the district applying the iron powder treatment is 5000kg per hectare, the application is only carried out once in the two-year test period, and the paddy field CH is applied to the paddy field in the whole growth period 4 And collecting and measuring.
Wherein, the test treatments of the four nitrogen application levels are respectively as follows: 100 The weight percent of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer, the 80wt percent of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer, the 60wt percent of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer and the non-applied nitrogen fertilizer are respectively marked as 100 percent N, 80 percent N, 60 percent N and 0 percent N; the test treatments of setting the exogenous added iron powder at the three nitrogen reduction levels are respectively as follows: 80 The weight percent of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer is added with the external source applied iron powder, the 60wt percent of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer is added with the external source applied iron powder, and the external source applied iron powder is not applied with the nitrogen fertilizer, and the nitrogen fertilizer is respectively marked as 80 percent of N+Fe, 60 percent of N+Fe and 0 percent of N+Fe.
The traditional nitrogen fertilizer is urea and strip pile organic fertilizer, the dosage of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer is 315kg nitrogen/hectare, the traditional nitrogen fertilizer is applied to a paddy field for three times, the traditional nitrogen fertilizer is respectively base fertilizer, first additional fertilizer and second additional fertilizer, the distribution ratio is 6:3:1, the base fertilizer comprises 70kg nitrogen/hectare of strip pile organic fertilizer, the residual nitrogen is supplemented by urea, and the first additional fertilizer and the second additional fertilizer are both applied with urea.
The exogenous application of the iron powder refers to application of the iron powder to a paddy field before the in-situ test of the paddy field for two years begins, wherein the iron powder is zero-valent iron with the purity of more than 99 percent (the production place is Hebei and Shijia).
In the step 3, the rice field CH is in the whole growth period 4 The specific steps of acquisition and measurement are as follows: the static camera bellows is inserted into the base during sampling, water is filled in the groove of the base,sealing with water, respectively extracting gas samples from the box into vacuum sampling bottle with syringes 0, 15, and 30min after buckling, simultaneously measuring and recording air temperature in the box, and sending the samples back to laboratory, and measuring gas samples and CH with gas chromatograph GC (Agilent 7890B, palo Alto, CA, USA) 4 The concentration was quantified with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID).
Fig. 1 shows the methane emission flux conditions, wherein (a) is the methane emission flux of the year 2020 rice season, and (b) is the methane emission flux of the year 2021 rice season, and fig. 1a shows that four main methane emission peaks appear in the year 2020 rice season, the first methane emission peak appears on the 8 th day after base fertilizer application, and compared with the pure nitrogen reduction treatment under the same nitrogen reduction level, the treatment of adding iron powder reduces the methane emission peak, the 80% N treatment is reduced by 39.01%, and the 60% N treatment is reduced by 65.74%. The second methane emission peak appears on the 4 th day after the first additional fertilizer, and compared with the pure nitrogen reduction treatment under the same nitrogen reduction level, the treatment of adding iron powder still reduces the methane emission peak, the 80% N treatment group is reduced by 48.38%, and the 60% N treatment group is reduced by 52.10%. The third methane emission peak appears in the last ten days of 8 months, and compared with the pure nitrogen reduction treatment under the same nitrogen reduction level, the methane emission peak is reduced by the treatment of adding iron powder, the methane emission peak is reduced by 86.76% in the 80% N treatment group, and the methane emission peak is reduced by 42.21% in the 60% N treatment group. Fig. 1b shows that the methane emission peak in the rice season of 2021 is mainly two, and the first time is 8 days after base fertilizer application, compared with the pure nitrogen reduction treatment at the same nitrogen reduction level, the treatment of adding iron powder reduces the methane emission peak, the treatment of 80% N is reduced by 20.23%, and the treatment of 60% N is reduced by 96.83%. The second methane emission peak appears in the last ten days of 8 months, and compared with the pure nitrogen reduction treatment under the same nitrogen reduction level, the methane emission peak is reduced by the treatment of adding iron powder, the methane emission peak is reduced by 31.01% in the 80% N treatment and the methane emission peak is reduced by 28.85% in the 60% N treatment.
Fig. 2 is a graph of methane cumulative emissions, where (a) is the 2020 year's rice season methane cumulative emissions and (b) is the 2021 year's rice season methane cumulative emissions, and fig. 2a shows that the iron powder addition treatment at the same nitrogen application level for the 2020 year's rice season methane cumulative emissions reduced methane cumulative emissions relative to the pure nitrogen application, with a reduction of 48.17% for the 0% n+fe treatment, 30.95% for the 60% n+fe treatment, and a significant reduction of 62.16% for the 80% n+fe treatment. Fig. 2b shows that the cumulative methane emissions from 2021 rice season reduced methane cumulative emissions from iron powder addition versus nitrogen alone, with a 60% n+fe reduction of 71.46% and an 80% n+fe reduction of 57.54%.
FIG. 3 shows the rice yield, wherein (a) is the rice yield in the year 2020 and (b) is the rice yield in the year 2021, and FIG. 3a shows that the rice yield in the year 2020 is positively correlated with the nitrogen application level, the yield is remarkably reduced by 17.72% after 20% nitrogen reduction, and the yield is remarkably reduced by 22.10% after 40% nitrogen reduction; the nitrogen-reducing iron powder is added to increase the rice yield, the 80% N+Fe treatment is increased by 9.68%, the 60% N+Fe treatment is increased by 8.73%, and the yield is not obviously reduced compared with the traditional nitrogen fertilizer application amount. FIG. 3b shows that the yield of 2021 rice is still positively correlated with the nitrogen application amount, the yield is reduced by 14.44% after 20% nitrogen reduction, and the yield is obviously reduced by 32.46% after 40% nitrogen reduction; the 80% N+Fe treatment is increased by 5.78%, the 60% N+Fe treatment is increased by 13.94%, and the 80% N+Fe treatment has no significant yield reduction compared with the traditional nitrogen fertilizer application amount.
Table 1 shows the methane emission intensity of the rice season of 2020-2021, and as can be seen from table 1, the methane emission intensity is reduced in the rice season of 2020 when no iron powder treatment is applied to the iron powder for the same nitrogen level; 20-40% of the nitrogen-reduced iron powder is added in the rice season in 2021, and the methane emission intensity tends to be reduced compared with the treatment without the iron powder.
Table 1 2020-2021 year old rice season methane emission intensity
Note that: the different lower case letters of the same column represent significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05), respectively.
The protection of the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. Variations and advantages that would occur to one skilled in the art are included in the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventive concept, and the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims.
Claims (2)
1. A first partPaddy field CH 4 The emission reduction method is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1, arranging field in-situ test lands in a paddy field in a long triangular area, dividing test cells, and separating the cells by ridges so as to prevent the fertilizer in each cell from affecting each other;
step 2, setting four nitrogen application levels, wherein three nitrogen reduction levels set seven test treatments of exogenous added iron powder, and each treatment is repeated four times;
the test treatments of the four nitrogen application levels are respectively as follows: 100wt% of traditional nitrogen fertilizer, 80wt% of traditional nitrogen fertilizer, 60wt% of traditional nitrogen fertilizer and no nitrogen fertilizer;
the test treatments of setting the exogenous added iron powder at the three nitrogen reduction levels are respectively as follows: 80wt% of traditional nitrogen fertilizer, 60wt% of external iron powder, and no nitrogen fertilizer;
the traditional nitrogen fertilizer comprises urea and a strip pile organic fertilizer, wherein the dosage of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer is 315kg of nitrogen/hectare, the traditional nitrogen fertilizer is applied to a paddy field in three times, and is respectively a base fertilizer, a first additional fertilizer and a second additional fertilizer, the distribution ratio is 6:3:1, the base fertilizer comprises 70kg of nitrogen/hectare of strip pile organic fertilizer, the residual nitrogen is supplemented by urea, and the first additional fertilizer and the second additional fertilizer are both applied with urea;
the iron powder is zero-valent iron, and the purity is more than 99%;
step 3, adding iron powder into the paddy field for two years before the in-situ test of the paddy field begins, wherein the application amount of the district applying the iron powder treatment is 5000 kg/hectare, the application is only carried out once in the two-year test period, and the paddy field CH is applied to the paddy field in the whole growth period 4 And collecting and measuring.
2. A paddy field CH according to claim 1 4 The emission reduction method is characterized in that: in the step 3, the rice field CH is in the whole growth period 4 The specific steps of acquisition and measurement are as follows: the static camera bellows is inserted into the base during sampling, water is filled in the groove of the base, the base is sealed by water liquid seal, and the camera bellows is respectively arranged at 0, 15,Extracting gas sample from the box into vacuum sampling bottle by syringe for 30min, measuring and recording air temperature in the box, and sending the sample back to laboratory, and measuring gas sample and CH by gas chromatograph GC 4 The concentration was quantified with a flame ionization detector.
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