CN114885780A - Rice terrace CH 4 Emission reduction method - Google Patents
Rice terrace CH 4 Emission reduction method Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
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Abstract
The invention discloses a paddy field CH 4 Emission reduction method capable of reducing CH 4 The discharge has the effect of stable yield of rice, and the CH is realized by reducing the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer and adding iron powder from an external source 4 The method aims at the synergy of emission reduction and stable yield of rice, the in-situ test of the rice field is two years, and the CH of the rice field is subjected to static dark box-gas chromatograph method in each rice growth period 4 Collecting and measuring, and measuring yield of the rice after each rice season is finished. As can be seen from the test results, the treatment of adding iron powder with 20% of nitrogen reduction based on the conventional nitrogen application level can reduce the CH content in the paddy field 4 Discharging of (3); in addition, on the yield of rice, compared with the traditional nitrogen application level treatment, the treatment has no obvious reduction, is always kept at the same level, and has the effect of stable yield.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to a paddy field CH 4 Emission reduction technical field, in particular to a paddy field CH 4 An emission reduction method.
Background
Greenhouse gases play an important role in global warming due to their radiation compelling, and evaluation reports of IPCC indicate that CH 4 The warming potential of (A) is CO 2 28 times of the total amount of the active carbon, the average life span of the active carbon existing in the atmosphere reaches 12.4 years, and the influence of the active carbon on the global warming is not negligible due to the high temperature-raising potential and the long-term existence of the active carbon in the atmosphereAnd (6) viewing. CH produced by agricultural activities 4 Global non-CO 2 More than half of the greenhouse gases, while the rice field habitat is CH in agricultural activities 4 Important source of emissions, annual average CH in rice paddy 4 Emission of CH to atmosphere 4 10% -20% of the total amount.
Rice field CH 4 The discharge is that the soil methanogen utilizes organic matter fermentation to produce CH 4 And methane-oxidizing bacteria consume CH by oxidation 4 The two processes are combined. The two microorganisms are greatly influenced by the oxygen content of soil, methanogens are obligate anaerobic bacteria and have high activity in an anaerobic environment, and methane-oxidizing bacteria are CH 4 Is an obligate aerobic bacterium with only carbon source and energy source. But at the same time paddy soil CH 4 Not only on aerobic conditions, but also under anaerobic conditions, such as Fe-mediated metal-dependent methane anaerobic oxidation, microbial oxidation with NO 2 - Can also complete the processes of nitrite methane anaerobic oxidation and the like as an electron acceptor 4 Oxidation of (2).
Bodegom et al found in H in pure methanogen culture experiments 2 /CO 2 And cultured in methanolMethanosarcina barkeriHas the capability of reducing Fe (III), and the methanogen can be helpful to CH production 4 The process is inhibited. Iron cycle on CH in the Paddy field Environment 4 The control mechanism of (2) is widely believed to be closely related to the competition mechanism of different microorganisms for a common substrate. The application of the iron fertilizer or the iron modifier can effectively reduce the CH in the paddy field 4 Mainly by iron recycling to CH 4 Inhibition of formation process and CH 4 The enhancement of the oxidation process is achieved in both ways.
First, iron cycle is conducted on the paddy field CH 4 The inhibition of production is generally thought to be the production of CH by electron flow under flooding conditions 4 The process is transferred to Fe 3+ The reduction process results, while the conversion process of the iron cycle influences the bioavailability of the soluble organic carbon by microorganisms. The research of Dongyuan Qi and the like shows that in the time sequence of the paddy field, the hydrochloric acid leached ferric iron is obviously and positively correlated with soil organic carbon and soluble organic carbonThe system shows that the existence of ferric iron also contributes to the accumulation of organic carbon in soil, and the generation of CH is reduced at source after the organic carbon is accumulated and fixed in the soil 4 This also laterally reflects the carbon sequestration effect of the ferric iron. Some other beliefs are that Bodegom et al consider Fe 3+ It is also possible to inhibit CH production 4 The total metabolic activity of the bacteria.
Hydrogen and acetic acid being Fe 3+ Reducing bacteria and CH production 4 Substrates commonly used for bacteria. If Fe is present in the soil 3+ Then is Fe 3+ Reducing bacteria use these substrates to convert Fe 3+ Reduction to Fe 2+ 。Fe 2+ Diffused to the water layer of the field surface and oxidized into Fe under aerobic condition 3+ 。Fe 3+ Precipitating in soil and being coated with Fe 3+ And (4) reusing the reducing bacteria. When Fe is in soil 3+ When exhausted, produce CH 4 Production of CH by bacteria using substrates 4 . Compared with CH production 4 Bacteria, Fe 3+ Reducing bacteria are able to utilize acetic acid and H well below their metabolic levels 2 While being Fe 3+ The reducing bacteria have higher affinity to the substrate so that the reducing bacteria have certain advantages in competition, and Fe 3+ Specific production of CH by reduction reaction 4 The more effective energy of reaction is obtained to lead Fe 3+ The reducing bacteria can fully utilize the substrate.
In the habitat of the paddy field itself, the oxygen-secreting environment at the crop roots and the flooded surface of the paddy field may have methane oxidation processes, and microorganisms participate in Fe under the flooded condition 3+ Reduction of the driven CH 4 Anaerobic oxidation, which results in the formation of CH 4 The discharge terminal in the soil environment can be further suppressed. CH (CH) 4 Oxidation and mineralization of organic carbon may lead to soil CO 2 Increase in emissions, but at the same time, some Fe 2+ The oxidative bacteria can fix CO by self-metabolism energy 2 For example, some acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria in acidic environment and various photosynthetic iron-oxidizing bacteria under neutral anaerobic condition inhibit CO to some extent 2 Is not easy to occur and inhibits CH 4 The emission of CO is promoted 2 Venting thus takes into account that situation.
Rice field CH 4 The influence factors of the discharge include soil oxidation-reduction potential Eh, irrigation mode, field surface water layer depth, soil temperature, fertilization types, fertilization time and the like. In addition to these conventional factors, the iron cycle in rice fields also affects CH in the presence of microorganisms 4 Generation and discharge of (1), wherein iron reducing bacteria and CH production are involved 4 Substrate competition, iron reduction process and CH of bacteria 4 Coupling of oxidation processes, etc. Exogenous addition of iron powder under nitrogen-reducing conditions may further trigger these relevant mechanisms, in which case we explore the paddy CH by field in-situ experiments 4 Emission characteristics and change rules.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a paddy field CH 4 The emission reduction method aims to reduce the CH content of the paddy field in the rice growth period by adopting a method of reducing the nitrogen fertilizer dosage and adding iron powder externally 4 The rice yield is discharged and stabilized, and the negative environmental effect caused by excessive nitrogen application in the rice field is reduced due to the reduction of the nitrogen fertilizer dosage, so that the goal of emission reduction, synergy and stable yield is realized.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:
rice terrace CH 4 The emission reduction method comprises the following steps:
step 1, laying field in-situ test lands in typical paddy fields in Yangtze river and Yangtze river areas, dividing test cells, and separating the cells by ridges so as to prevent fertilizer in each cell from influencing each other;
step 2, setting four nitrogen applying levels, wherein the three nitrogen reducing levels are set with seven experimental treatments of externally added iron powder, and each treatment is repeated for four times;
and 3, adding iron powder into the paddy field at one time before the in-situ test of the paddy field for two years, wherein the application rate of the area treated by applying the iron powder is 5000 kg/hectare, the application is only carried out once during the test for two years, and the CH4 of the paddy field is collected and measured during the whole growth period of the paddy rice.
Further, the four nitrogen application levels of the test treatment are respectively as follows: 100 wt% of traditional nitrogen fertilizer, 80 wt% of traditional nitrogen fertilizer, 60 wt% of traditional nitrogen fertilizer and no nitrogen fertilizer are respectively marked as 100% N, 80% N, 60% N and 0% N.
Further, the three nitrogen reduction levels are respectively set as follows: 80 wt% of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer dosage plus the external application iron powder, 60 wt% of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer dosage plus the external application iron powder, and no nitrogen fertilizer plus the external application iron powder are respectively marked as 80% N + Fe, 60% N + Fe and 0% N + Fe.
Further, the types of the traditional nitrogen fertilizers comprise urea and windrow organic fertilizers, the dosage of the traditional nitrogen fertilizers is 315 kg of nitrogen per hectare, the traditional nitrogen fertilizers are applied to the paddy field for three times, namely base fertilizers, first additional fertilizers and second additional fertilizers respectively with the proportion of 6:3:1, the base fertilizers comprise 70 kg of windrow organic fertilizers with nitrogen per hectare, the rest nitrogen elements are supplemented by urea, and the urea is applied to the first additional fertilizers and the second additional fertilizers.
Further, the iron powder is zero-valent iron with purity of more than 99%.
Further, in step 3, the rice is in the complete growth period, the rice field CH 4 The specific steps of collecting and measuring are as follows: during sampling, the static dark box is inserted into the base, water is filled in the groove of the base, the base is sealed by water liquid, a gas sample is extracted from the box into the vacuum sampling bottle by an injector for 0 min, 15 min and 30 min after the box is buckled, the gas temperature in the box is measured and recorded simultaneously, the sample is sent back to a laboratory, and the gas sample and CH are measured by adopting a gas chromatograph GC 4 The concentration was quantified using a flame ionization detector.
Has the advantages that:
compared with the prior art, the paddy field CH provided by the invention 4 The emission reduction method has the following advantages:
(1) reduction of CH in rice field 4 And (3) in the aspect of emission:
CH is easy to appear in the field flooding period 4 Peak emission during which exogenously added iron powder treatment reduced CH 4 A peak emission value; the treatment of adding iron powder reduces CH in the rice season of 2020- 4 Emission intensity and maintenance of significant CH 4 Emission reduction effect, the emission reduction of 80 percent of N treatment groups is 57.54 to 62.16 percent,the emission reduction of the 60% N treatment group is 30.95% -71.46%; the addition of the iron powder is beneficial to the emission reduction of the methane in the paddy field.
(2) And (3) stabilizing the rice yield: the chemical nitrogen fertilizer application reduction obviously causes the rice yield reduction on the basis of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer dosage. However, the treatment with iron powder addition always maintained the state of yield increase no matter after nitrogen reduction of 20% or 40%, the yield of 80% N + Fe treatment increased by 5.78% -9.68% relative to 80% N treatment, and the yield of 60% N + Fe treatment increased by 8.73% -13.94% relative to 60% N treatment. Compared with the simple nitrogen reduction, the addition of the exogenous iron powder after the nitrogen fertilizer is applied in the paddy field has positive influence on the yield of the paddy; the yield of the rice treated by 80% of N + Fe is not obviously reduced compared with that treated by 100% of N, and the method has a positive effect on stable yield of the rice.
(3) Cost and implementation aspects:
the iron powder selected by the invention is easy to obtain and has low cost, and the cost is relatively low in the overall technology, and the method is simple to operate and convenient to popularize.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph of methane emission flux for (a) 2020 year rice season methane emission flux and (b) 2021 year rice season methane emission flux;
FIG. 2 shows the cumulative emission of methane, wherein (a) is the cumulative emission of methane from rice in 2020 year and (b) is the cumulative emission of methane from rice in 2021 year;
FIG. 3 shows the rice yield in the 2020 season and the (b) 2021 season.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by manufacturers, and are regarded as conventional products which can be purchased in the market.
Example 1
Rice terrace CH 4 The emission reduction method comprises the following steps:
step 1, laying field in-situ test fields in paddy fields under a rice crop rotation planting system of long triangular rice and wheat of Liuhe, Jiangsu, wherein the distribution of cell treatment is completely randomly designed, the size of each cell is 4m multiplied by 5m, each cell is separated by a ridge with the width of 0.6 m so as to prevent the mutual influence of fertilizers of each cell, and a protection row with the width of 2.5 m is arranged on the periphery of a test field;
step 2, setting four nitrogen applying levels, wherein three nitrogen reducing levels are set with seven experimental treatments of externally added iron powder, each treatment is repeated, and 28 cells are arranged;
step 3, adding iron powder to the paddy field once before the in-situ test of the paddy field for two years begins, wherein the application rate of the area treated by applying the iron powder is 5000 kg/hectare, the iron powder is only applied once during the test for two years, and the CH is applied to the paddy field during the whole growth period of the paddy rice 4 And collecting and measuring.
Wherein the four nitrogen application levels of the test treatment are respectively as follows: 100 wt% of traditional nitrogen fertilizer, 80 wt% of traditional nitrogen fertilizer, 60 wt% of traditional nitrogen fertilizer and no nitrogen fertilizer are respectively marked as 100% N, 80% N, 60% N and 0% N; the three nitrogen reduction levels are respectively set as follows: 80 wt% of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer dosage plus the external applied iron powder, 60 wt% of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer dosage plus the external applied iron powder, and no nitrogen fertilizer plus the external applied iron powder are respectively marked as 80% N + Fe, 60% N + Fe and 0% N + Fe.
The traditional nitrogen fertilizers are urea and windrow organic fertilizers, the dosage of the traditional nitrogen fertilizers is 315 kg nitrogen/hectare, the traditional nitrogen fertilizers are applied to the paddy field for three times, namely base fertilizers, first additional fertilizers and second additional fertilizers respectively with the proportion of 6:3:1, the base fertilizers comprise 70 kg nitrogen/hectare windrow organic fertilizers, the rest nitrogen is supplemented by urea, and the urea is applied to the first additional fertilizers and the second additional fertilizers.
The exogenous application of the iron powder refers to applying the iron powder to the paddy field before the two-year paddy field in-situ test begins, wherein the iron powder is zero-valent iron and has the purity of more than 99 percent (producing area: Hebei, Shijiazhuang).
In step 3, the rice is in the complete growth period, the paddy field CH 4 The specific steps of collecting and measuring are as follows: during sampling, the static dark box is inserted into the base, water is filled into the groove of the base, the base is sealed by water liquid, a gas sample is extracted from the box into the vacuum sampling bottle by an injector after the box is buckled for 0 min, 15 min and 30 min respectively, the gas temperature in the box is measured and recorded simultaneously, and the sample is sent back to be realLaboratory, gas chromatograph GC (Agilent 7890B, Palo Alto, Calif., USA) is used to determine the gas sample, CH 4 The concentration was quantified using a Flame Ionization Detector (FID).
Fig. 1 is a graph of methane emission flux for rice in 2020, and for rice in 2021, where (a) is the emission flux of methane in rice in 2020, and the first emission peak of methane appears at 8 days after base fertilizer application, the treatment with iron powder reduced the peak value of methane emission, 80% N reduced 39.01%, and 60% N reduced 65.74, relative to the treatment with simple nitrogen reduction at the same nitrogen reduction level. The second methane emission peak appears on the 4 th day after the first topdressing, and compared with the treatment of pure nitrogen reduction under the same nitrogen reduction level, the treatment of adding iron powder still reduces the methane emission peak value, the 80% N treatment group reduces 48.38%, and the 60% N treatment group reduces 52.10%. The third methane emission peak appears in the last 8 th month, and compared with the treatment of pure nitrogen reduction under the same nitrogen reduction level, the treatment of adding iron powder reduces the methane emission peak, and 80% of N treatment groups are reduced by 86.76%, and 60% of N treatment groups are reduced by 42.21%. Fig. 1b shows that only two methane emission peaks appear in the rice season in 2021, and on the first 8 th day after base fertilizer application, compared with the treatment of simple nitrogen reduction at the same nitrogen reduction level, the treatment with iron powder reduces the methane emission peak, and 80% of the N treatment reduces 20.23% and 60% of the N treatment reduces 96.83%. The second methane emission peak appears in the last 8 th month, and compared with the treatment of pure nitrogen reduction under the same nitrogen reduction level, the treatment of adding iron powder reduces the methane emission peak, 80% of N treatment reduces 31.01%, and 60% of N treatment reduces 28.85%.
Fig. 2 is a graph of cumulative emissions of methane from rice in 2020, wherein (a) is cumulative emissions of methane from rice in 2020, and (b) is cumulative emissions of methane from rice in 2021, and fig. 2a shows that cumulative emissions of methane from rice in 2020 are reduced by 48.17% for 0% N + Fe treatment, 30.95% for 60% N + Fe treatment, and 62.16% for 80% N + Fe treatment, relative to the addition of iron powder for the same nitrogen application level. FIG. 2b shows that the accumulated emission of methane in the rice season in 2021, compared with the treatment of adding iron powder, is reduced by 71.46% in the treatment of 60% N + Fe and 57.54% in the treatment of 80% N + Fe.
FIG. 3 is a graph of rice yield, wherein (a) is rice yield in 2020 rice season, and (b) is rice yield in 2021 rice season, and FIG. 3a shows that the rice yield in 2020 is in positive correlation with nitrogen application level, and after reducing nitrogen by 20%, the yield is significantly reduced by 17.72%, and after reducing nitrogen by 40%, the yield is significantly reduced by 22.10%; the nitrogen-reducing iron powder is applied to increase the rice yield, the treatment of 80 percent of N + Fe is increased by 9.68 percent, the treatment of 60 percent of N + Fe is increased by 8.73 percent, and compared with the application amount of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer, the nitrogen-reducing iron powder has no obvious yield reduction. FIG. 3b shows that the rice yield is still positively correlated with the nitrogen application amount in 2021, the yield is reduced by 14.44% after the nitrogen is reduced by 20%, and the yield is significantly reduced by 32.46% after the nitrogen is reduced by 40%; the 80% N + Fe treatment increased by 5.78%, the 60% N + Fe treatment increased by 13.94%, and only the 80% N + Fe treatment did not significantly reduce yield compared to the conventional nitrogen fertilizer application rate.
Table 1 shows the emission intensity of methane in the rice season in 2020-; in 2021, the nitrogen reduction of 20-40% of the iron powder is reduced in rice seasons, and the emission intensity of methane is reduced relative to that of the iron powder which is not treated.
TABLE 12020-year 2021-year Rice season methane emission intensity
Note: the different lower case letters in the same column indicate significant differences between treatments (P <0.05), respectively.
The protection content of the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. Variations and advantages that may occur to those skilled in the art may be incorporated into the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventive concept and the scope of the appended claims is intended to be protected.
Claims (6)
1. Rice terrace CH 4 The emission reduction method is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1, laying field in-situ test fields in paddy fields in Yangtze river and delta regions, dividing test cells, and separating the test cells by ridges so as to prevent fertilizer in each cell from influencing each other;
step 2, setting four nitrogen applying levels, wherein the three nitrogen reducing levels are set with seven experimental treatments of externally added iron powder, and each treatment is repeated for four times;
step 3, adding iron powder to the paddy field once before the in-situ test of the paddy field for two years begins, wherein the application rate of the area treated by applying the iron powder is 5000 kg/hectare, the iron powder is only applied once during the test for two years, and the CH is applied to the paddy field during the whole growth period of the paddy rice 4 And collecting and measuring.
2. The paddy field CH as claimed in claim 1 4 The emission reduction method is characterized by comprising the following steps: the four nitrogen levels tested were: 100 wt% of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer, 80 wt% of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer, 60 wt% of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer and no nitrogen fertilizer.
3. The paddy field CH as claimed in claim 1 4 The emission reduction method is characterized by comprising the following steps: the three nitrogen reduction levels are respectively set as follows: 80 wt% of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer dosage plus the external application iron powder, 60 wt% of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer dosage plus the external application iron powder, and no nitrogen fertilizer plus the external application iron powder.
4. The rice paddy CH according to any one of claims 2 to 3 4 The emission reduction method is characterized by comprising the following steps: the traditional nitrogen fertilizer comprises urea and a strip pile organic fertilizer, the dosage of the traditional nitrogen fertilizer is 315 kg nitrogen per hectare, the traditional nitrogen fertilizer is applied to a paddy field for three times, namely a base fertilizer, a first additional fertilizer and a second additional fertilizer respectively with the proportion of 6:3:1, the base fertilizer comprises 70 kg nitrogen per hectare of the strip pile organic fertilizer, the rest nitrogen is supplemented by the urea, and the urea is applied to the first additional fertilizer and the second additional fertilizer.
5. The paddy CH as claimed in claim 3 4 The emission reduction method is characterized by comprising the following steps: the iron powder is zero-valent ironPurity of>99%。
6. The paddy field CH as claimed in claim 1 4 The emission reduction method is characterized by comprising the following steps: in step 3, the rice is in the complete growth period, the paddy field CH 4 The specific steps of collecting and measuring are as follows: during sampling, the static dark box is inserted into the base, water is filled in the groove of the base, the base is sealed by water liquid, a gas sample is extracted from the box into the vacuum sampling bottle by an injector for 0 min, 15 min and 30 min after the box is buckled, the gas temperature in the box is measured and recorded simultaneously, the sample is sent back to a laboratory, and the gas sample and CH are measured by adopting a gas chromatograph GC 4 The concentration was quantified using a flame ionization detector.
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