CN114885733B - 一种苹婆矮化控制栽培方法 - Google Patents
一种苹婆矮化控制栽培方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114885733B CN114885733B CN202210550877.2A CN202210550877A CN114885733B CN 114885733 B CN114885733 B CN 114885733B CN 202210550877 A CN202210550877 A CN 202210550877A CN 114885733 B CN114885733 B CN 114885733B
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- 241001503664 Sterculia nobilis Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 108
- 238000012364 cultivation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 5
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 79
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
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- 230000017260 vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem Effects 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 18
- ZMZGFLUUZLELNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(I)=CC(I)=C1I ZMZGFLUUZLELNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- OORIKNJWZHTXDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N CCCC(CC)C(CC)(C(=O)OCC)N Chemical compound CCCC(CC)C(CC)(C(=O)OCC)N OORIKNJWZHTXDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- RMOGWMIKYWRTKW-UONOGXRCSA-N (S,S)-paclobutrazol Chemical compound C([C@@H]([C@@H](O)C(C)(C)C)N1N=CN=C1)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 RMOGWMIKYWRTKW-UONOGXRCSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000005985 Paclobutrazol Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000618 nitrogen fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;potassium Chemical compound [K].OP(O)(O)=O PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 11
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- 229960005424 cypermethrin Drugs 0.000 claims description 8
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- 238000009966 trimming Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims description 6
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- KMQAPZBMEMMKSS-UHFFFAOYSA-K calcium;magnesium;phosphate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O KMQAPZBMEMMKSS-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
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- GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].OP(O)([O-])=O GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K potassium phosphate Substances [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 6
- OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium sulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000011151 potassium sulphates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
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- SBPBAQFWLVIOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorpyrifos Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)OC1=NC(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C1Cl SBPBAQFWLVIOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CLSVJBIHYWPGQY-GGYDESQDSA-N spirotetramat Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC1=C(C=2C(=CC=C(C)C=2)C)C(=O)N[C@@]11CC[C@H](OC)CC1 CLSVJBIHYWPGQY-GGYDESQDSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 244000157072 Hylocereus undatus Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000003293 Magnolia grandiflora Species 0.000 claims description 2
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
- A01N37/10—Aromatic or araliphatic carboxylic acids, or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
- A01N37/12—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing the group, wherein Cn means a carbon skeleton not containing a ring; Thio analogues thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
- A01N37/36—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing at least one carboxylic group or a thio analogue, or a derivative thereof, and a singly bound oxygen or sulfur atom attached to the same carbon skeleton, this oxygen or sulfur atom not being a member of a carboxylic group or of a thio analogue, or of a derivative thereof, e.g. hydroxy-carboxylic acids
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/64—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/647—Triazoles; Hydrogenated triazoles
- A01N43/653—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
- A01N59/26—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B13/00—Fertilisers produced by pyrogenic processes from phosphatic materials
- C05B13/02—Fertilisers produced by pyrogenic processes from phosphatic materials from rock phosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
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- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种苹婆矮化控制栽培方法,包括修剪定形、肥水管理、矮化处理及病虫害防治,通过苹婆整形修剪培育、再辅于施肥、控梢等技术管理措施,达到矮化控制,有效解决了苹婆树形高大而无法果园化种植的难题。本发明的苹婆矮化控制栽培方法,提高了苹婆的产果率和产果品质,缩短了苹婆的生长周期,产量比一般苹婆增长20%‑30%,且矮化后采收方便,降低了采收成本,有利于促进苹婆栽植逐步走向产业化、果园化,具有良好的经济效益和生态效益。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于苹婆栽培技术领域,具体是一种苹婆矮化控制栽培方法。
背景技术
苹婆(Sterculia nobilis Smith.)又名频婆、凤眼果、六旺果、九层皮等,为梧桐科苹婆属常绿乔木,种子可供食用。苹婆原产我国南部,已有800年栽培历史,主要分布于广东、广西、福建、云南、贵州等地区。苹婆种仁富含淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、多酚、氨基酸、微量元素等多种营养成分,可煮熟食用、制作糕点、煲汤或作烹饪配菜等,味似板栗;果荚具有治疗血痢的特殊效果;树干通直,树皮树叶富含纤维,是制作家具、麻类制品、造纸等的好原料。目前苹婆产品供不应求,价格较高。干果仁比板栗仁的价格高出几倍,为国内外畅销商品之一。
据研究,苹婆种仁营养结构全面,含有丰富的淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪,其中淀粉60.42g/100 gFW、蛋白质20.32g/100g FW、脂肪2.18g/100gFW。苹婆种仁的三大营养成分(淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪)含量比例为63∶18∶2,与我国主粮水稻(77∶10∶1,中值)、小麦(63∶ 13∶1.5)的比例相近,而且苹婆种子总酚含量高达401.84μg/mL,高于坚果类多酚含量排名第一的核桃仁(245.4mg/100g)。苹婆种仁中18种氨基酸齐全,人体必需的8种氨基酸含量高,可作为一种具有较高开发价值的天然抗氧化剂。苹婆种子中的多酚具有重要的生物活性,能够有效清除自由基,具有一定保健功效。因此,苹婆是一种极具开发潜力的功能性食品来源植物,其开发利用潜力巨大。
目前,苹婆树多用于园林绿化,也有种植于庭院,长期处于粗放管理状态,即以自然生长的形态为主,一般长成后形成具有独立主干的高大树形。但是苹婆生长旺盛,顶端优势明显,易导致树体结构空虚,树冠透光性差,从而导致种仁产量低下,再加上生产成本较高,严重影响了苹婆果品的开发利用,限制了其产业化发展。
苹婆矮化栽培研究在全国也处于起步阶段,还没有苹婆矮化栽培的研究成果。本发明针对以上问题,提出一种苹婆矮化控制栽培方法。
发明内容
为解决上述问题,本发明提供一种苹婆矮化控制栽培方法,通过苹婆整形修剪培育、再辅于施肥、控梢、矮化处理等技术管理措施,达到矮化控制,提高苹婆的产果率,缩短苹婆的生长周期,提高产量,促进苹婆栽植逐步走向产业化、果园化。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供的方案如下:
一种苹婆矮化控制栽培方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)修剪定形:苹婆植株定植后,待主干长至50-60cm高时,剪顶定主干,留3~4条生长健壮、大小相当、均匀排列的主枝,用拉枝的方法使主枝基角为60°~80°,每个主枝长到30-40cm进行打顶,促发一级侧芽,留2~3个侧枝,构成树体骨架;
(2)肥水管理:
A、幼树期:对于1-2年生的苹婆幼树,每年施加3-5次的速效氮肥或者有机液肥,兑水后以水肥形式施加;
B、成树期:第3年苹婆进入结果期,于每年2月份至5月份中旬,在花期、幼果期和果实膨大期浇灌水1次;
C、开花前期:开花前一个月,开始喷施叶面肥,每隔7-10d喷施一次,连喷3-4次;
D、采果后期:在每年采收果实后、花穗抽出时,结合深翻以环沟法或条沟法施入混合肥,每株施加量为20-25kg;
E、花果期水分管理:在开花期间,若遇到连续5d以上的晴天,及时给树冠喷洒水分,增加空气湿度,谢花后见小果时叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾300-500倍液,每隔10-15d喷施一次,连续喷施2-3次;
(3)矮化处理:每年7-8月份采果后进行一次修剪,并在修剪完成后的1周之内进行矮化处理,对苹婆整株喷施矮化调节剂至全株叶片滴水为止;在8-9月份秋梢长至5-10厘米时,喷施促花剂进行控梢促花,每隔7-10天喷一次,连喷3-4次。
(4)病虫害防治:在抽花穗前8-10d,全株喷施24%螺虫乙酯3000~4000倍液或45%毒死蜱乳油1000倍液,以预防苹婆木虱的发生;在果期发生病虫害时,用10%氯氰菊酯乳油1000~1500倍液或4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳1000~2000倍液进行喷施。
具体地,步骤(2)所述的速效氮肥的株施肥量为0.05-0.1kg,兑适量水后以水肥形式施加;所述有机液肥兑水后的浓度为0.05-1%,株施肥量为8-10kg。
具体地,步骤(2)所述的叶面肥按质量百分数组成为:0.3-0.4%多效唑、0.1-0.2%硼肥,0.2-0.3%磷酸二氢钾,其余为水。
具体地,步骤(2)所述的混合肥组成为:复合肥(N-P-K为15-15-15)1-2份,硫酸钾肥1-2份,钙镁磷肥0.5-1份,腐熟动物粪便17-20份。
具体地,步骤(3)所述的矮化调节剂由二凯古拉酸钠、三碘苯甲酸、胺鲜酯、整形素按照质量比1-3:0.5-1:0.01-0.02:0.1-0.2组成。
具体地,所述的矮化调节剂的制备方法为:二凯古拉酸钠、三碘苯甲酸、胺鲜酯、整形素按照质量比混合均匀,加入少量乙醇作为助溶剂,搅拌至完全溶解后,加入矮化调节剂总重量10-12倍的水,混合均匀即得到矮化调节剂。使用时,加水稀释1000-1200倍即可使用。
具体地,步骤(3)所述的促花剂组成为:15%多效唑可湿性粉剂300倍液,磷酸二氢钾 300-500倍液。
本发明具有以下有益效果:
1、本发明提供了一种苹婆矮化控制栽培方法,从修剪定形、肥水管理、矮化处理、病虫害防治等多个方面进行栽培管理,能够有效控制苹婆树的生长高度与外形,矮化后的苹婆树生长健康,定植后第三年即可进入结果期,且结果率高,果实口感好,矮化后树高为2.1-2.6 米左右,第三年首次产果可达到11.5kg/株,产量比常规方法栽培的苹婆增长20%-30%。
2、本发明对苹婆幼树进行修剪定形,主干长至50-60cm高时剪顶定主干,并培养出适量的主枝和侧枝,从而增加了苹婆的结果枝,促进苹婆的产果量,同时抑制了苹婆植株的顶端优势,保持树冠结构合理,防止生长过高。
3、本发明在苹婆不同的生长阶段进行不同的肥水管理,每个时期环环相扣,互相关联,根据苹婆树的生长规律为其提供足够的营养,并促使苹婆树快速生长,促进开花量,提高结果率和产果率,保证每年丰产稳产,提高经济效益。
4、本发明在每年7-8月份采果后进行修剪,并进行矮化处理,达到矮化控制,有效解决了苹婆树形高大而无法果园化种植的难题;到8-9月份秋梢长出后,喷施促花剂进行控梢促花,防止过多枝叶徒长,保持树枝内的透光性,同时促进开花,为提高产果率打好基础。
5、本发明的矮化调节剂由二凯古拉酸钠、三碘苯甲酸、胺鲜酯、整形素经过科学的配比组成,具有很好的矮化效果。1)二凯古拉酸钠简称DK钠盐,能从植物的叶面或根部吸收并运送到植物正在发育的茎部,可抑制顶端分生组织中的细胞分裂,降低顶端优势,增加植物的枝和花蕾形成。2)三碘苯甲酸是一种苯甲酸类植物生长调节剂,可经由叶、嫩枝吸收进入到植株体内,阻抑吲哚乙酸由上向基部的极性运输,进而控制植株的顶端生长,矮化植株,促进侧芽、分枝和花芽的形成。3)胺鲜酯是一种人工合成的化学物质,其作用机理是:先被植物体吸收,然后调节植物体的新陈代谢,使赤霉素等物质合成增多,进而发挥促进细胞分裂、保花保果等功效。4)整形素是一类人工合成的激素传导抑制剂,是9-羟基-9-竣酸芴的衍生物,不会引起环境污染;其作用机理是抑制植物内源生长素和赤霉素的合成以及生长素的极性传导和侧向运输,从而抑制细胞的有丝分裂,抑制顶芽生长,促进胚芽的发生,使植株矮化。
6、本发明通过病虫害防治,减少苹婆栽培过程中苹婆木虱、炭疽病等病虫害的发生,提高产果品质。
7、本发明的苹婆矮化控制栽培方法,提高了苹婆的产果率和产果品质,缩短了苹婆的生长周期,矮化后采收方便,降低了采收成本,既可平地大范围栽培成果园,也可进行山地种植,为苹婆的规范化矮化栽培提供了方向,有利于促进苹婆栽植逐步走向产业化、果园化,具有良好的经济效益和生态效益。
附图说明
图1是本发明矮化后的两年生苹婆生长情况图。
图2是本发明矮化后的三年生苹婆结果情况图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步的描述:
实施例1
一种苹婆矮化控制栽培方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)修剪定形:苹婆植株定植后,待主干长至50cm高时,剪顶定主干,留3~4条生长健壮、大小相当、均匀排列的主枝,用拉枝的方法使主枝基角为60°~80°,每个主枝长到30-40cm进行打顶,促发一级侧芽,留2~3个侧枝,构成树体骨架;
(2)肥水管理:
A、幼树期:对于1-2年生的苹婆幼树,每年施加4次的速效氮肥,兑水后以水肥形式施加;速效氮肥的株施肥量为0.1kg,兑适量水后以水肥形式施加。
B、成树期:第3年苹婆进入结果期,于每年2月份至5月份中旬,在花期、幼果期和果实膨大期浇灌水1次;
C、开花前期:开花前一个月,开始喷施叶面肥,每隔8d喷施一次,连喷4次;所述叶面肥按质量百分数组成为:0.3%多效唑、0.15%硼肥,0.25%磷酸二氢钾,其余为水。
D、采果后期:在每年采收果实后、花穗抽出时,结合深翻以环沟法或条沟法施入混合肥,每株施加量为20-25kg;所述混合肥组成为:复合肥(N-P-K为15-15-15)2份,硫酸钾肥1 份,钙镁磷肥1份,腐熟动物粪便20份。
E、花果期水分管理:在开花期间,若遇到连续5d以上的晴天,及时给树冠喷洒水分,增加空气湿度,谢花后见小果时叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾300倍液,每隔15d喷施一次,连续喷施2次;
(3)矮化处理:每年7-8月份采果后进行一次修剪,并在修剪完成后的1周之内进行矮化处理,对苹婆整株喷施矮化调节剂至全株叶片滴水为止;在8-9月份秋梢长至5-10厘米时,喷施促花剂进行控梢促花,每隔10天喷一次,连喷3次。
所述矮化调节剂由二凯古拉酸钠、三碘苯甲酸、胺鲜酯、整形素按照质量比2:0.6:0.015: 0.15组成;所述的促花剂组成为:15%多效唑可湿性粉剂300倍液,磷酸二氢钾300倍液。
矮化调节剂的制备方法为:二凯古拉酸钠、三碘苯甲酸、胺鲜酯、整形素按照质量比混合均匀,加入少量乙醇作为助溶剂,搅拌至完全溶解后,加入矮化调节剂总重量10倍的水,混合均匀即得到矮化调节剂;使用时,加水稀释1000倍即可使用。
(4)病虫害防治:在抽花穗前8d,全株喷施24%螺虫乙酯3000倍液,以预防苹婆木虱的发生;在果期发生病虫害时,用10%氯氰菊酯乳油1000倍液进行喷施。
实施例2
一种苹婆矮化控制栽培方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)修剪定形:苹婆植株定植后,待主干长至60cm高时,剪顶定主干,留3~4条生长健壮、大小相当、均匀排列的主枝,用拉枝的方法使主枝基角为70°~80°,每个主枝长到30-40cm进行打顶,促发一级侧芽,留2~3个侧枝,构成树体骨架;
(2)肥水管理:
A、幼树期:对于1-2年生的苹婆幼树,每年施加3次的速效氮肥,兑水后以水肥形式施加;速效氮肥的株施肥量为0.1kg,兑适量水后以水肥形式施加。
B、成树期:第3年苹婆进入结果期,于每年2月份至5月份中旬,在花期、幼果期和果实膨大期浇灌水1次;
C、开花前期:开花前一个月,开始喷施叶面肥,每隔10d喷施一次,连喷3次;所述叶面肥按质量百分数组成为:0.35%多效唑、0.2%硼肥,0.3%磷酸二氢钾,其余为水。
D、采果后期:在每年采收果实后、花穗抽出时,结合深翻以环沟法或条沟法施入混合肥,每株施加量为20-25kg;所述混合肥组成为:复合肥(N-P-K为15-15-15)1份,硫酸钾肥1.5份,钙镁磷肥1份,腐熟动物粪便19份。
E、花果期水分管理:在开花期间,若遇到连续5d以上的晴天,及时给树冠喷洒水分,增加空气湿度,谢花后见小果时叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾500倍液,每隔12d喷施一次,连续喷施3次;
(3)矮化处理:每年7-8月份采果后进行一次修剪,并在修剪完成后的1周之内进行矮化处理,对苹婆整株喷施矮化调节剂至全株叶片滴水为止;在8-9月份秋梢长至5-10厘米时,喷施促花剂进行控梢促花,每隔9天喷一次,连喷3次。
所述矮化调节剂由二凯古拉酸钠、三碘苯甲酸、胺鲜酯、整形素按照质量比1:0.5:0.01: 0.1组成;所述的促花剂组成为:15%多效唑可湿性粉剂300倍液,磷酸二氢钾500倍液。
矮化调节剂的制备方法为:二凯古拉酸钠、三碘苯甲酸、胺鲜酯、整形素按照质量比混合均匀,加入少量乙醇作为助溶剂,搅拌至完全溶解后,加入矮化调节剂总重量10倍的水,混合均匀即得到矮化调节剂;使用时,加水稀释1000倍即可使用。
(4)病虫害防治:在抽花穗前10d,全株喷施45%毒死蜱乳油1000倍液,以预防苹婆木虱的发生;在果期发生病虫害时,用10%氯氰菊酯乳油1500倍液进行喷施。
实施例3
一种苹婆矮化控制栽培方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)修剪定形:苹婆植株定植后,待主干长至55cm高时,剪顶定主干,留3~4条生长健壮、大小相当、均匀排列的主枝,用拉枝的方法使主枝基角为60°~70°,每个主枝长到30-40cm进行打顶,促发一级侧芽,留2~3个侧枝,构成树体骨架;
(2)肥水管理:
A、幼树期:对于1-2年生的苹婆幼树,每年施加4次的有机液肥,兑水后以水肥形式施加;有机液肥兑水后的浓度为0.08%,株施肥量为9kg。
B、成树期:第3年苹婆进入结果期,于每年2月份至5月份中旬,在花期、幼果期和果实膨大期浇灌水1次;
C、开花前期:开花前一个月,开始喷施叶面肥,每隔8d喷施一次,连喷4次;所述叶面肥按质量百分数组成为:0.3%多效唑、0.1%硼肥,0.3%磷酸二氢钾,其余为水。
D、采果后期:在每年采收果实后、花穗抽出时,结合深翻以环沟法或条沟法施入混合肥,每株施加量为20-25kg;所述混合肥组成为:复合肥(N-P-K为15-15-15)2份,硫酸钾肥2 份,钙镁磷肥1份,腐熟动物粪便18份。
E、花果期水分管理:在开花期间,若遇到连续5d以上的晴天,及时给树冠喷洒水分,增加空气湿度,谢花后见小果时叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾500倍液,每隔12d喷施一次,连续喷施3次;
(3)矮化处理:每年7-8月份采果后进行一次修剪,并在修剪完成后的1周之内进行矮化处理,对苹婆整株喷施矮化调节剂至全株叶片滴水为止;在8-9月份秋梢长至5-10厘米时,喷施促花剂进行控梢促花,每隔8天喷一次,连喷4次。
所述矮化调节剂由二凯古拉酸钠、三碘苯甲酸、胺鲜酯、整形素按照质量比3:1:0.01: 0.15组成;所述的促花剂组成为:15%多效唑可湿性粉剂300倍液,磷酸二氢钾400倍液。
矮化调节剂的制备方法为:二凯古拉酸钠、三碘苯甲酸、胺鲜酯、整形素按照质量比混合均匀,加入少量乙醇作为助溶剂,搅拌至完全溶解后,加入矮化调节剂总重量11倍的水,混合均匀即得到矮化调节剂;使用时,加水稀释1000倍即可使用。
(4)病虫害防治:在抽花穗前8-10d,全株喷施45%毒死蜱乳油1000倍液,以预防苹婆木虱的发生;在果期发生病虫害时,用4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳2000倍液进行喷施。
实施例4
一种苹婆矮化控制栽培方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)修剪定形:苹婆植株定植后,待主干长至50cm高时,剪顶定主干,留3~4条生长健壮、大小相当、均匀排列的主枝,用拉枝的方法使主枝基角为60°~70°,每个主枝长到30-40cm进行打顶,促发一级侧芽,留2~3个侧枝,构成树体骨架;
(2)肥水管理:
A、幼树期:对于1-2年生的苹婆幼树,每年施加5次的有机液肥,兑水后以水肥形式施加;有机液肥兑水后的浓度为1%,株施肥量为10kg。
B、成树期:第3年苹婆进入结果期,于每年2月份至5月份中旬,在花期、幼果期和果实膨大期浇灌水1次;
C、开花前期:开花前一个月,开始喷施叶面肥,每隔7d喷施一次,连喷4次;所述叶面肥按质量百分数组成为:0.4%多效唑、0.2%硼肥,0.2%磷酸二氢钾,其余为水。
D、采果后期:在每年采收果实后、花穗抽出时,结合深翻以环沟法或条沟法施入混合肥,每株施加量为20-25kg;所述混合肥组成为:复合肥(N-P-K为15-15-15)2份,硫酸钾肥1.5份,钙镁磷肥0.5份,腐熟动物粪便20份。
E、花果期水分管理:在开花期间,若遇到连续5d以上的晴天,及时给树冠喷洒水分,增加空气湿度,谢花后见小果时叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾400倍液,每隔10d喷施一次,连续喷施3次;
(3)矮化处理:每年7-8月份采果后进行一次修剪,并在修剪完成后的1周之内进行矮化处理,对苹婆整株喷施矮化调节剂至全株叶片滴水为止;在8-9月份秋梢长至5-10厘米时,喷施促花剂进行控梢促花,每隔7天喷一次,连喷4次。
所述矮化调节剂由二凯古拉酸钠、三碘苯甲酸、胺鲜酯、整形素按照质量比3:1:0.02: 0.1组成;所述的促花剂组成为:15%多效唑可湿性粉剂300倍液,磷酸二氢钾500倍液。
矮化调节剂的制备方法为:二凯古拉酸钠、三碘苯甲酸、胺鲜酯、整形素按照质量比混合均匀,加入少量乙醇作为助溶剂,搅拌至完全溶解后,加入矮化调节剂总重量10倍的水,混合均匀即得到矮化调节剂;使用时,加水稀释1000倍即可使用。
(4)病虫害防治:在抽花穗前8-10d,全株喷施24%螺虫乙酯4000倍液,以预防苹婆木虱的发生;在果期发生病虫害时,用4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳1000倍液进行喷施。
对比例1
对比例1与实施例1的区别在于:不包括步骤(1)的修剪定形,其他的栽培管理均与实施例1相同。
对比例2
对比例2与实施例1的区别在于:将步骤(2)的肥水管理替换为常规技术中的肥水管理,其他的栽培管理均与实施例1相同。
对比例3
对比例3与实施例1的区别在于:不包括步骤(3)的矮化处理,其他的栽培管理均与实施例1相同。
统计实施例1-4及对比例1-3栽培的三年生苹婆树的生长状况及产果情况,如下表1所示。
表1
由表1可见,本发明实施例1-4中矮化后平均树高不超过2.5米,三年树可产果11.5kg/ 株,产量比常规方法栽培的苹婆增长20%-30%左右。
上述虽然结合附图对本发明的具体实施方式进行了描述,但并非对发明保护范围的限制,所属领域技术人员应该明白,在本发明的技术方案的基础上,本领域技术人员不需要付出创造性劳动即可做出的各种修改或变形仍在本发明的保护范围内。
Claims (7)
1.一种苹婆矮化控制栽培方法,其特征在于:包括如下步骤:
(1)修剪定形:苹婆植株定植后,待主干长至50-60cm高时,剪顶定主干,留3~4条生长健壮、大小相当、均匀排列的主枝,用拉枝的方法使主枝基角为60°~80°,每个主枝长到30-40cm进行打顶,促发一级侧芽,留2~3个侧枝,构成树体骨架;
(2)肥水管理:
A、幼树期:对于1-2年生的苹婆幼树,每年施加3-5次的速效氮肥或者有机液肥,兑水后以水肥形式施加;
B、成树期:第3年苹婆进入结果期,于每年2月份至5月份中旬,在花期、幼果期和果实膨大期浇灌水1次;
C、开花前期:开花前一个月,开始喷施叶面肥,每隔7-10d喷施一次,连喷3-4次;
D、采果后期:在每年采收果实后、花穗抽出时,结合深翻以环沟法或条沟法施入混合肥,每株施加量为20-25kg;
E、花果期水分管理:在开花期间,若遇到连续5d以上的晴天,及时给树冠喷洒水分,谢花后见小果时,叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾300-500倍液,每隔10-15d喷施一次,连续喷施2-3次;
(3)矮化处理:每年7-8月份采果后进行一次修剪,并在修剪完成后的1周之内进行矮化处理,对苹婆整株喷施矮化调节剂至全株叶片滴水为止;在8-9月份秋梢长至5-10厘米时,喷施促花剂进行控梢促花,每隔7-10天喷一次,连喷3-4次;
所述的矮化调节剂由二凯古拉酸钠、三碘苯甲酸、胺鲜酯、整形素按照质量比1-3:0.5-1: 0.01-0.02: 0.1-0.2组成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的苹婆矮化控制栽培方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)所述的速效氮肥的株施肥量为0.05-0.1kg,兑适量水后以水肥形式施加;所述有机液肥兑水后的浓度为0.05-1%,株施肥量为8-10 kg。
3.根据权利要求1所述的苹婆矮化控制栽培方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)所述的叶面肥按质量百分数组成为:0.3-0.4%多效唑、0.1-0.2%硼肥,0.2-0.3%磷酸二氢钾,其余为水。
4.根据权利要求1所述的苹婆矮化控制栽培方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)所述的混合肥组成为:复合肥1-2份,硫酸钾肥1-2份,钙镁磷肥0.5-1份,腐熟动物粪便17-20份。
5.根据权利要求1所述的苹婆矮化控制栽培方法,其特征在于:所述的矮化调节剂的制备方法为:二凯古拉酸钠、三碘苯甲酸、胺鲜酯、整形素按照质量比混合均匀,加入少量乙醇作为助溶剂,搅拌至完全溶解后,加入矮化调节剂总重量10-12倍的水,混合均匀即得到矮化调节剂。
6.根据权利要求1所述的苹婆矮化控制栽培方法,其特征在于:步骤(3)所述促花剂组成为:15%多效唑可湿性粉剂300倍液,磷酸二氢钾300-500倍液。
7.根据权利要求1所述的苹婆矮化控制栽培方法,其特征在于:还包括病虫害防治,具体为:在抽花穗前8-10d,全株喷施24 %螺虫乙酯3000~4000倍液或45 %毒死蜱乳油1000倍液;在果期发生病虫害时,用10 %氯氰菊酯乳油1000~1500倍液或4.5 %高效氯氰菊酯乳1000~2000倍液进行喷施。
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