CN114870616A - Electrobiological-Fenton-like integrated reactor for treating volatile organic waste gas - Google Patents
Electrobiological-Fenton-like integrated reactor for treating volatile organic waste gas Download PDFInfo
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- CN114870616A CN114870616A CN202210651449.9A CN202210651449A CN114870616A CN 114870616 A CN114870616 A CN 114870616A CN 202210651449 A CN202210651449 A CN 202210651449A CN 114870616 A CN114870616 A CN 114870616A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/84—Biological processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/38—Removing components of undefined structure
- B01D53/44—Organic components
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/75—Multi-step processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/84—Biological processes
- B01D53/85—Biological processes with gas-solid contact
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/70—Organic compounds not provided for in groups B01D2257/00 - B01D2257/602
- B01D2257/708—Volatile organic compounds V.O.C.'s
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
Abstract
The invention discloses an electric biological Fenton-like integrated reactor for treating volatile organic waste gas, belonging to the technical field of organic waste gas treatment. Including air intake system and reactor main part, the inside pretreatment chamber, microorganism electrolysis room and the biological filler electricity of having set gradually from down up of reactor main part reinforce the room, air intake system and the air inlet pipe connection of pretreatment chamber, pretreatment chamber and microorganism electrolysis room pipe connection, microorganism electrolysis room and biological filler electricity reinforce the room and are linked together, biological filler electricity reinforce the top of room and be provided with the gas outlet, the inside of pretreatment chamber is provided with modified filler, the bottom of pretreatment chamber is provided with H 2 O 2 Liquid bath, pretreatment chamberAnd H 2 O 2 Liquid tank pipe connection, H 2 O 2 The liquid tank pipeline is connected with a peristaltic pump and an H in sequence 2 O 2 Spray header, H 2 O 2 The spray header is arranged at the top end inside the pretreatment cavity. The invention has high degradation efficiency and can effectively remove the organic waste gas.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of organic waste gas treatment, in particular to an electric biological Fenton-like integrated reactor for treating volatile organic waste gas.
Background
Currently, the light and heavy industries are rapidly developing and bring about a series of air pollution problems, including air pollution associated with Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are toxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic, and present in the environment for a long time can seriously harm human health and ecological environment. Therefore, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are the key prevention and treatment objects for the atmospheric pollution control in China at present.
The bioelectricity enhancement technology is a novel pollutant treatment technology combining electrochemistry and biochemistry, and accounts for a large proportion of a bioelectrochemical system. In recent years, bioelectricity enhancing technology has been used to improve the removal effect of nonbiodegradable organic substances by changing the permeability of microbial cell membranes, the growth and metabolic activity of microorganisms, the microbial community structure and the microbial environment in which the microbial community structure is located, etc. under the condition of applying a relatively small voltage. Although organic contaminants can be reduced or biotransformed, there is some distance from their complete mineralization.
The Fenton-like technology is a fast and efficient technology in water treatment, and removes pollutants by oxidation of strong oxidizing free radicals. The Fenton-like reaction must take place with the aid of Fe 2+ Can be finished by metal ions, if Fe is directly added 2+ Not only will cause secondary pollution to the environment, but also the running cost will rise.
Therefore, how to provide an integrated electric biological-fenton-like reactor for treating volatile organic waste gas, which does not cause secondary pollution to the environment and has good degradation effect, becomes a problem to be considered by those in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above problems, the present invention provides a reactor for treating volatile organic waste gas by bioelectricity-enhanced coupled fenton-like treatment, which combines bioelectricity-enhanced and advanced oxidation technologies and has a good degradation effect.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the utility model provides a handle electro-biology-type fenton integral type reactor of volatile organic waste gas, includes air intake system and reactor main part, the reactor main part is inside from up having set gradually pretreatment chamber, microbial electrolysis room and biological filler electricity from down and strengthening the room, air intake system and pretreatment chamber's air inlet tube coupling, pretreatment chamber and microbial electrolysis room tube coupling, microbial electrolysis room and biological filler electricity strengthen the room and be linked together, biological filler electricity strengthens the top of room and is provided with the gas outlet, pretreatment chamber's inside is provided with modified filler, pretreatment chamber's bottom is provided with H 2 O 2 A liquid bath, the pre-treatment chamber and H 2 O 2 Liquid tank pipe connection, the H 2 O 2 The liquid tank pipeline is connected with a peristaltic pump and an H in sequence 2 O 2 Spray header, H 2 O 2 The spray header is arranged at the top end inside the pretreatment cavity.
Further, air intake system includes gaseous force (forcing) pump, buffer tank and gas flowmeter, the top of buffer tank is provided with gaseous sample connection, gaseous force (forcing) pump in proper order with buffer tank, gas flowmeter tube coupling, gas flowmeter and the air inlet tube coupling of pre-treatment room.
Furthermore, the microorganism electrolysis chamber is provided with a cathode, an anode, a direct current stabilized voltage power supply and a gas nozzle, the gas nozzle is a microporous aeration disc, the direct current stabilized voltage power supply is arranged on the outer side of the microorganism electrolysis chamber, the cathode and the anode are arranged in the microorganism electrolysis chamber, the direct current stabilized voltage power supply is respectively communicated with the cathode and the anode, the gas nozzle is arranged at the bottom end of the microorganism electrolysis chamber, and the gas nozzle is communicated with a gas outlet of the pretreatment chamber.
Furthermore, the cathode in the microbial electrolysis chamber is a carbon brush, and the anode is a stainless steel net.
Furthermore, the biological filler electrical strengthening chamber is provided with a cathode, an anode, a conductive filler and a direct current stabilized voltage power supply, the direct current stabilized voltage power supply is arranged on the outer side of the microbial electrolysis chamber, the cathode and the anode are arranged in the microbial electrolysis chamber, the cathode and the anode are surrounded by the conductive filler, and the direct current stabilized voltage power supply is respectively communicated with the cathode and the anode.
Furthermore, the cathode in the biological filler electrical strengthening chamber is a carbon brush, the anode is a stainless steel mesh, and the conductive filler is coke.
Furthermore, the microorganism electrolysis chamber and the biological filler electric strengthening chamber are provided with independent nutrient solution spraying devices, a liquid inlet pipe of each nutrient solution spraying device is arranged at the bottom end of the microorganism electrolysis chamber, a spraying head of each nutrient solution spraying device is arranged at the top end of the inner side of the biological filler electric strengthening chamber, and a peristaltic pump is arranged on a pipeline of each nutrient solution spraying device.
Furthermore, the device also comprises a temperature and pressure regulation and control system, wherein the temperature and pressure regulation and control system comprises a temperature regulation heating device and pressure gauges, the temperature regulation heating device is arranged on the outer walls of the microbial electrolysis chamber and the biological filler electrical strengthening chamber, and the pressure gauges are arranged in the microbial electrolysis chamber and the biological filler electrical strengthening chamber.
Further, the modified filler comprises iron-carbon mixed particles with the diameter of 15-20mm, which are prepared by mixing 60-70 parts by weight of activated carbon powder and 30-40 parts by weight of iron powder.
Furthermore, the outer wall of the pretreatment cavity and the outer wall of the biological filler electric strengthening chamber are both provided with observation sampling ports.
Compared with the prior art, the biological trickling filter tower type electro-Fenton-like reactor has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the invention, the modified filler is prepared from the iron powder and the activated carbon powder, so that the contact area of the pollutants and the filler can be increased, and the removal rate of the pollutants is improved; second, modifying the Fe in the filler 2+ With H in the circulating liquid 2 O 2 The Fenton reagent is formed, and the strong oxidizing property of the Fenton reagent can degrade organic pollutants which are difficult to degrade into small molecular substances which are easy to be absorbed and degraded by microorganisms, so that the mass transfer and removal rate is improved.
2. According to the invention, coke is selected as the conductive filler of the biological filler electric strengthening chamber, and the coke not only can better enrich microorganisms, but also can reduce internal resistance, so that the purpose of saving energy is achieved.
3. According to the invention, the activity of microorganisms is improved through electrical stimulation provided by the direct current stabilized voltage supply, the degradation efficiency of the microorganisms is changed, and the performance of the reactor is improved.
4. The invention arranges an independent nutrient solution spraying device and an independent nutrient solution spraying device H 2 O 2 The spraying device achieves the aim of avoiding H 2 O 2 Enter the nutrient solution, thereby inhibiting the activity of the microorganism.
5. The invention prepares the biological trickling filter tower type reactor by the Fenton-like and bioelectricity reinforced coupling, improves the degradation efficiency, and simultaneously achieves the aims of integrating the advantages of the biological trickling filter tower, reducing the occupied area and facilitating the operation and management.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the structure of the present invention.
Wherein, 1, an air inlet; 2. a gas pressure pump; 3. a gas sampling port; 4. a gas flow meter; 5. a buffer tank; 6. h 2 O 2 A liquid bath; 7. a peristaltic pump; 8. a carrier plate; 9. modifying the filler; 10. an anode; 11. observing the sampling port; 12. a cathode; 13. h 2 O 2 A shower head; 14. a DC stabilized power supply; 15. a cathode lead; 16. a temperature adjusting and heating device; 17. an air outlet; 18. a conductive filler; 19. an anode lead; 20. a gas shower; 21. and a pressure gauge.
Detailed Description
The technical solution in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention.
Example 1
As shown in figure 1, the invention discloses an electric biology-Fenton-like integrated reactor for treating volatile organic waste gas, which comprises a gas inlet system and a reactor main body, wherein the gas inlet system comprises a gas pressure pump 2, a buffer tank 5 and a gas flowmeter 4, a gas sampling port 3 is arranged at the top end of the buffer tank 5, the gas pressure pump 2 is sequentially connected with the buffer tank 5 and the gas flowmeter 4 through pipelines, the gas flowmeter 4 is connected with the reactor main body through a pipeline, gas enters the gas pressure pump 2 through a gas inlet 1, and pressurized gas enters the reactor main body through the regulation of the gas flowmeter 4.
The reactor main part is hollow cylinder structure, and inside from down up of reactor main part has set gradually pretreatment chamber, microorganism electrolysis room and biological filler electricity and has strengthened the room, and gas flowmeter 4 and the air inlet pipe connection of pretreatment chamber, pretreatment chamber and microorganism electrolysis room pipe connection, microorganism electrolysis room and biological filler electricity are strengthened the room and are linked together, and the top of biological filler electricity is strengthened the room and is provided with gas outlet 17.
The interior of the pretreatment chamber is provided with a modified filler 9, the modified filler 9 is placed on a bearing plate 8 with holes at the bottom end of the pretreatment chamber, the modified filler 9 is iron-carbon mixed particles with the diameter of 15-20mm, which are prepared by mixing 60-70 parts by weight of activated carbon powder and 30-40 parts by weight of iron powder, and not only can provide Fe for the occurrence of Fenton-like reaction 2+ And simultaneously, the device also can play a role in adsorbing pollutants, increase the contact area of the pollutants and the filler, improve the removal rate of the pollutants, and the bottom end of the pretreatment cavity is provided with H 2 O 2 Liquid bath 6, pretreatment chamber and H 2 O 2 Liquid tank 6 connected by pipe H 2 O 2 The pipeline of the liquid tank 6 is sequentially connected with a peristaltic pump 7 and a peristaltic pump H 2 O 2 Spray header, H 2 O 2 The spray header is arranged at the top end inside the pretreatment cavity, H 2 O 2 The liquid in the liquid tank 6 is pumped from the H through a peristaltic pump 7 2 O 2 The shower head 13 falls down, the liquid and the modified filler 9 generate Fenton-like reaction, and the strong oxidizing property of the liquid can degrade the organic pollutants which are difficult to degrade into micromolecule substances which are easy to be absorbed and degraded by microorganisms, thereby improving the quality of the organic pollutantsMass transfer and removal rate.
The microbial electrolysis chamber is provided with a cathode, an anode, a direct current stabilized power supply and a gas nozzle 20, the direct current stabilized power supply is arranged at the outer side of the microbial electrolysis chamber, the cathode and the anode are arranged in the microbial electrolysis chamber, the DC stabilized power supply is respectively communicated with the cathode and the anode, 0.9V of external voltage is applied to the DC stabilized power supply, the gas spray nozzle 20 is arranged at the bottom end of the microorganism electrolysis chamber, the gas spray nozzle 20 is communicated with the gas outlet of the pretreatment chamber, the electrical stimulation provided by the DC stabilized power supply improves the activity of microorganisms, changes the degradation efficiency of the microorganisms and improves the performance of the reactor, the gas spray nozzle 14 is a micropore aeration disc, after the gas passes through the pretreatment chamber, fine bubbles are formed through the gas nozzle 20 and enter the microbial electrolysis chamber, the fine bubbles are beneficial to mass transfer between gas and liquid, and pollutants dissolved in the nutrient solution are first biodegraded by the microbial electrolysis chamber.
The microbial filler electric strengthening chamber is arranged above the microbial electrolysis chamber, the microbial electrolysis chamber is communicated with the microbial filler electric strengthening chamber, the microbial electrolysis chamber and the microbial filler electric strengthening chamber are provided with independent nutrient solution spraying devices, a liquid inlet pipe of the nutrient solution spraying device is arranged at the bottom end of the microbial electrolysis chamber, a spraying head of the nutrient solution spraying device is arranged at the top end of the inner side of the microbial filler electric strengthening chamber, a peristaltic pump is arranged on a pipeline of the nutrient solution spraying device, and nutrient solution in the microbial electrolysis chamber is pumped by the peristaltic pump and falls from the spraying head to provide a good growth environment for the growth of microorganisms in the microbial filler electric strengthening chamber 2 O 2 The spraying device achieves the aim of avoiding H 2 O 2 Enter the nutrient solution, thereby inhibiting the activity of the microorganism. The biological filler electrical strengthening chamber is provided with a cathode 12, an anode 10, a conductive filler 18 and a direct current stabilized power supply 14, wherein the direct current stabilized power supply 14 is arranged outside the microbial electrolysis chamber, the cathode 12 and the anode 10 are arranged in the biological filler electrical strengthening chamber, the cathode 12 and the anode 10 are surrounded by the conductive filler 18, the direct current stabilized power supply 14 is respectively communicated with the cathode 12 and the anode 10 through a cathode lead 15 and an anode lead 19, and the direct current stabilized power supply 14 applies an external voltage of 0.9VIn the embodiment, the cathode 12 is a carbon brush, the anode 10 is a stainless steel mesh, the cathode lead 15 and the anode lead 19 can adopt titanium wires, the conductive filler 18 is coke, the coke can better enrich microorganisms and provide a carrier for the attachment of the microorganisms, the internal resistance can be reduced, the energy is saved, pollutants which are not degraded in a microorganism electrolysis chamber can enter a biological filler electricity strengthening part along with circulating nutrient solution or gas for further degradation, and the pretreated pollutants are further mineralized into CO under the action of the microorganisms 2 And H 2 And O, discharging the treated waste gas through an air outlet.
The invention also comprises a temperature and pressure regulation and control system, wherein the temperature and pressure regulation and control system comprises a temperature regulation and control heating device 16 and a pressure gauge 21, the temperature regulation and control heating device 16 is arranged on the outer walls of the microbial electrolysis chamber and the biological filler electrical strengthening chamber, the pressure gauge 21 is arranged in the microbial electrolysis chamber and the biological filler electrical strengthening chamber, a good growth environment is provided for microbes through regulating and controlling the temperature, and the pressure gauge 21 plays a role in monitoring the pressure drop in the reactor and maintaining the stable performance of the reactor.
The outer wall of this embodiment preliminary treatment cavity and the outer wall of biological filler electricity intensification room all are provided with observation sampling port 11, conveniently observe the inside reaction condition of reactor body.
When the reactor is used specifically, the volatile organic waste gas to be treated enters the buffer tank 5 after being pressurized by the gas compressor, and enters the pretreatment cavity of the reactor body after being regulated to the required flow by the gas flowmeter 4. When the gas diffuses to the pretreatment chamber, the organic pollutants undergo a Fenton-like reaction in the system, the organic pollutants which are difficult to degrade are degraded into micromolecular substances, and then fine bubbles are formed through the gas nozzle 20 and enter the microbial electrolysis chamber. The fine bubbles are beneficial to mass transfer between gas and liquid, pollutants dissolved in the nutrient solution are firstly biodegraded by the microbial electrolysis chamber, undegraded pollutants can enter the electric strengthening part of the biological filler along with the circulating nutrient solution or gas for further degradation, and the pretreated pollutants are further mineralized into CO under the action of microbes in the electric strengthening chamber of the biological filler 2 And H 2 And O, discharging the treated waste gas through an air outlet.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the technical scope of the present invention, so that any minor modifications, equivalent changes and modifications made to the above embodiment according to the technical spirit of the present invention are within the technical scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides an it is fragrant integral type reactor of living beings-class of handle volatile organic waste gas which characterized in that: including air intake system and reactor main part, the room is reinforceed to inside from up having set gradually pretreatment chamber, microbial electrolysis room and biological filler electricity down of reactor main part, air intake system and the air inlet tube coupling of pretreatment chamber, pretreatment chamber and microbial electrolysis room tube coupling, the room is reinforceed with biological filler electricity to microbial electrolysis room, the top that the room was reinforceed to biological filler electricity is provided with the gas outlet, the inside of pretreatment chamber is provided with modified filler, the bottom of pretreatment chamber is provided with H 2 O 2 A liquid bath, the pre-treatment chamber and H 2 O 2 Liquid tank pipe connection, the H 2 O 2 The liquid tank pipeline is connected with a peristaltic pump and an H in sequence 2 O 2 Spray header, H 2 O 2 The spray header is arranged at the top end inside the pretreatment cavity.
2. The integrated biological-Fenton-like reactor for treating waste volatile organic gases according to claim 1, wherein the gas inlet system comprises a gas pressure pump, a buffer tank and a gas flowmeter, a gas sampling port is arranged at the top end of the buffer tank, the gas pressure pump is sequentially connected with the buffer tank and the gas flowmeter through pipelines, and the gas flowmeter is connected with a gas inlet pipeline of the pretreatment chamber.
3. The electro-biological Fenton-like integrated reactor for treating waste volatile organic gases according to claim 1, wherein: the microbial electrolysis chamber is provided with a cathode, an anode, a direct current stabilized voltage power supply and a gas nozzle, the gas nozzle is a microporous aeration disc, the direct current stabilized voltage power supply is arranged on the outer side of the microbial electrolysis chamber, the cathode and the anode are arranged in the microbial electrolysis chamber, the direct current stabilized voltage power supply is respectively communicated with the cathode and the anode, the gas nozzle is arranged at the bottom end of the microbial electrolysis chamber, and the gas nozzle is communicated with a gas outlet of the pretreatment chamber.
4. The integrated electro-biological-Fenton-like reactor for treating waste volatile organic gases according to claim 3, wherein the cathode of the microbial electrolysis chamber is a carbon brush, and the anode of the microbial electrolysis chamber is a stainless steel mesh.
5. An electro-biological Fenton-like integrated reactor for treating waste volatile organic gases according to claim 1, wherein the biological filler electrical enhancement chamber is provided with a cathode, an anode, conductive fillers and a DC stabilized voltage power supply, the DC stabilized voltage power supply is arranged outside the microbial electrolysis chamber, the cathode and the anode are arranged in the microbial electrolysis chamber, the cathode and the anode are surrounded by the conductive fillers, and the DC stabilized voltage power supply is respectively communicated with the cathode and the anode.
6. The electro-biological Fenton-like integrated reactor for treating waste volatile organic gases according to claim 5, wherein: the cathode in the biological filler electric strengthening chamber is a carbon brush, the anode is a stainless steel mesh, and the conductive filler is coke.
7. The electro-biological Fenton-like integrated reactor for treating waste volatile organic gases according to claim 1, wherein: the microbial electrolysis chamber and the biological filler electric strengthening chamber are provided with independent nutrient solution spraying devices, a liquid inlet pipe of each nutrient solution spraying device is arranged at the bottom end of the microbial electrolysis chamber, a spraying head of each nutrient solution spraying device is arranged at the top end of the inner side of the biological filler electric strengthening chamber, and a peristaltic pump is arranged on a pipeline of each nutrient solution spraying device.
8. The integrated biological-Fenton-like reactor for treating waste volatile organic gases according to claim 1, further comprising a temperature and pressure regulation system, wherein the temperature and pressure regulation system comprises a temperature regulation heating device and pressure gauges, the temperature regulation heating device is arranged on the outer walls of the microbial electrolysis chamber and the biological filler electrical strengthening chamber, and the pressure gauges are arranged in the microbial electrolysis chamber and the biological filler electrical strengthening chamber.
9. The electro-biological Fenton-like integrated reactor for treating waste volatile organic gases according to claim 1, wherein: the modified filler comprises iron-carbon mixed particles with the diameter of 15-20mm, which are prepared by mixing 60-70 parts of activated carbon powder and 30-40 parts of iron powder by weight.
10. The integrated biological-Fenton-like reactor for treating waste volatile organic gases according to claim 1, wherein the outer wall of the pretreatment chamber and the outer wall of the biological filler electrical strengthening chamber are provided with observation sampling ports.
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