CN114858850A - Vacuum glass thermal insulation performance measuring device - Google Patents

Vacuum glass thermal insulation performance measuring device Download PDF

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Publication number
CN114858850A
CN114858850A CN202110118058.6A CN202110118058A CN114858850A CN 114858850 A CN114858850 A CN 114858850A CN 202110118058 A CN202110118058 A CN 202110118058A CN 114858850 A CN114858850 A CN 114858850A
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box
cold
plate
hot
heat
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不公告发明人
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
    • G01N25/20—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B80/00—Architectural or constructional elements improving the thermal performance of buildings
    • Y02B80/22—Glazing, e.g. vaccum glazing

Abstract

A vacuum glass thermal insulation performance measuring device comprises: a cold plate (100) which is in close contact with the surface of the upper glass plate (A) of the vacuum glass (10) to be measured; a hot plate (200) which is arranged opposite to the cold plate (100) and is closely contacted with the surface of the lower glass plate (B) of the vacuum glass (10) to be detected; a measuring head (300) which is arranged at the central position of the hot plate (200) and is closely contacted with the surface of the lower glass plate (B) of the vacuum glass (10) to be measured; wherein at least one of said cold plate (100) and hot plate (200) has a corresponding cold box (E) C ) And/or a heat box (E) H ) And from said cold box (E) C ) And/or a heat box (E) H ) And (6) completely sealing the cover.

Description

Vacuum glass thermal insulation performance measuring device
Technical Field
The invention relates to a device for measuring the performance of vacuum glass, in particular to a device for measuring the heat-insulating performance of the vacuum glass.
Background
A typical vacuum glass 10 is shown in fig. 1. The two pieces of flat glass A and B are separated by a plurality of supports 2 which are arranged in a square matrix and have the height of 0.1-0.5 mm, the two pieces of glass are sealed by using low-melting-point solder 3 at the peripheral edges, an air suction hole is reserved on one piece of glass (the glass B in the figure 1), after vacuum exhaust, the air suction hole is sealed by using a sealing sheet 4 and low-temperature solder to form a vacuum layer 5, and in order to keep the vacuum degree of the vacuum layer 5 stable for a long time, a getter 6 is arranged in the vacuum layer. The plate glass A and the plate glass B can be common glass, and can also be toughened or semi-toughened glass. In order to improve the thermal performance, one or both of the flat glasses a and B are usually Low-emissivity film glasses (also called Low-E glasses), and a film of the Low-E glasses is disposed on the inner surface of the vacuum layer. In order to improve the safety in use, the vacuum glass can be combined with another piece of glass into composite vacuum glass in a composite hollow or glue-sandwiched mode.
Because of the existence of the vacuum thin layer, the heat preservation performance of the vacuum glass is improved by several times or even dozens of times compared with the common flat glass although the vacuum glass is very thin. Referring to fig. 2, a schematic view of the vacuum glass heat transfer path described above is shown. In fig. 2 it is assumed that the upper side is the hot side H and the lower side is the cold side C. The main factors that contribute to the heat transfer of vacuum glass are: heat conduction through the edge portion 3, radiation heat conduction and residual gas heat conduction in the vacuum layer 5, heat conduction by the support 2 arranged in an array, air and surface heat conduction 7 and surface and air heat conduction 8.
In order to determine the quality of the finished vacuum glass for detecting the heat insulation performance, a vacuum glass thermal conductivity measuring instrument is generally used, for example, a prior art vacuum glass thermal conductivity measuring instrument is disclosed in chinese patent publication ZL02243245.0, the basic configuration of which is shown in fig. 3, and the thermal conductivity measuring instrument is a heat shield type thermal conductivity measuring instrument for measuring the heat insulation performance of the vacuum glass by using the heat flow direction. The entire disclosure of this patent publication is incorporated herein by reference.
The basic working principle of the thermal conductivity measuring instrument in the above patent publication is briefly described: as shown in fig. 3, the thermal conductivity measuring instrument 20 is formed by sandwiching vacuum glass between a cold plate 100 and a hot plate 200 of the measuring instrument, and a measuring head 300 is disposed at a central portion of the hot plate 200. During measurement, a heater (not shown) in the gauge hot plate 200 keeps the hot shield plate 200 constant at a temperature T 2 A semiconductor refrigerator (not shown) in the cold plate 100 keeps the cold plate 100 constant at a temperature T 1 (T 1 Less than T 2 ) The heating power of the micro heating resistor in the heater provided in the measuring head 300 is controlled by the temperature control circuit, and when the temperature of the measuring head 300 is equal to the temperature T of the heat shield 200 2 When the heat transfer between the measuring head 300 and the protective hot plate 200 is zero, the heating power W of the heater can be determined as the thermal power transferred from the hot surface H of the vacuum glass to the cold surface C, and the actual measurement thermal conductance C of the vacuum glass v ' can be derived from the following formula:
Figure BSA0000232410990000021
s in the formula (1) is an effective area of the measuring head 300 in contact with the glass.
However, in order to improve the measurement accuracy of the thermal conductivity measuring instrument, it is necessary to maximally overcome the influence of environmental factors on the measurement.
For example, when the temperature of the cold plate is 10 ℃, the temperature of the hot plate and the measuring head is 30 ℃, the ambient temperature of the air in the case is 25 ℃, and the ambient temperature in the room is 20 ℃. The hot plate can radiate heat to the environment through air in the case of the measuring instrument, the vent hole of the case and the glass plate; while cold plates absorb heat from the environment through both the air environment and the channels of the glass plates.
In order to keep the temperatures of the cold plate 100 and the hot plate 200 constant without being affected by the above-described heat radiation/absorption on the cold plate 100 and the hot plate 200, sufficient temperature control capability is required, and the stability of the temperatures of the cold plate 100 and the hot plate 200 is directly affected regardless of the speed of temperature adjustment or the control accuracy of the hot plate 200 and the cold plate 100, thereby directly affecting the measurement accuracy.
On the hotplate 200 side, in addition to the measurement head 300 transferring the heat flow from the hotplate 200 to the cold plate 100 via the vacuum glass 10, the heat transfer of the heat flow to the air environment 400 in the cabinet via the glass plate B and the hotplate 200 and the measurement head 300 is particularly to be considered; likewise, on the cold plate 100 side, it is particularly contemplated that the cold plate 100 absorbs heat from the air environment 500 through the glass sheets A. The presence of these two heat flow channels affects the temperature stability of the hot plate 200 and the cold plate 100, thereby directly affecting the accuracy of the measurement of the quality of the vacuum glass.
For the reasons, when the ambient temperature of a production workshop is changed, the thermal conductivity measuring instrument manufactured in the prior art has poor measuring accuracy and stability.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems in the prior art and provides a vacuum glass thermal insulation performance measuring device capable of keeping the temperature of a cold plate and/or a hot plate in a measuring instrument stable.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a vacuum glass thermal insulation performance measuring apparatus, comprising: a cold plate 100 closely contacting with the upper glass plate A surface of the vacuum glass 10; a hot plate 200 which is arranged opposite to the cold plate 100 and is closely contacted with the surface of the lower glass plate B of the vacuum glass 10 to be tested; a measuring head 300 disposed at the center of the hot plate 200The position is closely contacted with the surface of the lower glass plate B of the vacuum glass 10 to be measured; wherein at least one of the cold plate 100 and the hot plate 200 has a corresponding cold box E C And/or a heat box E H And from said cold box E C And/or a heat box E H And (6) completely sealing the cover.
According to the above embodiment of the present invention, wherein: the cold box E C Or a hot box E H The box body is composed of a single heat insulation material layer or a composite layer of a plurality of heat insulation materials.
According to the above embodiment of the present invention, wherein: the single heat insulation material layer is composed of a solid heat insulation material and the composite layer of the multiple heat insulation materials is composed of at least two solid heat insulation material layers, so that the cold box E is formed C Or a hot box E H A seamless seal is formed for the cold plate 100 or the hot plate 200.
According to the above embodiment of the present invention, wherein: the composite layer of the multiple heat insulation materials is formed by a cold box E C Or a hot box E H Of the outer layer of at least one solid heat-insulating material and the constituent cold box E C Or a hot box E H The inner gas heat insulation layer of the cold box E is compounded, so that the cold box E C Or a hot box E H A gapped closure is made to the cold plate 100 or hot plate 200.
According to the above technical solution of the present invention, wherein: the cold box E C Or a hot box E H The box body comprises a refrigerator or a heater and a corresponding temperature control circuit.
According to another embodiment of the invention, wherein: the cold box E C Or a hot box E H The box body is formed by compounding an outer layer made of metal material and an inner layer made of solid heat-insulating material, so that the cold box E is formed C Or a hot box E H Forming a seamless seal with the cold plate 100 or the hot plate 200; and, the cold box E C Or a hot box E H The box body comprises a refrigerator or a heater and a corresponding temperature control circuit.
According to another embodiment of the invention, wherein: the cold box E C Or a hot box E H The box body is formed by compounding an outer layer made of metal material and an inner layer made of heat-insulating gas layer, so that the cold box E is formed C Or a hot box E H Forming a gapped closure to the cold plate 100 or hot plate 200; and, the cold box E C Or a hot box E H The box body comprises a refrigerator or a heater and a corresponding temperature control circuit.
According to the above embodiment of the present invention, wherein: in the cold box E C And/or a heat box E H In which a heat sink H for fixing the lead wire of the measuring circuit is arranged K 。
Due to the adoption of the cold box E C And/or a heat box E H The cold plate 100 and/or the hot plate 200 are completely covered, so that the heat conduction from the cold plate 100, the hot plate 200 and the measuring head to the outside through the glass plates A and/or B, and the heat sink H are effectively inhibited K The use of the vacuum glass avoids heat conduction caused by the circuit lead, thereby improving the measurement precision of the quality of the vacuum glass.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a vacuum glass 10;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the vacuum glass heat transfer path shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure and heat flow direction of a prior art vacuum glass thermal conductivity measuring instrument;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a vacuum glass insulation performance measuring apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
An embodiment of the present invention is described below with reference to fig. 4. Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a vacuum glass thermal insulation performance measuring apparatus 30 according to an embodiment of the present invention, which is an improvement of the vacuum glass thermal conductivity measuring instrument 20 of the prior art shown in fig. 3.
Referring to fig. 4, compared with the prior art vacuum glass thermal conductivity measuring instrument 20 of fig. 3, the greatest difference is that a cold box E is respectively provided at the outer sides of the cold plate 100 and the hot plate 200 C And a heat box E H . The cold box E may be disposed only on the outside of the cold plate 100, depending on the particular application C Or only selectively providing heat box E outside hot plate 200 H . That is, the cold plate 100 or the hot plate 200 may be provided with a cold box E having a thermal insulation protection function C Or a hot box E H The technical result of the invention is at least partially achieved, although in the particularly preferred embodiment of the invention shown in fig. 4, a cold box E is used at the same time C And a heat box E H 。
With the heat box E in FIG. 4 H For example, the cassette covers the thermal plate 200 in a completely geometrically symmetrical manner. Since the measuring head 300 is disposed at the geometric center of the hot plate 200 and is in close contact with the lower glass plate B of the vacuum glass, the measuring head 300 is also located at the heat box E H The center position of (a). The box body can be composed of 1 And b 2 Two-layer material forming a gapless seal to the thermal plate 200 (i.e., contact layer b with thermal plate 200) 1 Is a solid insulating layer) or a gapped cover (i.e. the contact layer b with the hot plate 200) 1 Is a gas insulating layer).
In the present application, a in contact with the cold plate 100 1 Layer or b in contact with the hotplate 200 1 Layer called cold box E C Or a hot box E H The inner layer of (a); a not in contact with the cold plate 100 2 Layer or not in contact with the hotplate 200 b 2 The layers are collectively referred to as cold box E C Or hot box E H An outer layer of (a).
For example, in one embodiment of a seamless closure, the material layer b of the box 1 Optionally made of, for example, high heat capacity foamed polyurethane, and the material layer b 2 For example, a foamed vulcanized silicone rubber having a high heat capacity but a lower thermal conductivity may be selected, or a Vacuum Insulation Panel (VIP) having a lower thermal conductivity may be selected. Thermal box E formed in this way H The heat in the entire inner volume of the cover including the hot plate 200 is hardly diffused to the heat cell E H Outer space 400 so that temperature T of hot plate 200 is well maintained 2 This will contribute to the reliability and accuracy of the measurement, as can be seen from the above equation (1).
Of course, as a simplest alternative, b may be 1 And b 2 The same heat insulating material is selected to constitute the heat box E H For example, willb 1 And b 2 The material is made of the single material of the foaming polyurethane or the vulcanized silicone rubber.
In this embodiment, in the case material b 1 Or b 2 Can be provided with a heater and a temperature control circuit (not shown), in a thermal box E made of a single material H The required heater and temperature control circuit can be more conveniently arranged in the hot plate, so that the control circuit and the control circuit of the hot plate 200 realize joint control, and the hot box E is more efficiently realized H Isothermal with hot plate 200.
As a more efficient but structurally less complex embodiment, the thermal box E H Forming a gapped closure to hot plate 200, wherein heat cell E H B of (a) 2 The box body layer is made of, for example, the above-mentioned foamed polyurethane material, but b to be in direct contact with the heat plate 200 1 The layers are maintained in a "gapped" state when the thermal box E is in use H When the hot plate 200 is completely covered with the surface of the vacuum glass 10 to be measured, the gas remaining in the gap forms a closed gas layer due to b formed of the foamed polyurethane 2 B formation of box body layer and enclosed gas layer 1 The thermal resistance of the cell body layer is so high that the thermal cell E thus formed H The heat in the entire internal volume enclosed, including hot plate 200, is hardly diffused to heat box E H The outer space 400.
In this embodiment, b can be preferably formed by forming the gas layer into an air-tight space (air bag layer) using a heat-insulating elastic material (e.g., polymer rubber) 1 A layer whose gas-enclosed space is filled with inert gas to increase the thermal resistance of the gas layer and which has plastic properties to provide a slight plastic deformation to compensate for the hot plate 200 and the outer solid material b 2 Small expansions and contractions may occur.
In this embodiment, in the case material b 2 A heater and a temperature control circuit (not shown) can be arranged in the hot plate, so that the control circuit and the control circuit of the hot plate 200 realize joint control, and the hot box E is realized more efficiently H Isothermal with hot plate 200.
While the above-described embodiments of a gapped or gapless cover implemented solely with a solid insulating material without a heater and temperature control circuit in the cartridge are referred to as passive hot-box approaches, such embodiments that employ separate heating and cooling systems and control/signal circuits in the cartridge can be referred to as active hot-box approaches.
In the preferred embodiment described above, regardless of the thermal box E H Whether it is a zero-clearance or a clearance cover for hot plate 200, although thermal cell E H The two parts can be isolated by heat insulating materials to form a whole structure, but the heating and cooling systems and the control/signal circuit are independent.
As mentioned above, due to the heat box E H With independent heaters and temperature control systems, E can be adapted accordingly H The heater and the temperature control system are connected with the temperature control system of the hot plate 200 to control the hot box E H The hot plate 200 becomes two combined-control isothermal bodies, and the heat box E is more effectively realized H The constant temperature in the whole covered volume is controlled to achieve the best heat insulation effect.
As another preferred embodiment, in the active heat cell mode, since the heat cell E can be independently controlled with respect to the hot plate H Thereby more efficiently adjusting the temperature of the heat cell to realize the joint control with the temperature control device of the hot plate 200, so that the heat cell E is used to more uniformly control the temperature of the heat cell and to more rapidly realize the temperature control H Outer layer b of 2 The material used is chosen to be the same as that used for the hot plate 200 (for example brass), although other metallic materials whose temperature variation can be more easily controlled can be used for the heat box E H Outer layer b of 2 。
It should be noted that the heat case E is made of a metal material H Outer layer b of 2 In order to avoid the thermal box E H Metal layer b of 2 Direct heat exchange with the hot plate 200, heat box E H The cover to the thermal plate 200 should be a zero-gap cover or a gapped cover of the composite laminate structure. Specifically, a metal material is used as the outer layer b 2 Thermal box E H In the case of a gapless closed-cover hot plate 200, at the outer layer b of the metal material 2 A solid heat insulation material layer b is arranged between the heat plate 200 1 And in using a metal material as the outer layer b 2 Thermal box E H In the case of a gapped capped hot plate 200, at the outer layer b of the metal material 2 A gas heat insulation clearance layer b is arranged between the hot plate 200 and the hot plate 1 。
To improve the heat box E H Preferably said heat box E H At least in the horizontal direction along the lower glass plate B (i.e. B) 1 +b 2 Thickness) of the thermal plate 200 is not less than one-half of the side length of the covered thermal plate 200. For example, when the hot plate 200 is a cylinder with a diameter of 10cm, the heat box E H Should be not less than 20 cm. That is, in this preferred case, the measuring head 300 is kept at a constant temperature around its periphery at a temperature T 2 Is enlarged by four times, thereby ensuring that little heat released from the measuring head 300 leaks laterally through the lower glass plate B to the heat box E H The outer space 400.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, in order to prevent the measurement accuracy error caused by the heat transfer from the circuit lead wire of the measuring head 300 of the hot plate 200 to the space 400, the lead-out position of the circuit lead wire of the hot plate 200 and the heat box E are set H Is provided with a heat sink H at a proper position k Namely: a high heat capacity component whose temperature does not vary with the amount of heat energy transferred to it to further reduce measurement errors caused by heat leakage from the circuit leads to space 400.
As shown in FIG. 4, the other side of the vacuum glass 10 to be measured has a cold plate 100 closely covering the surface of the glass plate A and a cold box E covering the cold plate 100 c . Not only the cold plate 100 is opposite to the hot plate 200 and has the same area, but also the cold box E c And a heat box E H Opposite and equal in area, except that the cold plate 100 does not have a measurement head 300 therein, but instead has a semiconductor refrigerator and temperature control circuit (not shown).
From the selection of structure to material, the cold plate 100 and the cold box E covering the cold plate 100 c A heat box E for covering the heat plate 200 and the heat plate 200 H Is completely the same as the above-mentioned materials,and also has a self-independent temperature control system, which is not described in detail herein. Cold box E c The technical effect is that the cold plate 100 and the temperature control device are almost isolated from the cold box E through the side direction of the upper glass plate A c Heat conduction of the outer space 500.
Similarly, cold box E c The cooling plate 100 can be designed into a whole structure through an insulating material, but the heating and cooling systems and the control/signal circuit are required to be independent. In addition, in order to prevent measurement accuracy errors caused by heat transfer from the circuit leads of the temperature control device of the cold plate 100 to the space 500, the leading positions of the circuit leads of the cold plate 100 and the cold box E may be set c Is provided with a heat sink H at a proper position k To further reduce measurement errors caused by heat leakage from the circuit leads to space 500.
The thermal box E is realized by the improvement of the embodiment of the invention on the prior art vacuum glass measuring instrument H Cover for hot plate 200 and cold box E c The capping of the cold plate 100 substantially reduces the heat exchange between the environment 400 and the hot plate 200 and the measurement head 300 and between the environment 500 and the cold plate 100 and the temperature control device, thereby improving the stability and accuracy of the measurement and also reducing the requirements on the environment in which the instrument is used.

Claims (8)

1. A vacuum glass thermal insulation performance measuring device comprises:
a cold plate (100) which is in close contact with the surface of the upper glass plate (A) of the vacuum glass (10) to be measured;
a hot plate (200) which is arranged opposite to the cold plate (100) and is closely contacted with the surface of the lower glass plate (B) of the vacuum glass (10) to be detected;
a measuring head (300) which is arranged at the central position of the hot plate (200) and is closely contacted with the surface of the lower glass plate (B) of the vacuum glass (10) to be measured; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
at least one of the cold plate (100) and the hot plate (200) has a corresponding cold box (E) C ) And/or a heat box (E) H ) And from said cold box (E) C ) And/or a heat box (E) H ) Complete closure。
2. The vacuum glass insulation performance measuring apparatus according to claim 1, wherein:
said (E) C ) Or a hot box (E) H ) The box body is composed of a single heat insulation material layer or a composite layer of a plurality of heat insulation materials.
3. The vacuum glass insulation performance measuring apparatus according to claim 2, wherein:
the single heat insulation material layer is composed of a solid heat insulation material and the composite layer of the multiple heat insulation materials is composed of at least two solid heat insulation material layers, so that the cold box E is formed C Or a hot box E H And forming a gapless sealing cover for the cold plate (100) or the hot plate (200).
4. The vacuum glass insulation performance measuring apparatus according to claim 2, wherein:
the composite layer of the multiple heat insulating materials is a cold box (E) C ) Or a hot box (E) H ) At least one solid insulating material layer of the outer layer of (A) and the constituent cold box (E) C ) Or a hot box (E) H ) The inner gas insulation layer of (A) is formed in a composite way, so that the cold box (E) C ) Or a hot box (E) H ) A gapped cover is formed for the cold plate (100) or the hot plate (200).
5. The vacuum glass insulation performance measuring apparatus according to claim 3 or 4, wherein:
the cold box (E) C ) Or a hot box (E) H ) The box body comprises a refrigerator or a heater and a corresponding temperature control circuit.
6. The vacuum glass insulation performance measuring apparatus according to claim 1, wherein:
the cold box (E) C ) Or a hot box (E) H ) Is composed of an outer layer made of metal material and an inner layer made of solid heat-insulating material, so that the cold box (E) is formed C ) Or a hot box (E) H ) Forming a gapless seal cover for the cold plate (100) or the hot plate (200); and the number of the first and second electrodes,
the cold box (E) C ) Or a hot box (E) H ) The box body comprises a refrigerator or a heater and a corresponding temperature control circuit.
7. The vacuum glass insulation performance measuring apparatus according to claim 1, wherein:
the cold box (E) C ) Or a hot box (E) H ) The box body is formed by compounding an outer layer made of metal material and an inner layer made of heat-insulating gas layer, so that the cold box (E) is formed C ) Or a hot box (E) H ) Forming a gapped cover for the cold plate (100) or the hot plate (200); and the number of the first and second electrodes,
the cold box (E) C ) Or a hot box (E) H ) The box body comprises a refrigerator or a heater and a corresponding temperature control circuit.
8. The vacuum glass insulation performance measuring apparatus according to claim 1, wherein:
in the cold box (E) C ) And/or a heat box (E) H ) In which a heat sink (H) for fixing the lead wire of the measuring circuit is arranged K )。
CN202110118058.6A 2021-02-04 2021-02-04 Vacuum glass thermal insulation performance measuring device Pending CN114858850A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202110118058.6A CN114858850A (en) 2021-02-04 2021-02-04 Vacuum glass thermal insulation performance measuring device

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202110118058.6A CN114858850A (en) 2021-02-04 2021-02-04 Vacuum glass thermal insulation performance measuring device

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN114858850A true CN114858850A (en) 2022-08-05

Family

ID=82623532

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN202110118058.6A Pending CN114858850A (en) 2021-02-04 2021-02-04 Vacuum glass thermal insulation performance measuring device

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN114858850A (en)

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