CN114813549A - Metal plate high-temperature friction coefficient testing system and calculation method thereof - Google Patents
Metal plate high-temperature friction coefficient testing system and calculation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Disclosed is a metal plate high-temperature friction coefficient testing system, which comprises: a rack assembly; a friction grip assembly mounted on the frame assembly, the friction grip assembly including two friction units disposed opposite each other to apply a positive pressure to the specimen, and a carrier assembly operable to move at least one of the friction units in a gripping direction; one friction unit of the two friction units is movably and adaptively connected with the bearing component; the guide fixing component is fixedly connected to the rack component, is positioned below the friction clamp component and is used for guiding the sample to stretch and move; the conductive heating assembly is used for conducting heating on the sample and is electrically connected with a conductive clamping end used for clamping the sample; the stretching device is used for stretching the sample along the length direction of the sample and is provided with a stretching clamping end used for clamping the sample.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of testing machines and precision instruments, in particular to a system for testing a high-temperature friction coefficient of a metal plate and a calculation method thereof.
Background
The hot forming process has obvious advantages in the aspects of improving the sheet formability, reducing the forming force, improving the precision of formed parts and the like, and is more and more widely applied to the fields of automobiles, aerospace and the like. Compared with cold forming, hot forming has more complex frictional behavior between the plate and the forming die, and has great influence on the forming precision and surface quality of parts and the frictional wear condition of the die. In order to accurately describe the friction behavior between the sheet metal and the die in the hot stamping process, the friction coefficient of the sheet metal under different states of temperature, contact pressure, sliding speed and the like needs to be accurately measured.
However, the temperature difference between the plate and the die is large in the hot forming process, strong heat exchange exists, particularly, the temperature of the plate is changed violently when the thickness of the plate is smaller than 1mm, and the influence of the dynamic change of the plate in the contact process on the friction coefficient measurement is not considered in the experiment and calculation process of the conventional experimental device for measuring the friction coefficient, and a corresponding friction coefficient data processing method is not available.
Patent "CN 202122370719.2" provides a can simulate testing machine that detects product coefficient of friction many times under different in service behavior, different angles, has solved the poor scheduling problem of traditional coefficient of friction testing machine function singleness measurement accuracy, but this testing machine can't realize the function of testee heating and temperature control.
The patent "CN 112798454A" realizes the measurement of the friction coefficient of the measured plate at the set temperature, but the method adopts a heating furnace for heating, which is different from the conductive heating method used in the actual formation of the plate, and results in the difference of the friction surface state of the plate, thereby affecting the measurement accuracy, and the temperature drop when the plate contacts with the mold is not considered, and the temperature of the actual friction area of the plate cannot be obtained. Aiming at the problems, the invention provides a system and a method for testing the high-temperature friction coefficient of a metal plate.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above-mentioned shortcomings of the prior art, an object of the present invention is to provide a system and a method for measuring a high temperature friction coefficient of a metal plate, which can realize heating and temperature control of a measured object, and is used to solve the problems of the prior art: 1. the temperature of the friction area of the metal plate at high temperature is difficult to measure; 2. the rapid contact cooling of the thin metal plate (thickness is less than or equal to 1mm) causes at least one problem that the friction coefficient is difficult to accurately measure.
To achieve the above and other related objects, the present invention provides a system for testing high temperature friction coefficient of metal plate, comprising:
a rack assembly;
a friction grip assembly mounted on the frame assembly, the friction grip assembly including two friction units disposed opposite each other to apply a positive pressure to the specimen, and a carrier assembly operable to move at least one of the friction units in a gripping direction; one friction unit of the two friction units is movably and adaptively connected with the bearing component;
the guide fixing assembly is fixedly connected to the rack assembly, is positioned below the friction clamp assembly and is used for guiding the sample to stretch and move;
the conductive heating assembly is used for conducting heating on the sample, and the conductive heating assembly is electrically connected with a conductive clamping end used for clamping the sample;
the stretching device is used for stretching the sample along the length direction of the sample and is provided with a stretching clamping end used for clamping the sample.
Preferably, the friction clamp assembly includes a positive pressure sensor coupled to the carrier assembly; a friction unit is fixedly connected with the positive pressure sensor; the other friction unit is connected with the bearing component through a self-adjusting hinge; the self-adjusting hinge includes a first connecting pair of plates fixedly connected to the other friction unit, a second connecting pair of plates fixedly connected to the load bearing assembly, and a vertically extending pivot shaft; the first connecting pair of plates and the second connecting pair of plates are rotatably connected by the pivot shaft; one friction unit is made of ceramic material, the other friction unit is made of die steel material, or the two friction units are made of ceramic material.
Preferably, the bearing assembly comprises a left moving loading platform, a right moving loading platform and a limit flat plate fixedly supporting and connecting the left moving loading platform and the right moving loading platform; the limiting flat plate is fixedly connected to the rack assembly; the limiting flat plate is provided with a through hole for the sample to pass through; the left and right friction units and the guide fixing component are respectively positioned at the upper and lower sides of the via hole; the second connecting plate pair is fixedly connected with the right movable loading platform through a supporting clamp.
Preferably, the guide fixing component comprises a roller bracket and two guide rollers which are rotatably arranged on the roller bracket in parallel; a roller gap for the sample to pass through is arranged between the two guide rollers.
Preferably, the test piece comprises an upper end part and a lower end part which are equal in width, and a middle part which is positioned between the upper end part and the lower end part and is clamped and rubbed by the left and right friction units; the width of the middle part is smaller than that of the upper end part; the upper end portion comprises a stretcher clamping section and an upper electrode clamping section which are spaced apart in the vertical direction; the stretcher clamping section is positioned above the upper electrode clamping section; the length of the lower end part is greater than that of the upper end part, and the lower end part comprises a lower electrode clamping section and a guide roller clamping section which are spaced in the vertical direction; the guide roller clamping section is clamped between the two guide rollers; the lower electrode clamping section is positioned above the guide roller wheel clamping section.
Preferably, the sample comprises two metal sheets with the thickness of less than 1mm and an intermediate plate material fixed between the two metal sheets; the middle plate and the two metal sheets form a sample with the thickness of more than 1 mm; preferably, the thickness range of the intermediate plate is 0.5 mm-1.5 mm, and the roughness of the contact surface of the intermediate plate and the metal sheet is less than Ra0.4; the thickness of the intermediate plate is inversely related to that of the metal sheet;
or the sample is a metal plate material with the thickness of 1mm to 6mm, and preferably the sample is a metal plate material with the thickness of 1mm to 3 mm.
A method for calculating the high-temperature friction coefficient of a metal plate comprises the following steps:
mounting the test sample to a sheet metal high-temperature friction coefficient testing system as described in any one of the above;
starting a stretching device when no positive pressure exists, stretching the sample at a constant speed of 1-5 mm/min, measuring the interference force, and repeating more than two times to obtain an average value as the interference force value;
adjusting a friction unit to make a friction plane contact with a friction surface of the sample, moving another adaptive connection friction unit to make the friction unit adaptively adjusted to be parallel to the other friction unit, reading a positive pressure value by using a positive pressure sensor, and moving the friction unit to make the positive pressure value reach a preset value;
switching on the conductive heating assembly, adjusting the current of the conductive heating assembly to enable the temperature of the friction area of the sample to reach a set value respectively, and then starting a stretching device to stretch the sample upwards to enable the sample to move upwards at a constant speed for a preset distance to be ground with the friction unit; recording the tensile force measured by a force sensor of the stretching device as a friction force;
and calculating the friction coefficient between the sample and the friction unit according to a preset formula.
Preferably, the two friction units are made of ceramic materials, the interference force subtracted from the collected pulling force of the stretching device is the actual friction force borne by the plate, and the friction coefficient mu between the sample and the ceramic is calculated d-c The formula of (1) is as follows:
wherein:
in the formula, T d-c Tensile force measured for a force sensor of a stretching apparatus, F i To interfere with the force, f d-c The friction force to which the sample is subjected when it is rubbed against the friction unit, F n The unit of the parameter is N, which is the positive pressure value of the sample measured by the positive pressure sensor.
Preferably, one friction unit is made of ceramic materials, and the other friction unit is made of die steel materials; coefficient of friction between the test specimen and the die steel mu d The calculation formula is as follows:
wherein:
f d ＝T d -μ d-c F n -F i
in the formula, T d Tensile force measured for a force sensor of a stretching device, f d The unit of the parameters is N, and the unit of the parameters is the friction force applied when the sample is rubbed with the die steel.
Preferably, the method further comprises the following steps: the surface roughness of the friction unit is treated to reach Ra0.3.
The invention has the main beneficial effects that:
the system for testing the high-temperature friction coefficient of the metal plate has the advantages of simple and compact structure, convenience in operation and high integration level, realizes the simulation of the friction process of the hot stamping process of the metal plate, and obtains the friction coefficient and the surface friction morphology of the metal plate under different contact conditions.
The high-temperature friction coefficient test system for the metal plate, disclosed by the invention, provides a dog-bone-shaped sample structure with a sandwich structure, avoids the severe temperature change in the sheet friction experiment process, provides a processing method aiming at dynamic data, can obtain the friction coefficient of any required temperature in a limit temperature range, and improves the flexibility of the system.
The high-temperature friction coefficient test system for the metal plate introduces the self-adjusting hinge, ensures uniform contact between the left and right friction units and the test sample, avoids eccentric wear and the like, and improves the test precision and the operation convenience of the system.
The metal plate high-temperature friction coefficient testing system can flexibly adjust the positive pressure of the plate, the relative sliding speed between the friction unit and the plate and the surface states of the test sample and the friction unit according to the requirements of the actual process, reduces the difference between the experiment and the actual process and improves the accuracy of the experiment data.
The metal plate high-temperature friction coefficient testing system and the calculating method thereof can be used for testing the high-temperature friction coefficients of various metal materials, can test the thickness range of the plate and almost cover all hot stamping plates, and have wide application range.
Specific embodiments of the present invention are disclosed in detail with reference to the following description and drawings, indicating the manner in which the principles of the invention may be employed. It should be understood that the embodiments of the invention are not so limited in scope.
Features that are described and/or illustrated with respect to one embodiment may be used in the same way or in a similar way in one or more other embodiments, in combination with or instead of the features of the other embodiments.
It should be emphasized that the term "comprises/comprising" when used herein, is taken to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps or components but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps or components.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without inventive exercise.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a system for testing high-temperature friction coefficient of a metal plate according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a sample sandwich according to one embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of different segmented regions of the specimen of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a simulation result of temperature rise curves of thick and thin plate samples
FIG. 5 is a friction coefficient curve of a 316L austenitic ultra-thin stainless steel plate obtained according to an example;
FIG. 6 is a perspective view block diagram of a friction unit provided by one embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 7 is a perspective view structural diagram of a friction unit according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.
Detailed Description
In order to make those skilled in the art better understand the technical solution of the present invention, the technical solution in the embodiment of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiment of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiment is only a part of the embodiment of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, shall fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.
It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being "disposed on" another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may also be present. When an element is referred to as being "connected" to another element, it can be directly connected to the other element or intervening elements may be present. The terms "vertical," "horizontal," "left," "right," and the like as used herein are for illustrative purposes only and do not represent the only embodiments.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The terminology used herein in the description of the invention is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
As shown in fig. 1 to 3, an embodiment of the present disclosure provides a system and a method for testing a high temperature friction coefficient of a metal plate, including: the device comprises a rack assembly, a friction clamp assembly, a guide fixing assembly, a conductive heating assembly and a stretching device.
Specifically, the frame assembly 7 is fixed on a horizontal working platform of the stretching device through a triangular connecting piece. The friction clamp assembly includes a friction unit 2, a positive pressure sensor 8 and a self-adjusting hinge 3. The two friction units 2(2a, 2b) are oppositely disposed to apply a positive pressure to the sample. The friction unit 2b on one side is connected with the positive pressure sensor 8, and the friction unit 2a on the other side is connected with the self-adjusting hinge 3. The friction clamp assemblies are respectively fixed on the movable loading platforms 5 (left and right movable loading platforms 5a and 5b) through the supporting clamps 4 on the two sides. The movable loading platform 5 is linearly reciprocatingly movable in a horizontal direction (X-axis direction, positive pressure loading direction) operable.
The movable loading platform 5 comprises a movable platform and a linear telescopic rod, wherein the linear telescopic rod is controlled to stretch through a knob, and the telescopic rod stretches and retracts through a straight line to realize the linear reciprocating movement of the movable platform. For example, by rotating the knob clockwise, the moving platform fixedly connected with the top plate is pushed to move forwards through the linear telescopic rod, the spring is connected with the lower portion of the moving platform, and by rotating the button anticlockwise, the moving platform moves backwards under the action of the spring.
In the present embodiment, one friction unit 2b is fixedly connected to the positive pressure sensor 8. The self-adjusting hinge 3 comprises a first connecting pair of plates fixedly connected to the other friction unit 2a, a second connecting pair of plates fixedly connected to the load bearing assembly (right mobile loading platform 5a) and a vertically extending pivot shaft. The first connecting pair plate and the second connecting pair plate are rotatably connected by the pivot shaft. Specifically, the second connecting plate pair is fixedly connected with the right movable loading platform 5a through a supporting clamp 4.
The limiting flat plate 6 is connected to the rack assembly 7 and used for limiting the position of the movable loading platform, and the limiting flat plate is fixedly connected to the rack assembly; the limiting flat plate is provided with a rectangular through hole for the sample to pass through. The left and right friction units 2a and 2b and the guide fixing component are respectively positioned at the upper side and the lower side of the rectangular through hole. Further, the limiting plate 6 is slidably mounted on the upper end guide rail of the frame assembly 7 along the Y-axis direction (parallel to the horizontal plane and perpendicular to the X-axis) to adjust the Y-axis position of the friction clamp assembly.
In order to ensure the matching degree between the experiment and the actual process, in one embodiment, the friction unit 2 on one side needs to be manufactured by the same process with the same material as the actual stamping die. In the embodiment, Cr12MoV is adopted, the hardness is HRC 55-58, and the lower hardness can cause abrasion to the surface of the friction unit in the friction process, so that the experimental result is larger. In order to avoid excessive temperature drop when the sample 1 is in contact with the friction unit 2, the friction unit 2 on the other side is made of ceramic. The conductive heating component is a direct current power box and is connected with the sample clamping end through a lead.
As shown in fig. 6 and 7, the friction unit 2 has different shapes, such as the friction unit shown in fig. 6 is a ceramic friction block providing a friction plane, and the end surface of the protrusion is a plane to be in contact with the sample 1, or the friction unit shown in fig. 7 is a semi-cylindrical friction unit made of die steel and provided with an outward semi-cylindrical protrusion to provide a contact friction cylindrical surface.
In this embodiment, the guide fixing assembly includes at least two guide rollers 10. The guide roller 10 is fixed on the frame 7 through the roller bracket 9 and is positioned below the two friction units 2. The stretching device is a stretching machine, the stretching speed of the stretching machine is between 3mm/min and 300mm/min, and the stretching machine is provided with a stretching clamping end for clamping a sample. In order to ensure that friction experiment data is stable and accurate, the stretching machine needs to ensure uniform stretching at a set speed. The temperature range of the actual hot stamping forming process of the sample 1 is 25-1050 ℃, and the direct current power supply in the heating assembly can control the heating temperature of the sample 1 to be 25-1050 ℃. The single-axis displacement which can be realized by moving the loading platform 5 is within +/-6.5 mm, and the stepless adjustment can be realized.
In the case of sheet metal, the positive pressure applied in the friction test is usually small, not exceeding about 20N, in order to avoid additional damage to the material. In order to ensure the measurement precision, the measurement precision of the positive pressure sensor 8 is up to 0.1N; similarly, under the action of a smaller positive pressure, the friction force is smaller by one order of magnitude than that of the positive pressure, so that the accuracy of a force sensor in the stretching device at least reaches 0.01N.
With reference to fig. 1, an embodiment of the present disclosure further provides a method for calculating a high-temperature friction coefficient of a metal plate, which can be implemented by using the system for testing a high-temperature friction coefficient of a metal plate. Specifically, the method for calculating the high-temperature friction coefficient of the metal plate comprises the following steps:
and S1, designing and manufacturing a sample.
In order to ensure the uniformity of the temperature distribution in the friction area during conductive heating, this example provides a dog bone-shaped test specimen 1 (designed by referring to the rectangular tensile test specimen shape in the standard ASTM E8, wherein one of the clamping ends is extended by 60-100mm) as shown in fig. 2 and 3, which has a wide middle and narrow sides. Specifically, the test piece 1 includes an upper end portion and a lower end portion having the same width, and a middle portion 17 located between the upper end portion and the lower end portion and rubbed by being sandwiched by left and right rubbing units. The intermediate portion 17 has a smaller width than the upper end portion. The intermediate portion 17 provides a friction surface. The upper end portion includes a stretcher clamping section 15 and an upper electrode clamping section 16 spaced apart in the vertical direction. The stretcher clamping section 15 is located above the upper electrode clamping section 16. The lower end portion is longer than the upper end portion and includes vertically spaced lower electrode clamping segments 16 and idler wheel clamping segments 18. The guide roller clamping section 18 is clamped between the two guide rollers; the lower electrode clamping section 16 is located above the guide roller clamping section 18.
Research shows that the temperature of a metal sheet with the thickness less than 1mm is rapidly reduced when the metal sheet is contacted with a friction unit at normal temperature, the friction area cannot reach the expected temperature, and the temperature of the friction area is difficult to measure. Thus, as shown in fig. 3, this embodiment designs a sandwich structure sample, in which a middle plate 20 is sandwiched between two metal sheets 1a and 1b, and the plate has a thickness of 0.5-1.5mm, which is identical to the in-plane dimension (non-thickness dimension) of the sample. The thickness of the middle plate material 20 is adjusted according to the thickness of a sample, so that the whole thickness is larger than 1mm, the highest temperature of a friction area of a thin plate can reach about 1050 ℃, the whole thickness is not larger than 1.5mm, the fact that the current does not exceed the bearing upper limit of a wire is guaranteed, and the diameter of the wire is smaller than 7.2mm, otherwise, the measuring precision is affected by the overlarge interference force in the experiment process. Such as: the thickness range of the middle plate material 20 of the sample with the thickness of 0.8mm can be selected to be 0.2-0.7 mm, and the thickness range of the middle plate material 20 of the sample 1 with the thickness of 0.1mm can be selected to be 0.9-1.4 mm.
The sandwich structure sample has the structural advantages that: 1. the middle plate material 20 can keep the thin plate at a higher temperature so as not to generate rapid contact cooling; 2. the side surface of the middle plate material 20 can be measured by using a thermal infrared imager, and the temperature of a contact area between the thin plate and the friction unit is approximately obtained; 3. the middle plate material 20 can provide enough rigidity to ensure that the sample does not deform greatly under the pulling of the electrode clamp to influence the experimental precision.
In addition, the test can be carried out by directly clamping a metal plate sample with the thickness of 1 mm-6 mm or a metal plate sample with the thickness of 1 mm-3 mm. In order to measure the side temperature of the sample, high-temperature-resistant reflecting paint with known emissivity needs to be sprayed on the side of the sample before the experiment.
And S2, contact surface treatment.
And (3) according to different contact conditions, the surface of the friction unit is subjected to processes such as grinding and polishing, and the surface of the sample is sprayed with a lubricant, so that the purpose of changing the surface state is achieved.
S3, mounting the rack and the sample.
In order to ensure the installation precision, the aluminum profiles of the components of the frame 7 are cut in a linear cutting mode so as to ensure the levelness of the workbench on the frame 7, and the upper surface and the lower surface of the limiting flat plate 6 for limiting the moving loading platform 5 are polished so as to ensure the flatness. The sample is clamped in a clamping part (a stretching clamping end) of a stretching device, the lower end of the sample is arranged between two guide rollers 10, and the upper and lower electrode clamping sections of the sample 1 are clamped by a conductive clamping end connected by a lead and are connected with a direct current power supply.
S4, interference force measurement.
The contact friction between the lower end of the test sample 1 and the guide roller 10 and the dragging of the direct current power supply lead can generate additional interference force, so the additional interference force needs to be measured before the test when positive pressure is not applied.
And S5, controlling the contact pressure.
Because the requirement on the accuracy of the parallelism between the left friction unit and the right friction unit is high, in order to counteract the phenomena of uneven pressure, eccentric wear and the like caused by installation errors, the self-adjusting hinge 3 is introduced in the embodiment, and the right friction unit 2a can rotate around the axis in the vertical direction (the axis of the vertical pivot shaft) so as to achieve the purpose of uniformly contacting the test sample 1.
The contact pressure control of the sample 1 is specifically performed as follows: the left friction unit 2b shown in fig. 6 is adjusted to make its friction plane contact with the friction surface of the test specimen 1, the knob of the right movable loading platform 5a is rotated, a slight positive pressure is reciprocally applied by the friction unit 2a having the self-adjusting hinge 3 on the right side, so that the right friction unit 2a is automatically adjusted to be parallel to the left friction unit 2b, and then the pressure value is read by the positive pressure sensor 8, and the knob of the right loading platform 5a is adjusted to be a set value.
And S6, heating the sample and measuring the temperature.
And heating the sample 1 by supplying power to the conductive heating assembly in a clamping state, and acquiring temperature information of the side surface of the middle plate by using a thermal infrared imager.
And S7, testing the high-temperature sliding friction coefficient.
Starting a stretching unit of the stretching device, and enabling the sample to move upwards at a constant speed by adopting displacement control to be in opposite grinding with the friction unit 2; the test was repeated three times under the same condition to record the magnitude of the positive pressure and the tensile force, and the surface friction condition of the test sample 1 was observed. Aiming at different working conditions, firstly, the friction coefficient between the sample 1 and the ceramic is measured by the ceramic friction units on both sides of the sample 1, and then the semi-cylindrical friction units shown in figure 7 are replaced by die steel for experiment.
And S8, data processing.
Since the contact between the sheet 1 and the friction unit is a dynamic heat transfer process, and the temperature cannot be kept constant, the embodiment provides a dynamic measurement and data processing method. Through a large number of experiments, the statistical method shows that when the temperature is within 10% of the error range (such as the expected value is 800 ℃, and the measurement temperature range is 760 ℃ -840 ℃) near the expected value, the measured friction coefficient deviation is within 5%, so the specific implementation method comprises the following steps: and adjusting a proper current value to slowly raise the temperature of the sample, recording data such as friction force, positive pressure, moving distance and the like when the temperature is within a range of 10% near a desired value, and taking the average value of the friction coefficients within the range as the friction coefficient of the plate at the desired temperature.
Aiming at the friction coefficient test experiment of the thin metal plate, because the difference of the contact conditions of the intermediate plate material 20 and the thin plate sample in the experiment causes the difference of the temperature of the side surface of the intermediate plate material 20 recorded by the thermal imager and the temperature of the friction area of the thin sample, but the temperature of the friction area of the thin sample can not be directly obtained, a finite element simulation method is adopted, when the temperature of the side surface of the intermediate plate material 20 in the simulation reaches the experiment temperature, the temperature of the friction area of the thin plate is extracted, and the temperature is used as the actual temperature of the friction area of the thin plate.
In practical applications, the friction coefficients measured by different materials under different working conditions are different, and the thin metal plate referred to herein can be a hot-formed metal plate with a thickness of less than 6mm, and further, for a sample with a thickness of less than 1mm, the present embodiment provides an innovative sample structure and data processing method.
In one embodiment, the sample substrate is stainless steel with a thickness of less than 1mm, and in particular, a 316L austenitic stainless steel plate with a thickness of 0.1mm produced by a certain steel mill is selected. With the sample and the above embodiments, the following detailed description will be made of the sample for testing and calculating the high-temperature friction coefficient of the metal sheet, and the operation steps are as follows:
and S1, designing and manufacturing a sample.
In the embodiment, a 316L austenitic stainless steel sheet with the thickness of 0.1mm is adopted, the total length of the sample is 240mm, the length of a parallel friction section is 80mm, the friction width is 6mm, the length of an upper clamping section is 35mm, and the length of a lower clamping section is 110 mm. And (3) placing a middle plate 20 with the thickness of 1.4mm between the two thin samples, and spraying high-temperature-resistant reflecting paint with known emissivity on the side surface of the middle plate 20.
And S2, contact surface treatment.
In order to ensure that the friction surface roughness of the friction unit is consistent with that of the actual hot stamping die, a diamond polishing agent with the diameter of 6 microns is adopted to polish the surface of the friction unit, so that the surface roughness reaches Ra0.3, the surface of a sample is cleaned by alcohol, the roughness of the contact surface of the intermediate plate material 20 and a thin plate is required to be less than Ra0.4, and errors in friction coefficient measurement are avoided.
And S3, mounting the sample.
And resetting a force sensor of the stretching device, clamping the upper end of a sample in a clamping assembly of the stretching device, arranging the lower end of the sample between two guide rollers 10, adjusting the position to ensure that the sample is vertical, and screwing a spindle locking nut of the guide rollers 10 to ensure that the rollers 10 clamp the sample. And connecting the lead of the direct-current power supply to the upper and lower lead clamping sections of the sample, and fixing the relative positions of the lead and the sample so as to avoid the change of the drag force of the lead in the experimental process from interfering the experimental result.
S4, interference force measurement.
And starting a stretching device when no positive pressure exists, stretching the plate at a constant speed of 3mm/min, measuring the interference force, and repeating the three times to obtain an average value as the interference force value.
And S5, controlling the contact pressure.
The left friction unit 2b is adjusted to bring its friction plane into contact with the specimen friction surface, the right mobile loading platform 5a knob is rotated, and the right friction unit 2a is automatically adjusted to be parallel to the left friction unit 2b by applying a slight positive pressure back and forth using the friction unit with the self-adjusting hinge 3 on the right side. The pressure value is read by a positive pressure sensor, and the knob of the right loading platform 5a is adjusted to enable the pressure value to reach 10N.
And S6, measuring the temperature.
And monitoring the temperature of the side area of the middle plate material 20 in real time by using a thermal infrared imager, and recording a temperature rise curve.
And S7, testing the high-temperature sliding friction coefficient.
Switching on a direct current power supply, adopting constant current control, adjusting the current to enable the temperature of the friction area of the thin sample to reach a set value respectively, starting a stretching unit of a stretching device, and enabling the sample to move upwards at a constant speed for 3mm by adopting displacement control to be in opposite grinding with the friction unit 2; .
Specifically, in the embodiment, the temperature difference between the middle plate 20 and the thin sample in the experimental process is determined by finite element simulation, that is, the temperature range of the middle plate 20 is determined when the temperature of the thin plate is 760 ℃ to 840 ℃, as shown in fig. 4, the temperature range of the middle plate 20 meeting the requirements in the embodiment is 866 ℃ to 935 ℃, the temperature of the side surface of the middle plate 20 is further monitored by an infrared thermal imager in real time, and when the temperature of the middle plate 20 is in the temperature range, the tensile force, the displacement, the lateral force and the like of the stretcher are recorded.
And S8, data processing.
(1) Calculating the friction coefficient of the sample and the ceramic:
subtracting the interference force from the collected pulling force of the stretching device to obtain the actual friction force borne by the plate, and calculating the friction coefficient mu between the sample and the ceramic by utilizing the coulomb friction law d-c The calculation formula is as follows:
wherein:
in the formula, T d-c The tensile force read by the tensile machine force sensor when the friction units 2 on both sides of the sample are ceramic, F i To interfere with the force, f d-c The frictional force on the sheet material and the ceramic during friction, F n The unit of the parameter is N for the positive pressure value applied on the plate material read by the positive pressure sensor.
(2) Calculating the friction coefficient of the sample and the die steel:
in the experiment, the friction coefficient mu between the sample and the die steel is calculated because the sample side is ceramic and the die steel side is die steel d The friction force between the sample and the ceramic is subtracted, and the calculation formula is as follows:
wherein:
f d ＝T d -μ d-c F n -F i
in the formula, T d The tensile force read by the tensile machine force sensor is f when the friction unit on one side of the sample is ceramic and the friction unit on the other side is die steel d The unit of the parameters is N, and the parameters are the friction force applied when the plate material is rubbed with the die steel.
FIG. 5 is a friction coefficient curve of the 316L austenitic ultrathin stainless steel plate obtained in the embodiment, and the results of the stable section 1/4-3/4 area are averaged to obtain the friction coefficient of 0.18 under the working condition.
In another specific embodiment, stainless steel with a thickness greater than 1mm, specifically austenitic stainless steel with a thickness of 3mm, produced by a certain steel mill is selected in this embodiment, and since the thickness is greater than 1mm, the middle plate material 20 does not need to be added in this embodiment. The stretching speed of the stretcher is 3mm/min, the positive pressure is 15N, the expected temperature of a friction area is 600 ℃, the temperature of the side surface of the sample is collected by using a thermal infrared imager, and the tension, the positive pressure and the temperature data of the stretcher are recorded when the temperature is 570-630 ℃. The friction coefficient between the sample and the ceramic is measured, then the cylindrical side friction unit is replaced by the die steel, and the friction coefficient between the sample and the die steel is calculated and corrected by utilizing the coulomb friction law to be 0.42.
In another specific embodiment, in this embodiment, stainless steel with a thickness less than 1mm produced by a certain steel mill, specifically, ferritic stainless steel with a thickness of 0.5mm is selected, and since the thickness is less than 1mm, the middle plate material 20 needs to be added in this embodiment, and the thickness of the middle plate material 20 is 1 mm. The stretching speed of the stretcher is 3mm/min, the positive pressure is 5N, the expected temperature of a friction area is 600 ℃, the temperature of the side surface of the sample is collected by using a thermal infrared imager, the temperature rising curve of the middle plate material 20 and the thin plate is calculated by using finite element simulation, and the tension, the positive pressure and the temperature data of the stretcher are recorded when the temperature of the thin plate is 570-630 ℃.
And measuring the friction coefficient between the sample and the ceramic, replacing the cylindrical side friction unit with die steel, and calculating and correcting by utilizing the coulomb friction law to obtain the friction coefficient between the sample and the die steel of 0.25.
In another specific embodiment, in this embodiment, an enterprise produces commercially pure titanium with a thickness greater than 1mm, specifically, commercially pure titanium with a thickness of 6mm is selected, and since the thickness is greater than 1mm, the middle plate material 20 does not need to be added in this embodiment. The stretching speed of the stretcher is 3mm/min, the positive pressure is 15N, the expected temperature of a friction area is 700 ℃, an infrared thermal imager is used for collecting the temperature of the side surface of the sample, and the tensile force, the positive pressure and the temperature data of the stretcher are recorded when the temperature is 665-735 ℃. The friction coefficient between the sample and the ceramic is measured, then the cylindrical side friction unit is replaced by the die steel, and the friction coefficient between the sample and the die steel is calculated and corrected by utilizing the coulomb friction law to be 0.27.
Any numerical value recited herein includes all values from the lower value to the upper value, in increments of one unit, provided that there is a separation of at least two units between any lower value and any higher value. For example, if it is stated that the number of a component or a value of a process variable (e.g., temperature, pressure, time, etc.) is from 1 to 90, preferably from 20 to 80, and more preferably from 30 to 70, it is intended that equivalents such as 15 to 85, 22 to 68, 43 to 51, 30 to 32 are also expressly enumerated in this specification. For values less than 1, one unit is suitably considered to be 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1. These are only examples of what is intended to be explicitly recited, and all possible combinations of numerical values between the lowest value and the highest value that are explicitly recited in the specification in a similar manner are to be considered.
Unless otherwise indicated, all ranges include the endpoints and all numbers between the endpoints. The use of "about" or "approximately" with a range applies to both endpoints of the range. Thus, "about 20 to about 30" is intended to cover "about 20 to about 30", including at least the endpoints specified.
All articles and references disclosed, including patent applications and publications, are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. The term "consisting essentially of …" describing a combination shall include the identified element, ingredient, component or step as well as other elements, ingredients, components or steps that do not materially affect the basic novel characteristics of the combination. The use of the terms "comprises" or "comprising" to describe combinations of elements, components, or steps herein also contemplates embodiments that consist essentially of such elements, components, or steps. By using the term "may" herein, it is intended to indicate that any of the described attributes that "may" include are optional.
A plurality of elements, components, parts or steps can be provided by a single integrated element, component, part or step. Alternatively, a single integrated element, component, part or step may be divided into separate plural elements, components, parts or steps. The disclosure of "a" or "an" to describe an element, ingredient, component or step is not intended to foreclose other elements, ingredients, components or steps.
It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Many embodiments and many applications other than the examples provided will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading the above description. The scope of the present teachings should, therefore, be determined not with reference to the above description, but should instead be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. The disclosures of all articles and references, including patent applications and publications, are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes. The omission in the foregoing claims of any aspect of subject matter that is disclosed herein is not intended to forego such subject matter, nor should the inventors be construed as having contemplated such subject matter as being part of the disclosed subject matter.
Claims (10)
1. A sheet metal high temperature coefficient of friction test system comprising:
a rack assembly;
a friction grip assembly mounted on the frame assembly, the friction grip assembly including two friction units disposed opposite each other to apply a positive pressure to the specimen, and a carrier assembly operable to move at least one of the friction units in a gripping direction; one friction unit of the two friction units is movably and adaptively connected with the bearing component;
the guide fixing assembly is fixedly connected to the rack assembly, is positioned below the friction clamp assembly and is used for guiding the sample to stretch and move;
the conductive heating assembly is used for conducting heating on the sample, and the conductive heating assembly is electrically connected with a conductive clamping end used for clamping the sample;
the stretching device is used for stretching the sample along the length direction of the sample and is provided with a stretching clamping end used for clamping the sample.
2. The sheet metal material high temperature coefficient of friction test system of claim 1 wherein said friction clamp assembly includes a positive pressure sensor coupled to a load bearing assembly; a friction unit is fixedly connected with the positive pressure sensor; the other friction unit is connected with the bearing component through a self-adjusting hinge; the self-adjusting hinge includes a first connecting pair of plates fixedly connected to the other friction unit, a second connecting pair of plates fixedly connected to the load bearing assembly, and a vertically extending pivot shaft; the first connecting pair of plates and the second connecting pair of plates are rotatably connected by the pivot shaft; one friction unit is made of ceramic material, the other friction unit is made of die steel material, or the two friction units are made of ceramic material.
3. The sheet metal high temperature coefficient of friction test system of claim 1, wherein the load bearing assembly comprises a left mobile loading platform, a right mobile loading platform, and a limit plate fixedly supporting the left mobile loading platform and the right mobile loading platform; the limiting flat plate is fixedly connected to the rack assembly; the limiting flat plate is provided with a through hole for the sample to pass through; the two friction units and the guide fixing component are respectively positioned at the upper side and the lower side of the via hole; the second connecting plate pair is fixedly connected with the right movable loading platform through a supporting clamp.
4. The system for testing the high-temperature friction coefficient of the metal sheet according to claim 1, wherein the guide fixing assembly comprises a roller bracket and two guide rollers rotatably arranged in parallel on the roller bracket; a roller gap for the sample to pass through is arranged between the two guide rollers.
5. The system for testing the high temperature friction coefficient of a metal plate according to claim 1, wherein the test piece comprises an upper end portion and a lower end portion which are equal in width, and a middle portion which is located between the upper end portion and the lower end portion and is clamped and rubbed by the left and right friction units; the width of the middle part is smaller than that of the upper end part; the upper end portion comprises a stretcher clamping section and an upper electrode clamping section which are spaced apart in the vertical direction; the stretcher clamping section is positioned above the upper electrode clamping section; the length of the lower end part is greater than that of the upper end part, and the lower end part comprises a lower electrode clamping section and a guide roller clamping section which are spaced in the vertical direction; the guide roller clamping section is clamped between the two guide rollers; the lower electrode clamping section is positioned above the guide roller wheel clamping section.
6. The sheet metal material high temperature coefficient of friction test system of claim 1,
the test sample comprises two metal sheets with the thickness of less than 1mm and a middle plate fixed between the two metal sheets; the middle plate and the two metal sheets form a sample with the thickness of more than 1 mm; preferably, the thickness range of the intermediate plate is 0.5 mm-1.5 mm, and the roughness of the contact surface of the intermediate plate and the metal sheet is less than Ra0.4; the thickness of the intermediate plate is inversely related to that of the metal sheet;
or the sample is a metal plate material with the thickness of 1mm to 6mm, and preferably the sample is a metal plate material with the thickness of 1mm to 3 mm.
7. A method for calculating the high-temperature friction coefficient of a metal plate comprises the following steps:
mounting the test specimen to a sheet metal high temperature coefficient of friction test system according to any one of claims 1 to 6;
starting a stretching device when no positive pressure exists, stretching the sample at a constant speed of 1-5 mm/min, measuring the interference force, and repeating more than two times to obtain an average value as the interference force value;
adjusting a friction unit to enable a friction plane of the friction unit to be in contact with a friction surface of the sample, moving another self-adaptive connection friction unit to enable the friction unit to be self-adaptively adjusted to be parallel to the other friction unit, reading a positive pressure value by using a positive pressure sensor, and moving the friction unit to enable the positive pressure value to reach a preset value;
switching on the conductive heating assembly, adjusting the current of the conductive heating assembly to enable the temperature of the friction area of the sample to reach a set value respectively, starting a stretching device to stretch the sample upwards, enabling the sample to move upwards at a constant speed for a preset distance to be in opposite grinding with a friction unit, and recording the stretching force measured by a force sensor of the stretching device as the friction force;
and calculating the friction coefficient between the sample and the friction unit according to a preset formula.
8. The method for calculating the high-temperature friction coefficient of the metal plate according to claim 7, wherein the two friction units are made of ceramic materials, the interference force is subtracted from the collected pulling force of the stretching device to obtain the actual friction force of the plate, and the friction coefficient mu between the sample and the ceramic is calculated d-c The formula of (1) is as follows:
wherein:
in the formula, T d-c Tensile force measured for a force sensor of a stretching apparatus, F i To interfere with the force, f d-c The friction force to which the sample is subjected when it is rubbed against the friction unit, F n The unit of the parameter is N, which is the positive pressure value of the sample measured by the positive pressure sensor.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein one friction element is made of ceramic and the other friction element is made of die steel; coefficient of friction between the test specimen and the die steel mu d The calculation formula is as follows:
wherein:
f d ＝T d -μ d-c F n -F i
in the formula, T d Tensile force measured for a force sensor of a stretching device, f d The unit of the parameters is N, and the unit of the parameters is the friction force applied when the sample is rubbed with the die steel.
10. The method for calculating the high-temperature friction coefficient of the metal sheet according to claim 7, further comprising: the surface roughness of the friction unit is treated to reach Ra0.3.
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