CN114774903A - Zirconium-titanium-based composite passivation solution suitable for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy and passivation process - Google Patents
Zirconium-titanium-based composite passivation solution suitable for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy and passivation process Download PDFInfo
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- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
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Abstract
The invention discloses a zirconium-titanium based composite passivation solution suitable for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy and a passivation process, wherein the chromium-free passivation solution comprises the following components: 0.1-5g/L hexafluorozirconic acid, 0.1-5g/L hexafluorotitanic acid, 0.1-0.5g/L rare earth salt, 0.1-0.5g/L additive, adjusting the pH of the passivation solution to 3.7-4.2 by using sodium hydroxide or ammonia water, and the balance of deionized water. The passivation process suitable for the chromium-free passivation of the aluminum alloy comprises the steps of pretreating the surface of the aluminum alloy, placing the pretreated surface of the aluminum alloy in a chromium-free passivation solution for passivation for 2-5 min at normal temperature, sealing the surface of the aluminum alloy in hot water for 1-2 min, and drying the aluminum alloy in hot air to obtain a chromium-free passivation film with high corrosion resistance on the surface of the aluminum alloy. The chromium-free passivation solution and the passivation process are environment-friendly, the preparation process is simple to operate, the corrosion resistance is high, the chromium-free passivation solution and the passivation process are suitable for corrosion-resistant treatment of the surface of the aluminum alloy, and the economic benefit is good.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of metal surface treatment, and particularly relates to a zirconium-titanium-based composite passivation solution suitable for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy and a passivation process.
Background
The aluminum alloy has the characteristics of small density, good heat-conducting property, strong decorative property, good processing property and the like, so that the aluminum alloy can be widely applied to the fields of aerospace, automobile manufacturing, household appliances, buildings, composite materials and the like. Because the potential of the balance electrode of the aluminum is low, a layer of oxide film is easily formed on the surface of the aluminum alloy exposed in the natural environment, the natural oxide film is thin, loose and porous, the protective capability to a matrix is poor, and the aluminum alloy is easily damaged in actual industrial application to cause corrosion failure of the aluminum alloy. The economic losses due to corrosion are enormous. Therefore, in order to extend the service life and expand the application range, it is necessary to further perform an anti-corrosion treatment on the surface of the aluminum alloy.
Passivation is one of the most widely used, most effective corrosion protection treatments. It belongs to a chemical conversion film technology, and changes the surface state of metal by chemical means, so that the electrode potential of the metal jumps to the positive direction to become corrosion-resistant passive state, thereby showing the corrosion-resistant performance. In the aluminum alloy industry of China, chromate passivation is always used for the corrosion resistance treatment of surface passivation of aluminum alloy, although the corrosion resistance of the aluminum alloy is obviously improved by the chromate passivation treatment, a generated passivation film has a self-repairing effect and is low in price, but a chromate passivation solution contains hexavalent chromium which is a highly toxic carcinogen, so that the health of a human body is seriously influenced and the environment is seriously polluted. Currently, various countries around the world are beginning to restrict or prohibit the use of chromate treatment processes.
Therefore, the chromium-free environment-friendly passivating agent suitable for aluminum alloy corrosion prevention, good in passivating effect and strong in corrosion resistance and the process for replacing chromate passivation are developed, have wide application prospects and market values, and have important practical significance for developing an aluminum alloy environment-friendly passivating technology.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention provides a zirconium-titanium-based composite passivation solution suitable for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy and a passivation process, and solves the technical problems of human health, environmental pollution and the like caused by the use of a chromate passivation solution.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
the zirconium-titanium-based composite passivation solution suitable for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 0.1-5g/L of hexafluorozirconic acid, 0.1-5g/L of hexafluorotitanic acid, 0.1-0.5g/L of rare earth salt, 0.1-0.5g/L of additive and the balance of deionized water. Hexafluorozirconic acid and hexafluorotitanic acid are used as main film forming agents and react with aluminum alloy in the passivation process to form the main components of the passivation film. The rare earth elements contained in the rare earth salt have larger ionic radius, are easy to be adsorbed on the surface of a substrate to provide active sites, and are beneficial to forming a more compact passive film. The addition of the additive can improve the corrosion resistance of the passive film on one hand, and part of the additive can be used as a color developing agent to achieve the purpose of coloring the film on the other hand. The chromium-free passivation solution is obtained by adjusting the pH value to 3.7-4.2 through an acid-base regulator. When the pH value is too low, the passivation film can be partially dissolved and is not easy to deposit on the surface of the aluminum alloy, so that the film is formed slowly, and when the pH value is too high, the system of the passivation solution becomes unstable, and the solution becomes turbid, so that the passivation film forming effect becomes poor.
Preferably, the rare earth salt is one or a combination of two of cerium nitrate and lanthanum nitrate.
Preferably, the additive is one or more of salicylic acid, tannic acid, citric acid, phytic acid or sodium hexametaphosphate.
Preferably, the acid-base regulator is sodium hydroxide or ammonia water.
The invention also provides a passivation process suitable for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy, which is carried out by adopting the zirconium-titanium-based composite passivation solution and comprises the following steps:
(1) carrying out surface pretreatment on the aluminum alloy;
(2) passivating and forming a film: soaking the aluminum alloy obtained in the step (1) in a chromium-free passivation solution for passivation, and washing with deionized water to wash away residual passivation solution after passivation;
(3) sealing treatment: putting the passivated sample into a container filled with deionized water for sealing treatment, wherein the hot water sealing treatment can cause water molecules to be added into the film layer, so thatThe volume of the oxide film layer is increased, thus filling the micropores of the oxide film, further sealing the holes of the film layer and increasing the density of the film layer. The sealing temperature is 60-90 DEG CoC, sealing for 1-2 min;
(4) and (3) hot air drying: and (4) placing the aluminum alloy subjected to sealing treatment in a drying box for rapid drying treatment until the moisture on the surface of the aluminum alloy is removed.
As a further technical scheme, the aluminum alloy in the step (1) is subjected to surface pretreatment, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) polishing: sequentially polishing the surface of the aluminum alloy by using 200-mesh, 320-mesh, 600-mesh, 800-mesh and 1000-mesh abrasive paper to remove a natural oxide film on the surface of the aluminum alloy, and placing the aluminum alloy in deionized water for ultrasonic cleaning for 3-5 min at room temperature after polishing;
(2) alkali washing and degreasing: the degreasing method is used for removing organic pollutants on the surface of the aluminum alloy, the degreasing solution is a sodium hydroxide solution with the mass fraction of 3% -8%, the degreasing temperature is 55-65 ℃, the degreasing time is 3-5 min, and after degreasing is finished, the aluminum alloy is washed for 1-3 min by deionized water;
(3) acid washing and activating: the method is used for removing residual degreasing solution on the surface of the aluminum alloy and activating the surface, wherein the pickling solution is a nitric acid solution with the mass fraction of 2%, the pickling temperature is room temperature, the pickling time is 1-3 min, and after the pickling is finished, the aluminum alloy is washed for 1-3 min by deionized water.
As a further technical scheme, in the step (2), the passivation time is 2-5 min, and the passivation temperature is room temperature; the washing time in the step (3) is 1-3 min; the temperature of the drying treatment in the step (5) is 45-60 DEG CoAnd C, drying for 80-120 s.
As a further technical scheme, the pH value of the passivation solution needs to be checked regularly in the passivation film forming process in the step (2), and ammonia water or sodium hydroxide is used for adjusting the pH value to be within the range of 3.7-4.2 all the time.
Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the zirconium-titanium-based composite passivation solution suitable for chromium-free passivation of the aluminum alloy, provided by the invention, overcomes the technical problem that chromate passivation is used to cause harm to the environment and the health and safety of human bodies in the prior art, and a passivation film prepared by passivating the aluminum alloy by using the passivation solution has strong corrosion resistance and good film forming effect;
(2) the aluminum alloy chromium-free passivation solution provided by the invention is used at low concentration, so that the cost is saved;
(3) the passivation process suitable for the chromium-free passivation of the aluminum alloy, provided by the invention, has the advantages of no pollution to the environment, safe and convenient operation, short time and strong applicability.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without making any creative effort based on the embodiments in the present invention, belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
A zirconium-titanium-based composite passivation solution suitable for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy comprises the following components: 0.5g/L of hexafluorozirconic acid, 0.2g/L of hexafluorotitanic acid, 0.1g/L of lanthanum nitrate and 0.1g/L of salicylic acid, ammonia water is used for adjusting the pH of the passivation solution to 3.7-4.2, and the balance is deionized water.
The process for treating the aluminum alloy by using the passivation solution comprises the following steps:
(1) carrying out surface pretreatment on the aluminum alloy: (S1) grinding: sequentially polishing the surface of the aluminum alloy by using 200-mesh, 320-mesh, 600-mesh, 800-mesh and 1000-mesh abrasive paper, and placing the aluminum alloy in deionized water for ultrasonic cleaning for 3min at room temperature after polishing; (S2) alkaline washing degreasing: removing organic pollutants on the surface of the aluminum alloy, wherein the degreasing solution is a sodium hydroxide solution with the mass fraction of 3%, the degreasing temperature is 60 ℃, the degreasing time is 5min, and after degreasing, the aluminum alloy is washed for 2min by deionized water: (S3) acid washing activation: removing residual degreasing solution on the surface of the aluminum alloy, activating the surface, adopting a nitric acid solution with the mass fraction of 2%, the pickling temperature is room temperature, the pickling time is 2min, and washing with deionized water for 2min after pickling;
(2) passivating and forming a film: soaking the aluminum alloy obtained in the step (1) in a chromium-free passivation solution, passivating for 2min, washing for 1min by deionized water after passivation is finished, and washing away residual passivation solution;
(3) sealing treatment: the treatment solution is deionized water, the sealing temperature is 60 ℃, and the sealing time is 1 min;
(4) and (3) hot air drying: placing the aluminum alloy subjected to sealing treatment in a drying box for rapid drying treatment, wherein the drying treatment temperature is 60 DEGoAnd C, drying for 100s until the moisture on the surface of the aluminum alloy is removed.
After the aluminum alloy is treated by the process, a chromium-free passivation film layer is formed on the surface of the aluminum alloy.
Example 2
A zirconium-titanium based composite passivation solution suitable for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy comprises the following components: 1g/L hexafluorozirconic acid, 0.2g/L hexafluorotitanic acid, 0.5g/L cerium nitrate and 0.3g/L tannic acid, wherein the pH of the passivation solution is adjusted to 3.7-4.2 by using sodium hydroxide or ammonia water, and the balance is deionized water.
The process for treating the aluminum alloy by using the passivation solution comprises the following steps:
(1) surface pretreatment of the aluminum alloy: (S1) grinding: sequentially polishing the surface of the aluminum alloy by using 200-mesh, 320-mesh, 600-mesh, 800-mesh and 1000-mesh abrasive paper, and placing the aluminum alloy in deionized water for ultrasonic cleaning for 3min at room temperature after polishing; (S2) alkaline washing degreasing: removing organic pollutants on the surface of the aluminum alloy, wherein the degreasing solution is a sodium hydroxide solution with the mass fraction of 3%, the degreasing temperature is 55 ℃, the degreasing time is 5min, and after the degreasing is finished, the aluminum alloy is washed by deionized water for 2 min; (S3) acid washing activation: removing residual degreasing solution on the surface of the aluminum alloy, activating the surface, adopting a nitric acid solution with the mass fraction of 2%, the pickling temperature is room temperature, the pickling time is 2min, and washing with deionized water for 1min after pickling;
(2) passivating and film forming: soaking the aluminum alloy obtained in the step (1) in a chromium-free passivation solution, passivating for 2min, washing for 1min by deionized water after passivation is finished, and washing away residual passivation solution;
(3) sealing treatment: the treatment liquid being deionizedWater with a sealing temperature of 80 deg.CoC, sealing for 1 min;
(4) and (3) hot air drying: and (3) placing the aluminum alloy subjected to sealing treatment in a drying box for rapid drying treatment, wherein the drying treatment temperature is 45 ℃, and the drying treatment time is 80s until the surface moisture of the aluminum alloy is removed completely.
After the aluminum alloy is treated by the process, a chromium-free passivation film layer is formed on the surface of the aluminum alloy.
Example 3
A zirconium-titanium-based composite passivation solution suitable for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy comprises the following components: 0.5g/L hexafluorozirconic acid, 5g/L hexafluorotitanic acid, 0.5g/L lanthanum nitrate and 0.1g/L citric acid, wherein the pH of the passivation solution is adjusted to 3.7-4.2 by using sodium hydroxide or ammonia water, and the balance is deionized water.
The process for treating the aluminum alloy by using the passivation solution comprises the following steps:
(1) carrying out surface pretreatment on the aluminum alloy: (S1) grinding: sequentially polishing the surface of the aluminum alloy by using 200-mesh, 320-mesh, 600-mesh, 800-mesh and 1000-mesh abrasive paper, and placing the aluminum alloy in deionized water for ultrasonic cleaning for 3min at room temperature after polishing; (S2) alkali washing degreasing: removing organic pollutants on the surface of the aluminum alloy, wherein the degreasing solution is a sodium hydroxide solution with the mass fraction of 3%, the degreasing temperature is 60 ℃, the degreasing time is 5min, and after degreasing, the aluminum alloy is washed for 2min by deionized water; (S3) acid washing activation: removing residual degreasing solution on the surface of the aluminum alloy, activating the surface, adopting a nitric acid solution with the mass fraction of 2%, the pickling temperature is room temperature, the pickling time is 2min, and washing with deionized water for 2min after pickling;
(2) passivating and film forming: soaking the aluminum alloy obtained in the step (1) in a chromium-free passivation solution, passivating for 2min, washing for 1min by using deionized water after passivation is finished, and washing away residual passivation solution;
(3) sealing treatment: the treatment fluid is deionized water, the sealing temperature is 60 ℃, and the sealing time is 1 min;
(4) and (3) hot air drying: placing the aluminum alloy subjected to sealing treatment in a drying box for rapid drying treatment, wherein the drying treatment temperature is 60 DEGoC, drying for 100s tillAnd removing the moisture on the surface of the aluminum alloy.
After the aluminum alloy is treated by the process, a chromium-free passivation film layer is formed on the surface of the aluminum alloy.
Example 4
A zirconium-titanium-based composite passivation solution suitable for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy comprises the following components: 0.5g/L of hexafluorozirconic acid, 0.2g/L of hexafluorotitanic acid, 0.3g/L of cerium nitrate and 0.3g/L of phytic acid, wherein ammonia water is used for adjusting the pH value of the passivation solution to 3.7-4.2, and the balance is deionized water.
The process for treating the aluminum alloy by using the passivation solution comprises the following steps:
(1) surface pretreatment of the aluminum alloy: (S1) grinding: sequentially polishing the surface of the aluminum alloy by using 200-mesh, 320-mesh, 600-mesh, 800-mesh and 1000-mesh abrasive paper, and placing the aluminum alloy in deionized water for ultrasonic cleaning for 3min at room temperature after polishing; (S2) alkaline washing degreasing: removing organic pollutants on the surface of the aluminum alloy, wherein the degreasing solution is a sodium hydroxide solution with the mass fraction of 3%, the degreasing temperature is 65 ℃, the degreasing time is 4min, and after the degreasing is finished, the aluminum alloy is washed by deionized water for 2 min; (S3) acid washing activation: removing residual degreasing solution on the surface of the aluminum alloy, activating the surface, adopting a nitric acid solution with the mass fraction of 2%, the pickling temperature is room temperature, the pickling time is 2min, and washing with deionized water for 2min after pickling;
(2) passivating and film forming: soaking the aluminum alloy obtained in the step (1) in a chromium-free passivation solution, passivating for 3min, washing for 1min by using deionized water after passivation is finished, and washing away residual passivation solution;
(3) sealing treatment: the treatment solution is deionized water, the sealing temperature is 60 ℃, and the sealing time is 1 min;
(4) and (3) hot air drying: and (3) placing the aluminum alloy subjected to sealing treatment in a drying box for rapid drying treatment, wherein the drying treatment temperature is 60 ℃, and the drying treatment time is 100s until the moisture on the surface of the aluminum alloy is removed completely.
After the aluminum alloy is treated by the process, a chromium-free passivation film layer is formed on the surface of the aluminum alloy.
Example 5
A zirconium-titanium based composite passivation solution suitable for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy comprises the following components: 0.5g/L of hexafluorozirconic acid, 0.2g/L of hexafluorotitanic acid, 0.5g/L of lanthanum nitrate and 0.5g/L of sodium hexametaphosphate, wherein the pH of the passivation solution is adjusted to 3.7-4.2 by using sodium hydroxide, and the balance is deionized water.
The process for treating the aluminum alloy by using the passivation solution comprises the following steps:
(1) surface pretreatment of the aluminum alloy: (S1) grinding: sequentially polishing the surface of the aluminum alloy by using 200-mesh, 320-mesh, 600-mesh, 800-mesh and 1000-mesh abrasive paper, and placing the aluminum alloy in deionized water for ultrasonic cleaning for 3min at room temperature after polishing; (S2) alkaline washing degreasing: removing organic pollutants on the surface of the aluminum alloy, wherein the degreasing solution is a sodium hydroxide solution with the mass fraction of 3%, the degreasing temperature is 60 ℃, the degreasing time is 5min, and after degreasing, the aluminum alloy is washed for 2min by deionized water; (S3) acid washing activation: removing residual degreasing solution on the surface of the aluminum alloy, activating the surface, adopting a nitric acid solution with the mass fraction of 2%, pickling at room temperature for 2min, and washing with deionized water for 2min after pickling;
(2) passivating and film forming: soaking the aluminum alloy obtained in the step (1) in a chromium-free passivation solution, passivating for 2min, washing for 1min by using deionized water after passivation is finished, and washing away residual passivation solution;
(3) sealing treatment: the treatment fluid is deionized water, the sealing temperature is 60 ℃, and the sealing time is 1 min;
(4) and (3) hot air drying: and (3) placing the aluminum alloy subjected to sealing treatment in a drying box for rapid drying treatment, wherein the drying treatment temperature is 60 ℃, and the drying treatment time is 100s until the surface moisture of the aluminum alloy is removed completely.
After the aluminum alloy is treated by the process, a chromium-free passivation film layer is formed on the surface of the aluminum alloy.
Example 6
A zirconium-titanium-based composite passivation solution suitable for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy comprises the following components: 0.5g/L of hexafluorozirconic acid, 1g/L of hexafluorotitanic acid, 0.2g/L of cerium nitrate, 0.3g/L of lanthanum nitrate, 0.1g/L of salicylic acid and 0.2g/L of citric acid, wherein the pH of the passivation solution is adjusted to 3.7-4.2 by using sodium hydroxide or ammonia water, and the balance is deionized water.
The process for treating the aluminum alloy by using the passivation solution comprises the following steps:
(1) carrying out surface pretreatment on the aluminum alloy: (S1) grinding: sequentially polishing the surface of the aluminum alloy by using 200-mesh, 320-mesh, 600-mesh, 800-mesh and 1000-mesh abrasive paper, and then placing the aluminum alloy in deionized water for ultrasonic cleaning for 5min at room temperature after polishing; (S2) alkali washing degreasing: removing organic pollutants on the surface of the aluminum alloy, wherein the degreasing solution is a sodium hydroxide solution with the mass fraction of 8%, the degreasing temperature is 65 ℃, the degreasing time is 3min, and after the degreasing is finished, the aluminum alloy is washed by deionized water for 3 min; (S3) acid washing activation: removing residual degreasing solution on the surface of the aluminum alloy, activating the surface, adopting a nitric acid solution with the mass fraction of 2%, pickling at room temperature for 2min, and washing with deionized water for 2min after pickling;
(2) passivating and forming a film: soaking the aluminum alloy obtained in the step (1) in a chromium-free passivation solution, passivating for 5min, and washing with deionized water for 2min after passivation is completed to wash away residual passivation solution;
(3) sealing treatment: the treatment fluid is deionized water, the sealing temperature is 90 ℃, and the sealing time is 1 min;
(4) and (3) hot air drying: and (3) placing the aluminum alloy subjected to sealing treatment in a drying box for rapid drying treatment, wherein the drying treatment temperature is 60 ℃, and the drying treatment time is 120s until the surface moisture of the aluminum alloy is removed completely.
After the aluminum alloy is treated by the process, a chromium-free passivation film layer is formed on the surface of the aluminum alloy.
After a copper sulfate dripping solution is prepared for the aluminum alloy chromium-free passivation film layer finally obtained by passivation in the embodiments 1-6 according to the GB6807-86 phosphating film standard, a corrosion resistance test is carried out, and the longer the dripping time is, the better the corrosion resistance is. The results are shown in table 1:
TABLE 1
| Detecting packets | Drip time/s | Corrosion resistance |
| Blank aluminum alloy | 8 | Worst case |
| Example 1 | 53 | Is preferably used |
| Example 2 | 60 | Is better |
| Example 3 | 58 | Is preferably used |
| Example 4 | 76 | It is preferable that |
| Example 5 | 69 | Is preferably used |
| Example 6 | 70 | Is preferably used |
Compared with the aluminum alloy test results obtained in the examples 1 to 6, the aluminum alloy subjected to passivation treatment in the examples 1 to 6 has the advantages that the dropping time is greatly increased and the corrosion resistance is better compared with that of a blank aluminum alloy which is not subjected to passivation treatment, namely the corrosion resistance of the aluminum alloy is obviously improved after the zirconium-titanium-based composite passivation solution suitable for chromium-free passivation of the aluminum alloy and the passivation process treatment. The chromium-free passivation process for the aluminum alloy has the advantages of low cost, convenient operation, rapid growth and easy realization of industrialization.
Claims (8)
1. The zirconium-titanium-based composite passivation solution suitable for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by mass: 0.1-5g/L of hexafluorozirconic acid, 0.1-5g/L of hexafluorotitanic acid, 0.1-0.5g/L of rare earth salt, 0.1-0.5g/L of additive and the balance of deionized water, wherein the zirconium-titanium-based composite passivation solution is obtained by adjusting the pH to 3.7-4.2 by an acid-base regulator.
2. The zirconium-titanium based composite passivation solution suitable for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy as claimed in claim 1, wherein the rare earth salt is one or a combination of cerium nitrate and lanthanum nitrate.
3. The zirconium-titanium based composite passivation solution suitable for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy as claimed in claim 1, wherein the additive is one or more of salicylic acid, tannic acid, citric acid, phytic acid or sodium hexametaphosphate in combination.
4. The zirconium-titanium-based composite passivation solution suitable for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy according to claim 1, characterized in that the acid-base regulator is sodium hydroxide or ammonia water.
5. A passivation process suitable for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy is carried out by adopting the zirconium-titanium-based composite passivation solution for chromium-free passivation of aluminum alloy according to any one of claims 1-4, and is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) carrying out surface pretreatment on the aluminum alloy;
(2) passivating and forming a film: soaking the aluminum alloy obtained in the step (1) in a zirconium-titanium-based composite passivation solution for passivation, and washing with deionized water to wash away residual passivation solution after passivation is completed;
(3) sealing treatment: the treatment liquid is deionized water, and the sealing temperature is 60-90 DEGoC, sealing for 1-2 min;
(4) and (3) hot air drying: and (3) placing the aluminum alloy subjected to sealing treatment in a drying box for quick drying treatment until the moisture on the surface of the aluminum alloy is removed completely.
6. The passivation process suitable for the chromium-free passivation of the aluminum alloy according to claim 5, wherein the aluminum alloy is subjected to surface pretreatment in the step (1), and the passivation process specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) polishing: sequentially polishing the surface of the aluminum alloy by using 200-mesh, 320-mesh, 600-mesh, 800-mesh and 1000-mesh abrasive paper, removing a natural oxide film on the surface of the aluminum alloy, and placing the aluminum alloy in deionized water for ultrasonic cleaning for 3-5 min at room temperature after polishing;
(2) alkali washing and degreasing: removing organic pollutants on the surface of the aluminum alloy, wherein the degreasing solution is a sodium hydroxide solution with the mass fraction of 3-8%, the degreasing temperature is 55-65 ℃, the degreasing time is 3-5 min, and after degreasing, the aluminum alloy is washed for 1-3 min by deionized water;
(3) acid washing and activating: removing the residual degreasing solution on the surface of the aluminum alloy, activating the surface, adopting a nitric acid solution with the mass fraction of 2%, the pickling temperature is room temperature, the pickling time is 1-3 min, and after the pickling is finished, washing with deionized water for 1-3 min.
7. The passivation process suitable for the chromium-free passivation of the aluminum alloy according to claim 5, wherein in the step (2), the passivation time is 2-5 min, and the passivation temperature is room temperature; the washing time in the step (3) is 1-3 min; the temperature of the drying treatment in the step (5) is 45-60 ℃, and the drying treatment time is 80-120 s.
8. The passivation process suitable for the chromium-free passivation of the aluminum alloy as claimed in claim 5, wherein the pH of the passivation solution is checked regularly during the passivation film formation process in the step (2), and ammonia water or sodium hydroxide is used for adjusting the pH to be within a range of 3.7-4.2 all the time.
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