CN114739124A

CN114739124A - Rapid heat drying equipment for scallop extract and preparation method thereof

Info

Publication number: CN114739124A
Application number: CN202210329719.4A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 王立琨
Original assignee: Shandong Aipu Food Industry Co ltd
Current assignee: Shandong Aipu Food Industry Co ltd
Priority date: 2022-03-31
Filing date: 2022-03-31
Publication date: 2022-07-12
Anticipated expiration: 2042-03-31
Also published as: CN114739124B

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of dry scallop essence drying processing, and discloses a quick hot drying device for the dry scallop essence and a preparation method thereof. This be used for plain quick hot drying equipment of dried scallop, turn about through control plain low-speed of dried scallop and avoid the raise dust, utilize the heat conduction bag to strike dispersion and heat conduction in plain inside of dried scallop, utilize the fibrous pole that absorbs water to carry out moisture absorption, the carbon cloth of taking the overflow hole of deuterogamying cuts off the hot gas flow in good time to make the silica gel piece carry out the transfer and the desorption of moisture in order, thereby the effectual result of use to the plain hot drying of dried scallop that has promoted.

Description

Rapid heat drying equipment for scallop extract and preparation method thereof

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of scallop extract drying processing, in particular to scallop extract rapid thermal drying equipment and a preparation method thereof.

Background

At present, be powdered scallop element after making, need carry out hot drying to it and just can further implement to store, but general be used for the heat drying equipment of scallop element in the use, adopt conventional hot-blast form drying, or other dispersible scallop element powder's form is dried, all can lead to the appearance of powder raise dust, and then lead to relative amount scallop element to cause the waste along with air current system discharge, and when adopting to carry out the absorption of moisture to the special material that the hydrone adsorption capacity is stronger, be difficult to carry out effectual clearance or transfer to this moisture, to sum up can lead to reducing the result of use to the heat drying of scallop element.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to solve the problem that the general equipment for thermally drying scallop meat has a low use effect on the heat drying of scallop meat in the use process and achieve the purpose of effectively improving the use effect on the heat drying of scallop meat, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: the utility model provides a be used for quick hot drying equipment of dry scallop plain, includes support, hot-blast pump, drainage shaft, barrel, belt pulley, the dry mechanism of bottom fixedly connected with of drainage shaft, dry mechanism includes branch, it is connected with the thermal-collecting tube to rotate between the branch, the inner chamber middle part fixed mounting of thermal-collecting tube has two elastic electromagnetic plates of symmetry, fixedly connected with carbon fiber cloth between the elastic electromagnetic plate, the equal fixedly connected with silica gel piece in upper and lower both ends of thermal-collecting tube, the outer wall swing joint of thermal-collecting tube has the elasticity voussoir, the peripheral fixed cover of thermal-collecting tube has the heat conduction bag, the upper and lower both sides of heat conduction bag are all fixed to be pegged graft and are had the fibre pole that absorbs water, the fibre pole that absorbs water with swing joint has the hinge bar between the inner wall of heat conduction bag.

Furthermore, the hot air pump is fixedly installed at the rear end of the support, the flow guide shaft is fixedly inserted at the front end of the support, the cylinder body is rotatably sleeved on the flow guide shaft, the belt pulley is rotatably connected at the front end of the support, and the belt pulley is connected with the cylinder body.

Furthermore, the front side and the rear side of the flow guide shaft and hot air grooves are formed between the supporting rods, the hot air grooves are communicated with the inner cavities of the heat collecting tubes, the hot air grooves are communicated with the hot air pumps, the heat radiating tubes are communicated with the hot air grooves on the front side, and therefore the hot air pumps can be used for continuously heating the inner cavities of the heat collecting tubes.

Furthermore, after the elastic electromagnetic plate is electrified, the magnetic poles of the adjacent surfaces are the same, and the adjacent surfaces repel each other, so that the expansion state of the heat conducting bag and the expansion state of the water absorption fiber rod are convenient to control and switch.

Furthermore, overflow holes are evenly formed in the carbon fiber cloth, the initial carbon fiber cloth is in a folding and shrinking shape under the extrusion of the adjacent elastic electromagnetic plate, the overflow holes in the initial carbon fiber cloth are sealed, the silica gel block can be insulated, and the water absorption performance of the silica gel block is prevented from being reduced by hot air.

Furthermore, the surface of the heat conducting bag is fixedly connected with a scraping sleeve matched with the water absorption fiber rod, so that powder adhered to the water absorption fiber rod can be cleaned conveniently, and the powder is prevented from being adhered due to moisture.

Further, still include drainage mechanism, drainage mechanism fixed connection be in on the drainage axle, drainage mechanism includes the condenser pipe, the top fixedly connected with kuppe of condenser pipe, the rear side fixedly connected with of drainage axle cup joints thermal-arrest cover on the barrel, the front side fixedly connected with of drainage axle extends to cooling tube on the thermal-arrest cover inner wall.

Furthermore, the condensation pipe is communicated with the flow guide shaft, and the upper half part of the flow guide shaft is provided with an overflow groove corresponding to the condensation pipe, so that moisture can be conveniently discharged.

Furthermore, the left and right sides of kuppe has all been seted up the laminating the wedge surface of barrel inner wall to be convenient for passively strike off the dry shellfish element that adsorbs or condenses at the section of thick bamboo wall, avoid the dry shellfish element adhesion extravagant, and avoid dropping because of the dry shellfish element eminence that the adhesion is not enough and cause the raise dust.

A rapid thermal drying preparation method for scallop extract comprises the following steps:

s1, conveying the scallop powder to the bottom of the cylinder and covering each heat-conducting bag;

s2, driving the cylinder to rotate at a low speed by the belt pulley, introducing hot air flow into the heat collecting tube by the operation of the hot air pump to heat the heat conducting bag, and intermittently supplying power to each group of elastic electromagnetic plates;

s3, driving the heat collecting tube to rotate by vertically turning the water-containing scallop, impacting the scallop through intermittent expansion of the heat conducting bag, and intermittently extending the water absorbing fiber rod to absorb water in the scallop;

s4, resetting the water absorption fiber rod and matching with the low-temperature silica gel block to transfer water;

s5, the water absorption fiber rod extends out to absorb water, the elastic wedge blocks seal the silica gel blocks, and the carbon fiber cloth is matched with the expansion to allow hot air to pass through so as to implement high-temperature dehydration on the silica gel blocks.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:

1. the equipment for rapidly and thermally drying scallop meat and the preparation method thereof are characterized in that scallop meat covers a heat collecting pipe and a heat conducting bag, a hot air pump is controlled to feed hot air into the heat collecting pipe, the heat conducting bag can be driven by friction of the scallop meat when a barrel rotates at a low speed, and the scallop meat is subjected to internal heat conduction drying of multi-region transformation, so that dust can be prevented from being raised, current is intermittently fed to an elastic electromagnetic plate during the design, two opposite elastic electromagnetic plates are repelled and deformed, the heat conducting bag can rapidly expand and can lead out a water-absorbing fiber rod, the transformation of the appearance of the heat conducting bag can impact the local interior of the scallop meat, the scallop meat with high condensation degree can be dispersedly heated, the water-absorbing fiber rod can rotate after stretching out to absorb water, the water-absorbing fiber rod is reset to be in butt joint with a silica gel block when the elastic electromagnetic plates are powered off, and water can be transferred, when the fiber pole that absorbs water stretches out once more, the tensile carbon cloth of elasticity voussoir then cooperation makes the silica gel piece fully obtain hot-blast dehydration, and when waiting that the fiber pole that absorbs water resets, the carbon cloth shrink is thermal-insulated, and the silica gel piece can continue supplementary transfer moisture, thereby the effectual result of use that has promoted the plain hot drying of dry shellfish of this design.

2. This be used for quick hot drying equipment of dry scallop essence and preparation method thereof, when the dry scallop essence that drives the bottom through the barrel rotates, the edge of kuppe can last to adsorb or condense the dry scallop essence at the section of thick bamboo wall and strike off, avoid the adhesion of dry scallop essence extravagant, and avoided the eminence to drop and cause the raise dust, along with developing along with hot drying process, part aqueous vapor in the dry scallop essence directly rises to rise and is discharged via liquification in kuppe direction condenser pipe, and the hot-blast gas of being discharged by the guiding axle once more through the thermal-collecting tube, can heat the barrel outer wall of the even pairing rotation of cooling tube cooperation kuppe, in order to further promote heating efficiency and energy utilization effect to dry scallop essence.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a front cross-sectional view of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a front cross-sectional view of the barrel attachment portion of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a right side sectional view of the attachment portion of the draft shaft of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a front cross-sectional view of the connecting portion of the collector tube of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a front cross-sectional view of the connecting portion of the silicone block of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a front sectional view of the connection part of the water absorbent fiber rod of the present invention.

In the figure: 1. a support; 2. a hot air pump; 3. a flow guide shaft; 4. a drying mechanism; 41. a strut; 42. a heat collecting pipe; 43. an elastic electromagnetic plate; 44. carbon fiber cloth; 45. a silica gel block; 46. an elastic wedge block; 47. a thermally conductive bladder; 48. a water-absorbent fiber rod; 49. a hinged lever; 5. a barrel; 6. a belt pulley; 7. a drainage mechanism; 71. a condenser tube; 72. a pod; 73. a heat collection cover; 74. a heat radiation pipe.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

The embodiment of the equipment for rapidly and thermally drying scallop extract and the preparation method thereof is as follows:

referring to fig. 1-7, a rapid thermal drying apparatus for scallop meat includes a support 1, a hot air pump 2, a guiding shaft 3, a barrel 5, and a belt pulley 6, wherein a drying mechanism 4 is fixedly connected to the bottom of the guiding shaft 3, hot air grooves are respectively formed between the front and rear sides of the guiding shaft 3 and the supporting rod 41, the hot air grooves are communicated with the inner cavity of the heat collecting tube 42, the hot air grooves are communicated with the hot air pump 2, and a heat dissipation tube 74 is communicated with the hot air grooves at the front side, so that the inner cavity of the heat collecting tube 42 is continuously heated by the hot air pump 2.

The drying mechanism 4 comprises a supporting rod 41, a heat collecting pipe 42 is rotatably connected between the supporting rods 41, two symmetrical elastic electromagnetic plates 43 are fixedly installed in the middle of an inner cavity of the heat collecting pipe 42, magnetic poles of adjacent surfaces of the elastic electromagnetic plates 43 are the same after the elastic electromagnetic plates are electrified, and the elastic electromagnetic plates and the adjacent surfaces repel each other, so that the expansion state of the heat conducting bag 47 and the expansion state of the water absorbing fiber rod 48 can be controlled and switched conveniently.

Fixedly connected with carbon cloth 44 between the elasticity electromagnetic plate 43, evenly seted up the overflow hole on the carbon cloth 44, initial carbon cloth 44 is folding shrink form under the extrusion of adjacent elasticity electromagnetic plate 43, and the overflow hole on it is sealed, and it can insulate against heat to silica gel piece 45, prevents that it from reducing the water absorption capacity at hot-blast.

Equal fixedly connected with silica gel block 45 in the upper and lower both ends of thermal-collecting tube 42, silica gel block 45 has the moisture adsorption capacity of preferred, the heating can make its inside absorption space increase reduce the adsorption affinity, the outer wall swing joint of thermal-collecting tube 42 has elasticity voussoir 46, thermal-collecting tube 42's peripheral fixed heat conduction bag 47 that has cup jointed, thermal-conducting bag 47's fixed surface is connected with and inhales the cover of scraping of fibre pole 48 adaptation, thereby be convenient for clear up the powder of adhesion on the fibre pole 48 that absorbs water, in order to prevent the powder because of the moisture adhesion, all fixed the pegging graft in the upper and lower both sides of thermal-collecting bag 47 has the fibre pole 48 that absorbs water, swing joint has articulated pole 49 between the inner wall of fibre pole 48 and thermal-conducting bag 47.

The hot air pump 2 is fixedly arranged at the rear end of the support 1, the flow guide shaft 3 is fixedly inserted at the front end of the support 1, the cylinder body 5 is rotatably sleeved on the flow guide shaft 3, the belt pulley 6 is rotatably connected at the front end of the support 1, and the belt pulley 6 is connected with the cylinder body 5.

The heat collecting tube 42 and the heat conducting bag 47 are covered by the scallop element, the hot air pump 2 is controlled to feed hot air into the heat collecting tube 42, the heat conducting bag 47 is driven by friction of the scallop element when the barrel 5 rotates at a low speed, the scallop element is subjected to internal heat conduction drying of multi-region transformation, dust can be prevented from being raised, current is intermittently fed to the elastic electromagnetic plate 43 during the design, the two opposite elastic electromagnetic plates 43 are repelled to deform, the heat conducting bag 47 can rapidly expand and leads the water absorption fiber rod 48 out, the transformation of the appearance of the heat conducting bag 47 can impact the local interior of the scallop element, the scallop element with high condensation degree is conveniently dispersed and heated, the water absorption fiber rod 48 can rotate after stretching out to absorb water, when the elastic electromagnetic plate 43 is powered off, the water absorption fiber rod 48 is reset to be in butt joint with the silica gel block 45 to transfer water, when the water absorption fiber rod 48 stretches out again, elastic wedge 46 then cooperates tensile carbon cloth 44 to make silica gel block 45 fully obtain hot-blast dehydration, and when waiting that absorbent fiber pole 48 resets, carbon cloth 44 shrink is thermal-insulated, and silica gel block 45 can continue supplementary transfer moisture, thereby this design is effectual to the dry result of use of dry plain heat of scallop.

The drainage mechanism 7 is fixedly connected to the flow guide shaft 3, the drainage mechanism 7 comprises a condensation pipe 71, the condensation pipe 71 is in through connection with the flow guide shaft 3, and an overflow groove corresponding to the condensation pipe 71 is formed in the upper half part of the flow guide shaft 3, so that moisture can be conveniently discharged.

Condenser pipe 71's top fixedly connected with kuppe 72, the wedge surface of laminating barrel 5 inner wall is all seted up to kuppe 72's the left and right sides to be convenient for passively strike off adsorbing or condensing the dry shellfish element at the section of thick bamboo wall, avoid the dry shellfish element adhesion extravagant, and avoid dropping because of the dry shellfish element eminence that adhesive force is not enough and cause the raise dust.

The rear side fixedly connected with of guiding axle 3 cup joints the heat collecting cover 73 on barrel 5, the front side fixedly connected with of guiding axle 3 extends to the cooling tube 74 on the heat collecting cover 73 inner wall, when the scallop element that drives the bottom through barrel 5 rotates, the edge of guiding cover 72 can last to adsorb or condense the scallop element of section of thick bamboo wall and strike off, avoid scallop element adhesion waste, and avoided the eminence to drop and cause the raise dust, along with developing of hot drying process, some aqueous vapor in the scallop element directly rises and is discharged via liquefaction in guiding condenser pipe 71 of guiding cover 72, and the hot wind gas that is discharged by guiding axle 3 once more through thermal-collecting tube 42, can heat the barrel 5 outer wall of even pairing rotation by cooling tube 74 cooperation heat collecting cover 73, in order to further promote heating efficiency and the energy utilization effect to scallop element.

s1, conveying the scallop powder to the bottom of the cylinder 5 and covering each heat-conducting bag 47;

s2, the belt pulley 6 drives the cylinder 5 to rotate at a low speed, the hot air pump 2 operates to introduce hot air into the heat collecting tube 42 so that the heat conducting bag 47 is heated, and each group of elastic electromagnetic plates 43 obtains power supply intermittently;

s3, the water-containing scallop is turned up and down to drive the heat collecting tube 42 to rotate, the heat conducting bag 47 is intermittently expanded to impact the scallop, and the water absorbing fiber rod 48 is intermittently extended to absorb water in the scallop;

s4, the water absorption fiber rod 48 is reset to be matched with the low-temperature silica gel block 45 for water transfer;

s5, the water absorption fiber rod 48 extends out to absorb water, the elastic wedge block 46 seals the silica gel block 45, and the carbon fiber cloth 44 is matched and expanded to allow hot air to pass through so as to dehydrate the silica gel block 45 at high temperature.

The working principle is as follows: when the device is used, the scallop to be dried is sent to the bottom of the cylinder body 5, the heat collecting pipes 42 and the heat conducting bags 47 are covered, the driving belt pulley 6 drives the cylinder body 5 to rotate at a low speed so as to avoid lifting larger dust, meanwhile, the hot air pump 2 operates to blow out hot air to enter the heat collecting pipes 42 along the flow guide shaft 3 and the hot air grooves in the supporting rod 41, the heat collecting pipes 42 absorb heat and guide the heat to the peripheral heat conducting bags 47, so that the interior of the scallop can be heated, synchronous small-range position cycle conversion can occur when the scallop rotates along with the cylinder body 5, and the contact position of the scallop 47 with the scallop is continuously changed by matching with the friction driving action of the scallop on the heat conducting bags 47, so that the heat conducting efficiency of the scallop 47 in the scallop is further increased, and current is intermittently introduced to the elastic electromagnetic plates 43 during drying, so that the two opposite elastic electromagnetic plates 43 repel and deform, the air in the heat collecting tube 42 can be pressed into the heat conducting bag 47, so that the heat conducting bag 47 is rapidly expanded to impact the local interior of the scallop, the water absorption fiber rod 48 is automatically pulled by the hinge rod 49 to extend in the same period, the adjacent heat conducting bags 47 are mutually matched, so that the scallop passing between the water absorption fiber rod 48 and the neighboring water absorption fiber rod can be further impacted, the scallop with higher condensation degree can be conveniently dispersed and heated, the water absorption fiber rod 48 can absorb water in a rotating mode after extending out, when the elastic electromagnetic plate 43 is powered off, the water absorption fiber rod 48 automatically resets and is in butt joint with the silica gel block 45 to transfer water, when the water absorption fiber rod 48 extends out again, the elastic wedge block 46 automatically seals the extension part of the silica gel block 45, simultaneously, because of the deformation and deviation of the elastic electromagnetic plate 43, the carbon fiber cloth 44 is stretched, the overflow hole on the elastic wedge block is exposed to communicate the hot air area of the heat collecting tube 42 with the silica gel block 45, the high heat, namely the adsorption performance of the silica gel block 45 is reduced, the silica gel block can be quickly dehydrated, when the water-absorbing fiber rod 48 is reset, the carbon fiber cloth 44 is contracted for heat insulation, meanwhile, the heat on the silica gel block 45 is led out and consumed by the heat collecting tube 42, the silica gel block 45 can transfer the moisture on the water-absorbing fiber rod 48 again, the design selects to carry out impact dispersion and heat drying on the scallop element inside, thereby effectively improving the use effect of heat drying the scallop element, in addition, when the cylinder 5 drives the scallop element at the bottom to rotate, the flow guide cover 72 can continuously scrape the scallop element adsorbed or condensed on the cylinder wall at the top of the cylinder 5, the adhesion waste of the scallop element is avoided, the flying dust caused by falling at a high position is avoided, along with the development of the heat drying process, part of the moisture in the scallop element directly rises and is guided to the condensing tube 71 by the flow guide cover 72 to be liquefied and discharged, and is heated by the flow guide shaft 3 through the heat collecting tube 42 again, the heat pipe 74 can be used by the heat collecting cover 73 to heat the outer wall of the rotating cylinder 5 uniformly, so as to further improve the heating efficiency and energy utilization effect of the scallop essence.

Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. The utility model provides a be used for quick hot drying equipment of dry scallop plain, includes support (1), hot-blast pump (2), water conservancy diversion axle (3), barrel (5), belt pulley (6), its characterized in that: the bottom of the flow guide shaft (3) is fixedly connected with a drying mechanism (4), the drying mechanism (4) comprises a support rod (41), a heat collecting pipe (42) is rotatably connected between the supporting rods (41), two symmetrical elastic electromagnetic plates (43) are fixedly arranged in the middle of an inner cavity of the heat collecting pipe (42), a carbon fiber cloth (44) is fixedly connected between the elastic electromagnetic plates (43), the upper end and the lower end of the heat collecting pipe (42) are both fixedly connected with a silica gel block (45), the outer wall of the heat collecting pipe (42) is movably connected with an elastic wedge block (46), the periphery of the heat collecting pipe (42) is fixedly sleeved with a heat conducting bag (47), the upper side and the lower side of the heat conducting bag (47) are both fixedly inserted with water absorption fiber rods (48), a hinged rod (49) is movably connected between the water absorption fiber rod (48) and the inner wall of the heat conducting bag (47).

2. A rapid thermal drying apparatus for scallop as claimed in claim 1 wherein: the hot air pump (2) is fixedly installed at the rear end of the support (1), the flow guide shaft (3) is fixedly inserted at the front end of the support (1), the cylinder body (5) is rotatably sleeved on the flow guide shaft (3), the belt pulley (6) is rotatably connected at the front end of the support (1), and the belt pulley (6) is connected with the cylinder body (5) in a belt manner.

3. A rapid thermal drying apparatus for scallop as claimed in claim 1 wherein: the heat collecting pipe is characterized in that hot air grooves are formed in the front side and the rear side of the flow guide shaft (3) and between the support rods (41), the hot air grooves are communicated with inner cavities of the heat collecting pipes (42), and the hot air grooves are communicated with the hot air pump (2).

4. A rapid thermal drying apparatus for scallop meat according to claim 1 wherein: the magnetic poles of the adjacent surfaces of the elastic electromagnetic plates (43) are the same after the elastic electromagnetic plates are electrified.

5. A rapid thermal drying apparatus for scallop as claimed in claim 1 wherein: overflow holes are uniformly formed in the carbon fiber cloth (44).

6. A rapid thermal drying apparatus for scallop as claimed in claim 1 wherein: the surface of the heat conducting bag (47) is fixedly connected with a scraping sleeve matched with the water absorption fiber rod (48).

7. A rapid thermal drying apparatus for scallop meat according to claim 1 wherein: still include drainage mechanism (7), drainage mechanism (7) fixed connection be in on drainage axle (3), drainage mechanism (7) include condenser pipe (71), top fixedly connected with kuppe (72) of condenser pipe (71), the rear side fixedly connected with of drainage axle (3) cup joints thermal-arrest cover (73) on barrel (5), the front side fixedly connected with of drainage axle (3) extends to cooling tube (74) on thermal-arrest cover (73) inner wall.

8. A rapid thermal drying apparatus for scallop meat according to claim 7 wherein: the condensation pipe (71) is communicated with the flow guide shaft (3), and an overflow groove corresponding to the condensation pipe (71) is formed in the upper half part of the flow guide shaft (3).

9. The rapid thermal drying apparatus for scallop meat according to claim 7, wherein the apparatus comprises: the left side and the right side of the air guide sleeve (72) are both provided with wedge surfaces attached to the inner wall of the cylinder (5).

10. A rapid thermal drying preparation method for scallop meat extract, which adopts the rapid thermal drying equipment for scallop meat extract as described in claims 1-9, and is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:

s1, conveying the scallop into the bottom of the cylinder body (5) and covering each heat-conducting bag (47);

s2, a belt pulley (6) drives a cylinder body (5) to rotate at a low speed, a hot air pump (2) operates to introduce hot air flow into the heat collecting pipe (42) so that a heat conducting bag (47) is heated, and each group of elastic electromagnetic plates (43) are intermittently supplied with power;

s3, driving the heat collecting tube (42) to rotate by vertically turning the water-containing scallop, impacting the scallop through intermittently expanding the heat conducting bag (47), and intermittently extending the water absorbing fiber rod (48) to absorb water in the scallop;

s4, the water absorption fiber rod (48) is reset to be matched with the low-temperature silica gel block (45) for water transfer;

s5, the water absorption fiber rod (48) extends out to absorb water, the elastic wedge block (46) seals the silica gel block (45), and the carbon fiber cloth (44) is matched with the expansion to allow hot air to pass through so as to dehydrate the silica gel block (45) at high temperature.