CN114737702B - High-altitude curtain wall system of building board - Google Patents

High-altitude curtain wall system of building board Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN114737702B
CN114737702B CN202210582204.5A CN202210582204A CN114737702B CN 114737702 B CN114737702 B CN 114737702B CN 202210582204 A CN202210582204 A CN 202210582204A CN 114737702 B CN114737702 B CN 114737702B
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
longitudinal connector
glass
connector
longitudinal
rod
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
CN202210582204.5A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Other versions
CN114737702A (en
Inventor
万璐
刘文文
武治国
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hairuilin Construction Co ltd
Original Assignee
Shandong Hai Ruilin Decoration Engineering Co ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Shandong Hai Ruilin Decoration Engineering Co ltd filed Critical Shandong Hai Ruilin Decoration Engineering Co ltd
Priority to CN202210582204.5A priority Critical patent/CN114737702B/en
Publication of CN114737702A publication Critical patent/CN114737702A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CN114737702B publication Critical patent/CN114737702B/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/88Curtain walls
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/88Curtain walls
    • E04B2/885Curtain walls comprising a supporting structure for flush mounted glazing panels
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50Photovoltaic [PV] energy

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Load-Bearing And Curtain Walls (AREA)

Abstract

The invention provides a high-altitude curtain wall system of building boards, and relates to the technical field of curtain wall systems. The high-altitude curtain wall system of the building board comprises a first longitudinal connector, wherein an adsorption mechanism is arranged in the first longitudinal connector, an embedded plate is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the first longitudinal connector, a second longitudinal connector is connected to the upper surface of the embedded plate in an embedded mode, and a fastening bolt is connected to the inner thread of the first longitudinal connector. Through the adsorption equipment who sets up, install behind the both sides at first longitudinal connector when glass, twist first threaded rod and make the movable promotion slide bar of fixed plate slide in the inside of mounting panel, through the continuous slip of slide bar, the sucking disc can laminate with glass's surface, makes it can discharge the air between glass and the glass go out through the continuous extrusion of sucking disc to can adsorb fixedly glass, multiplicable glass's fixed surface makes it improve the laminating degree of glass and first longitudinal connector.

Description

High-altitude curtain wall system of building board
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of curtain wall systems, in particular to a high-altitude curtain wall system of building boards.
Background
Along with the high-speed development of national economy in China and the continuous improvement of the living standard of people and the improvement of the design concept of architects, namely 'humanized building', the building is increasingly developed to high-rise, high-grade and multifunctional directions. Therefore, the building curtain wall products are also necessarily developed towards the directions of high and new technology and multifunction, so as to adapt to the increasingly-enhanced environmental protection and energy conservation consciousness of people, meet the requirements of the market on the functions of the building curtain wall, and the curtain wall is an outer wall enclosure of a building, does not bear load and is hung like a curtain, so the curtain wall is also called as a curtain wall, and is a light wall with a decorative effect commonly used in modern large-scale and high-rise buildings. The building outer protective structure or the decorative structure is composed of a panel and a supporting structure system, can have certain displacement capacity or deformation capacity relative to the main structure, and does not bear the action of the main structure.
However, when the existing high-altitude curtain wall system of the building board is installed, the fixing area of glass is limited, so that the unfixed side is easy to fall down due to the influence of gravity when the glass is installed, the glass is influenced by the laminating property of the first longitudinal connector, and meanwhile, when the first longitudinal connector is spliced with the second longitudinal connector, the first longitudinal connector is usually fixed by only using bolts, the splicing strength between the first longitudinal connector and the second longitudinal connector is low, and the device is influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
(one) solving the technical problems
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a high-altitude curtain wall system of a building board, which solves the problems of splicing and reinforcing glass laminating degree and a first longitudinal connector and a second longitudinal connector.
(II) technical scheme
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: the high-altitude curtain wall system of the building board comprises a first longitudinal connector, an adsorption mechanism is arranged in the first longitudinal connector, an embedded plate is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the first longitudinal connector, a second longitudinal connector is embedded and connected to the upper surface of the embedded plate, a fastening bolt is connected to the inner thread of the first longitudinal connector, the fastening bolt is connected with the thread of the second longitudinal connector, and a reinforcing mechanism is arranged in the second longitudinal connector.
Preferably, the adsorption mechanism comprises a sliding rod, the sliding rod is in sliding connection with the first longitudinal connecting body, a sucker is arranged at one end, close to the first longitudinal connecting body, of the sliding rod, a fixing plate is fixedly connected with one end, far away from the sucker, of the sliding rod, a first threaded rod is connected with the inner thread of the fixing plate, a mounting plate is connected with the side surface of the sliding rod in a sliding manner, the mounting plate is fixedly connected with the first longitudinal connecting body, and the first threaded rod is in threaded connection with the mounting plate.
Preferably, the reinforcing mechanism comprises a fixed seat, the fixed seat is fixedly connected with the second longitudinal connector, the front surface of the fixed seat is slidably connected with a jogged rod, the jogged rod is jogged and connected with a jogged plate, one end of the jogged rod, which is far away from the jogged plate, is fixedly connected with a hanging ring, the side surface of the fixed seat is fixedly connected with a rubber sleeve rod, and the rubber sleeve rod is jogged and connected with the hanging ring.
Preferably, the two lateral sides of the second longitudinal connector are fixedly connected with transverse connectors, the upper surface of the transverse connector is in threaded connection with an auxiliary handle, the lower surface of the auxiliary handle is provided with an adhesive strip, and the adhesive strip is in adhesive connection with the transverse connectors.
Preferably, rubber blocks are arranged on the two side surfaces of the first longitudinal connector, glass is arranged on the two side surfaces of the first longitudinal connector, and the glass is attached to the rubber blocks and the suckers.
Preferably, the upper part and the lower part of the first longitudinal connector and the second longitudinal connector are respectively arranged in an open mode.
(III) beneficial effects
The invention provides a high-altitude curtain wall system of building boards. The beneficial effects are as follows:
1. compared with the prior art, through the adsorption equipment who sets up, after glass installs the both sides at first vertical connector, twist first threaded rod and make the movable promotion slide bar of fixed plate slide in the inside of mounting panel, through the continuous slip of slide bar, the sucking disc can laminate with glass's surface, make it can discharge the air between glass and the glass go out through the continuous extrusion of sucking disc to can adsorb fixedly glass, the fixed surface of multiplicable glass makes it improve the laminating degree of glass and first vertical connector.
2. Compared with the prior art, through the strengthening mechanism who sets up, when the gomphosis of gomphosis board was advanced the inside of second vertical connector, the slip that utilizes the gomphosis pole made its can be embedded into the inside of gomphosis board, after the gomphosis of gomphosis pole is accomplished, can be with the link gomphosis into the inside of rubber loop bar, because rubber loop bar surface friction is great, be difficult for the activity when the link is being connected with the rubber loop bar, can consolidate when the concatenation of first vertical connector and second vertical connector.
3. Compared with the prior art, through the handle that sets up, when the device needs to be installed, utilize the second threaded rod can install auxiliary handle on the transverse connection body, because the stickness of bonding strip is great, make the handle can bond with the transverse connection body better, when the device is being installed, the staff can utilize the handle to carry out the installation operation to the device, can be better hold up the device at the installation simultaneously.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the structure of FIG. 1A according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the structure of FIG. 1B according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic rear view of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the bottom structure of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a schematic perspective view of the present invention.
Wherein, 1, a first longitudinal connector; 2. glass; 3. an embedded plate; 4. a second longitudinal connector; 5. a fastening bolt; 6. a rubber block; 7. an adhesive strip; 8. a reinforcement mechanism; 801. a rubber sleeve rod; 802. hanging rings; 803. a fixing seat; 804. a fitting rod; 9. an adsorption mechanism; 901. a slide bar; 902. a fixing plate; 903. a first threaded rod; 904. a mounting plate; 905. a suction cup; 10. a transverse connector; 11. an auxiliary handle.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Examples:
as shown in fig. 1-6, the embodiment of the invention provides a high-altitude curtain wall system of building boards, which comprises a first longitudinal connector 1, an adsorption mechanism 9 is arranged in the first longitudinal connector 1, the adsorption mechanism 9 comprises a slide rod 901, the slide rod 901 is in sliding connection with the first longitudinal connector 1, a sucker 905 is arranged at one end of the slide rod 901, which is close to the first longitudinal connector 1, one end of the slide rod 901, which is far away from the sucker 905, is fixedly connected with a fixing plate 902, a first threaded rod 903 is connected with the inner thread of the fixing plate 902, the side surface of the slide rod 901 is in sliding connection with a mounting plate 904, the mounting plate 904 is fixedly connected with the first longitudinal connector 1, the first threaded rod 903 is in threaded connection with the mounting plate 904, after glass 2 is arranged on two sides of the first longitudinal connector 1, the fixing plate 903 is screwed to enable the slide rod 901 to slide in the mounting plate 904, the sucker 901 can be continuously slid through the slide rod 901, the sucker 905 can be attached to the surface of the glass 2, the sucker 905 can be continuously extruded to enable air between the glass 2 and the glass 2 to be discharged, and accordingly the glass 2 can be adsorbed and fixed, meanwhile, two side surfaces of the first longitudinal connector 1 and two sides of the glass 2 are fixedly connected with the rubber blocks 905 are arranged on two sides of the glass 2, and two sides of the rubber blocks 1 are connected with the rubber bodies 6, and the rubber bodies 1 are connected with the two sides of the rubber bodies 6, and the rubber bodies 1 are arranged.
Through setting up above structure, can increase the fixed area of glass 2, make it improve the laminating degree of glass 2 and first vertical connector 1.
The upper surface fixedly connected with gomphosis board 3 of first vertical connector 1, the upper surface gomphosis of gomphosis board 3 is connected with second vertical connector 4, the inside threaded connection of first vertical connector 1 has fastening bolt 5, and fastening bolt 5 and second vertical connector 4 threaded connection, through gomphosis board 3 and gomphosis board 3 gomphosis, make it be in the first vertical connector 1 with the second vertical connector 4 be connected, can play the purpose of location, prevent that deviation from appearing when first vertical connector 1 and second vertical connector 4 are connected, can carry out the fixed to first vertical connector 1 and second vertical connector 4 with fastening bolt 5, the inside of second vertical connector 4 is provided with strengthening mechanism 8, strengthening mechanism 8 includes fixing base 803, and fixing base 803 and second vertical connector 4 fixed connection, the front surface sliding connection of fixing base 803 has gomphosis pole 804, gomphosis pole 804 is connected with gomphosis board 3 gomphosis, the one end fixedly connected with link 802 of gomphosis pole 804 of gomphosis 3, the side surface fixedly connected with rubber sleeve 801 of fixing base, and rubber sleeve 801 and 802, can be in the inside the gomphosis pole 801 when the inside of the gomphosis pole 801 is difficult to the inside of the gomphosis board 3 is connected with the second vertical connector 3, when the inside of the gomphosis is difficult, the gomphosis pole is connected with the inside of the gomphosis pole 801.
By providing the above structure, the first longitudinal connector 1 and the second longitudinal connector 4 can be reinforced when spliced.
The two side faces of the second longitudinal connecting body 4 are fixedly connected with the transverse connecting body 10, the upper surface of the transverse connecting body 10 is in threaded connection with the auxiliary handle 11, the lower surface of the auxiliary handle 11 is provided with the bonding strip 7, the bonding strip 7 is in bonding connection with the transverse connecting body 10, the upper side and the lower side of the first longitudinal connecting body 1 and the upper side and the lower side of the second longitudinal connecting body 4 are all open, when the device needs to be installed, the auxiliary handle 11 can be installed on the transverse connecting body 10 by using the second threaded rod, the handle can be detached by using the second threaded rod, when the handle is installed on the surface of the transverse connecting body 10, the handle can be bonded with the transverse connecting body 10 well due to the fact that the viscosity of the bonding strip 7 is large, and when the device is installed, workers can install the device by using the handle.
Through setting up above structure, usable handle makes the staff when installing the device, better holds up the device.
Working principle: when the glass handle is used, the embedded plate 3 is embedded into the second longitudinal connector 4, the first longitudinal connector 1 and the second longitudinal connector 4 can be fixed by using the fastening bolt 5, when the embedded plate 3 is embedded into the second longitudinal connector 4, the embedded plate can be embedded into the embedded plate 3 by using the sliding of the embedded rod 804, the hanging ring 802 is embedded into the rubber sleeve rod 801 to fix the hanging ring 802 and the embedded rod 804, so that the first longitudinal connector 1 and the second longitudinal connector 4 can be reinforced when being spliced, after the glass 2 is installed on two sides of the first longitudinal connector 1, the first threaded rod 903 is screwed to enable the fixed plate 902 to movably push the sliding rod 901 to slide in the mounting plate 904, the sucking disc 905 can be attached to the surface of the glass 2, the air between the glass 2 and the glass 2 can be discharged by continuous extrusion of the sucking disc 905, the glass 2 can be adsorbed and fixed, the glass 2 can be clamped at the joint of the first longitudinal connector 1 by using the rubber block 6, the glass 2 can be increased in the fixing area of the glass 2, the glass 2 can be improved, the glass handle can be attached to the handle device 10 by using the first threaded rod 903, and the handle can be mounted on the handle device 10 in a larger size by using the handle device when the handle device is installed on the handle 10, and the handle device can be mounted on the handle device in a larger size than the handle device.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made therein without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims (2)

1. Building board's high altitude curtain system includes first longitudinal connector (1), its characterized in that: the novel high-strength steel wire rope is characterized in that an adsorption mechanism (9) is arranged inside the first longitudinal connector (1), an embedded plate (3) is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the first longitudinal connector (1), a second longitudinal connector (4) is embedded and connected to the upper surface of the embedded plate (3), a fastening bolt (5) is connected to the inside of the first longitudinal connector (1) in a threaded mode, the fastening bolt (5) is connected with the second longitudinal connector (4) in a threaded mode, and a reinforcing mechanism (8) is arranged inside the second longitudinal connector (4);
the adsorption mechanism (9) comprises a sliding rod (901), the sliding rod (901) is in sliding connection with the first longitudinal connecting body (1), a sucker (905) is arranged at one end, close to the first longitudinal connecting body (1), of the sliding rod (901), a fixing plate (902) is fixedly connected to one end, far away from the sucker (905), of the sliding rod (901), a first threaded rod (903) is connected to the inner thread of the fixing plate (902), a mounting plate (904) is connected to the side surface of the sliding rod (901) in a sliding manner, the mounting plate (904) is fixedly connected with the first longitudinal connecting body (1), and the first threaded rod (903) is in threaded connection with the mounting plate (904);
the reinforcing mechanism (8) comprises a fixed seat (803), the fixed seat (803) is fixedly connected with a second longitudinal connector (4), the front surface of the fixed seat (803) is slidably connected with a jogging rod (804), the jogging rod (804) is jogged and connected with a jogging plate (3), one end of the jogging rod (804) away from the jogging plate (3) is fixedly connected with a hanging ring (802), the side surface of the fixed seat (803) is fixedly connected with a rubber sleeve rod (801), and the rubber sleeve rod (801) is jogged and connected with the hanging ring (802);
the two lateral sides of the second longitudinal connector (4) are fixedly connected with transverse connectors (10), the upper surface of the transverse connector (10) is in threaded connection with an auxiliary handle (11), the lower surface of the auxiliary handle (11) is provided with an adhesive strip (7), and the adhesive strip (7) is in adhesive connection with the transverse connectors (10);
the rubber blocks (6) are arranged on the two side surfaces of the first longitudinal connector (1), glass (2) is arranged on the two side surfaces of the first longitudinal connector (1), and the glass (2) is attached to the rubber blocks (6) and the suction disc (905).
2. The building panel high altitude curtain wall system of claim 1, wherein: the upper part and the lower part of the first longitudinal connector (1) and the second longitudinal connector (4) are respectively arranged in an open mode.
CN202210582204.5A 2022-05-26 2022-05-26 High-altitude curtain wall system of building board Active CN114737702B (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202210582204.5A CN114737702B (en) 2022-05-26 2022-05-26 High-altitude curtain wall system of building board

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202210582204.5A CN114737702B (en) 2022-05-26 2022-05-26 High-altitude curtain wall system of building board

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN114737702A CN114737702A (en) 2022-07-12
CN114737702B true CN114737702B (en) 2024-02-20

Family

ID=82286951

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN202210582204.5A Active CN114737702B (en) 2022-05-26 2022-05-26 High-altitude curtain wall system of building board

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN114737702B (en)

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2005061220A1 (en) * 2003-12-22 2005-07-07 Neugebauer Juergen Composite glass pane
CN109838016A (en) * 2017-11-27 2019-06-04 天津明日之星科技有限公司 A kind of novel glass curtain wall
CN210767409U (en) * 2019-06-27 2020-06-16 陕西泰方建设有限公司 Glass curtain wall for building of conveniently assembling
CN211523681U (en) * 2019-08-29 2020-09-18 王莉 Curtain wall for glass wall surface
CN211899126U (en) * 2020-02-19 2020-11-10 张翔宇 Building curtain wall supporting device
CN213868469U (en) * 2020-10-30 2021-08-03 挪亚检测技术有限公司 Curtain wall reinforcing apparatus among photovoltaic building integration

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE1024680B1 (en) * 2016-10-21 2018-05-22 Claeys Stephanie Catharina R. Curtain wall and associated façade element and method for manufacturing such façade element.

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2005061220A1 (en) * 2003-12-22 2005-07-07 Neugebauer Juergen Composite glass pane
CN109838016A (en) * 2017-11-27 2019-06-04 天津明日之星科技有限公司 A kind of novel glass curtain wall
CN210767409U (en) * 2019-06-27 2020-06-16 陕西泰方建设有限公司 Glass curtain wall for building of conveniently assembling
CN211523681U (en) * 2019-08-29 2020-09-18 王莉 Curtain wall for glass wall surface
CN211899126U (en) * 2020-02-19 2020-11-10 张翔宇 Building curtain wall supporting device
CN213868469U (en) * 2020-10-30 2021-08-03 挪亚检测技术有限公司 Curtain wall reinforcing apparatus among photovoltaic building integration

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN114737702A (en) 2022-07-12

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN208539473U (en) A kind of Combined aluminum alloy cable testing bridge
CN114737702B (en) High-altitude curtain wall system of building board
CN110528748A (en) Building curtain wall
CN202706269U (en) Connection structure of acrylic-plate curtain wall
CN201981728U (en) Stainless steel composite covered column structure
CN103332555B (en) The built-in elevator wall-attached frame of a kind of counterweight
CN207332612U (en) A kind of aluminum wood combo box
CN209053358U (en) A kind of mounting structure of elevator hall's metope slabstone
CN203729794U (en) Large-span ultrathin framed spring door system for all-glass suspended curtain walls
CN220266942U (en) Curtain wall aluminum veneer splicing structure
CN207392547U (en) A kind of dry method quick assembling unit of glass curtain wall or window
CN107740520B (en) High strength curtain bearing structure for building
CN206987133U (en) A kind of fireproof heat insulating energy-saving building curtain wall
CN215630912U (en) Corridor formula curtain mounting structure of large building
CN110593469B (en) Safe pendant device of hidden frame curtain wall
CN109339352A (en) A kind of curtain wall lighting roof installation fixed structure of glass plate
CN213418179U (en) Curtain wall structure with good sealing performance
CN220394954U (en) Aluminum alloy curtain wall reinforcing structure
CN216587487U (en) Light-transmitting marble mounting rack convenient to disassemble
CN203701352U (en) Glass curtain wall fixing device
CN218205167U (en) Light furred ceiling basic unit bears reinforced structure
CN213597282U (en) Scalable glass rib mounting fixture connecting device
CN213979466U (en) High strength outer wall aluminium veneer curtain
CN213774005U (en) Novel stainless steel plate rib connection glass curtain wall
CN217759477U (en) Building curtain wall connecting structure

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PB01 Publication
PB01 Publication
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
GR01 Patent grant
GR01 Patent grant
CP03 Change of name, title or address

Address after: 250001 No. 15a20, Mingzhu business port, No. 88, Jingyi Road, Shizhong District, Jinan City, Shandong Province

Patentee after: Hairuilin Construction Co.,Ltd.

Country or region after: China

Address before: 250001 No. 15a20, Mingzhu business port, No. 88, Jingyi Road, Shizhong District, Jinan City, Shandong Province

Patentee before: Shandong Hai Ruilin Decoration Engineering Co.,Ltd.

Country or region before: China