CN114730811A - 包含聚烯烃层的光伏模块背膜 - Google Patents
包含聚烯烃层的光伏模块背膜 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114730811A CN114730811A CN202080079453.1A CN202080079453A CN114730811A CN 114730811 A CN114730811 A CN 114730811A CN 202080079453 A CN202080079453 A CN 202080079453A CN 114730811 A CN114730811 A CN 114730811A
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Classifications
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- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
- H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
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- B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
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- B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
- B32B37/14—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers
- B32B37/15—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers with at least one layer being manufactured and immediately laminated before reaching its stable state, e.g. in which a layer is extruded and laminated while in semi-molten state
- B32B37/153—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers with at least one layer being manufactured and immediately laminated before reaching its stable state, e.g. in which a layer is extruded and laminated while in semi-molten state at least one layer is extruded and immediately laminated while in semi-molten state
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
- H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
- H01L31/0481—Encapsulation of modules characterised by the composition of the encapsulation material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种光伏模块背膜,所述光伏模块背膜包括这样的光伏模块背膜,所述光伏模块背膜依次包括:功能层;连接层;和耐风化层,其中所述背膜的各层包含至少50重量%的聚烯烃,并且所述背膜不含氟化聚合物,其特征在于:i)所述功能层包含聚乙烯与聚乙烯共聚物的共混物;并且ii)所述耐风化层包含聚丙烯;紫外线稳定剂;主抗氧化剂,所述主抗氧化剂是酚类抗氧化剂或芳族胺抗氧化剂;和辅助抗氧化剂,所述辅助抗氧化剂是含三价磷的抗氧化剂或含硫醚的抗氧化剂。本发明还涉及一种用于生产所述背膜的方法和一种包含根据本发明的背膜的光伏模块。
Description
本发明涉及一种用于光伏模块的背膜(backsheet)。本发明特别地涉及一种背膜,其中每个层包含至少50重量%的聚烯烃并且所述背膜不含氟化聚合物。本发明还涉及一种制造此类背膜的方法以及包含此类背膜的光伏模块。
光伏组件是可再生能源的重要来源。它们包括当暴露在阳光下时会释放电子,从而产生电力的光伏电池。往往为半导体材料的光伏电池可能是易碎的,并且通常封装在保护它们免受物理冲击和刮擦的聚合物材料中。经封装的光伏电池通常在每一侧上由保护层进一步保护,所述保护层在所述光伏模块的寿命期间是电绝缘并且耐风化、磨损或其他物理损伤的。
光伏模块具有设置在阳光入射侧上的前表面保护片材,以保护该表面。此层是例如玻璃层,该玻璃层是刚性外层,保护光伏电池和电子器件免受环境影响,与此同时允许光穿过并转换成电力。该光伏模块还具有被称为背膜的太阳能电池后表面保护片材,该背膜设置在相对侧上以保护发电电池。
背膜通常是多层聚合物片材,所述多层聚合物片材保护PV模块免受紫外线(UV)、湿气和天气影响,与此同时充当电绝缘体。背膜必须提供超过20年免受环境条件影响的保护。因此,该背膜必须在此类时间段内是物理和化学上稳定的。背膜往往包括几个聚合物层,以提供上述特性并使太阳能电池模块的长期性能劣化最小化。在背膜中的几个聚合物层具有其自身的功能。通常,背膜包括面向电池的功能层、结构增强层、耐风化层、和粘合剂层,所述粘合剂层在所述功能层与所述结构增强层之间和/或在所述结构增强层与所述耐风化层之间。在上述层中使用的聚合物的示例是聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚酯(例如PET或PBT)、氟树脂(例如PTFE或PVDF)和丙烯酸类树脂。
光伏背膜的最近发展包括使用共挤出来生产多层背膜。这具有增加层间强度并由此减少背膜分层机会的优点。共挤出要求多个层中的聚合物在结合方面充分相容并且是在共挤出设备中可加工的。
光伏背膜的另一个最近发展是避免氟化聚合物。氟化聚合物(例如PVF和PVDF)通常用于光伏背膜中,因为它们具有良好的阻隔特性,从而保护模块部件免受环境条件的影响。然而,不可能回收氟化聚合物,这意味着在光伏模块的寿命结束时,氟化聚合物是废物。此外,氟化聚合物可能分解或燃烧,从而将潜在有害的氟化化合物释放到环境中。
现有技术中描述了无氟的共挤出背膜。聚酰胺提供了抗风化,尤其是抗由紫外辐射造成的损伤的良好阻挡层。WO2015103872A1描述了一种太阳能模块背膜,所述太阳能模块背膜包括耐风化层,所述耐风化层包含双轴取向聚酰胺或用热稳定剂和紫外线稳定剂稳定化的聚酰胺并且包含无机材料。WO2018/087366A1描述了一种包含聚酰胺耐风化层的太阳能模块背膜。WO2013/135349A1描述了一种包括聚酰胺层和热塑性聚烯烃层(例如柔性聚丙烯层)的共挤出太阳能模块背膜。聚酰胺层的存在是为了改善机械完整性,提供氧气和CO2阻挡层,并保护热塑性聚烯烃层免受腐蚀性降解产物的影响。US20190181284描述了一种三层太阳能模块背膜,其中(外部)耐风化层包括通过交联获得的聚合物网络塑料合金并且优选为聚酰胺12。EP2617568A1描述了一种包括三个主要由聚烯烃构成的层的光伏模块背膜。在使用中,太阳能模块可能会经历两个具有特别高温度的源。第一,在例如沙漠的高温环境中操作可能会导致较高的日最大温度,所述较高的日最大温度会在模块的大于20年使用寿命中反复出现。第二,可能会发生被称为热点的具有高温的局部区域的形成。热点是由于遮蔽、弄脏、电池损坏或电池不匹配导致效率局部降低,从而导致较低的功率输出和受影响区域中材料降解加速的结果。两种形式的高温都可导致变色(例如白色背膜发黄)和背膜中材料的热降解,包括变形和开裂。已知现有技术的背膜会受到这两种影响。
本发明的目的是克服上述缺点。
本发明人已惊奇地发现,可以生产避免使用氟化聚合物和基于聚酰胺的层两者的光伏模块,所述光伏模块具有良好的电绝缘性和耐风化性,包括良好的紫外线稳定性、高温稳定性和防水层特性。特别地,本发明的背膜在暴露于高温,例如来自热点或高温长期环境的高温期间更抗破裂或发黄。更具体地,可以生产包括多个层的光伏模块背膜,所述层各自包含大部分聚烯烃。
因此,本发明提供了一种光伏模块背膜,所述光伏模块背膜依次包括:功能层;连接层;和耐风化层,其中所述背膜的各层包含至少50重量%的聚烯烃,并且所述背膜不含氟化聚合物,其特征在于:
-所述功能层包含聚乙烯与聚乙烯共聚物的共混物;并且
-所述耐风化层包含聚丙烯;紫外线稳定剂;主抗氧化剂,所述主抗氧化剂是酚类抗氧化剂或芳族胺抗氧化剂;和辅助抗氧化剂,所述辅助抗氧化剂是含三价磷的抗氧化剂或含硫醚的抗氧化剂。
进一步,本发明提供了一种用于生产如在权利要求1至14中任一项中所定义的光伏模块背膜的方法,所述方法包括:
i)将功能层组合物;连接层组合物;和耐风化层组合物独立地进料至多层膜共挤出设备;以及
ii)在所述多层膜共挤出设备中按照以下次序将组合物熔融并共挤出成光伏模块背膜:功能层、连接层、耐风化层。
如本文所用,术语聚烯烃包括烯烃共聚物,其中单体的至少50%是烯烃。例如,术语聚乙烯包括乙烯共聚物,其中单体的至少50%是聚乙烯;并且术语聚丙烯包括丙烯共聚物,其中单体的至少50%是聚丙烯。
如本文所用,重量%是指基于存在特定聚合物的层的重量,所述聚合物的重量百分比。
在本发明的所述层中的任何层中使用的聚丙烯可以是均聚聚丙烯、共聚聚丙烯、嵌段共聚聚丙烯,或它们的混合物。合适的共聚单体包括α-聚烯烃,例如1-丁烯、1-己烯、1-辛烯以及它们的组合。聚丙烯共聚物优选包含至少75%;更优选至少85%;还更优选95%衍生自丙烯的单体单元。聚丙烯可以是直链或支链的。
在本发明的所述层中的任何层中使用的聚乙烯可以是均聚聚乙烯、共聚乙烯、嵌段共聚乙烯,或它们的混合物。合适的共聚单体包括α-聚烯烃,例如1-丁烯、1-己烯、1-辛烯以及它们的组合。聚乙烯共聚物优选包含至少75%;更优选至少85%;还更优选95%衍生自乙烯的单体单元。聚乙烯可以是直链或支链的。
本发明的光伏背膜可包括除功能层、连接层和耐风化层之外的层。然而,通常,光伏背膜由功能层;连接层;和耐风化层组成。
耐风化层位于背膜的一个面处。在光伏模块中使用时,此层暴露于空气中,其相对面与光伏电池的密封剂相邻并指向光伏电池。
本发明的耐风化层包含至少50重量%的聚烯烃。所述耐风化层包含聚丙烯。
所述耐风化层可包含聚丙烯和替代聚合物的共混物。所述替代聚合物可以是聚乙烯、聚酰胺或聚酯。优选地,所述替代聚合物是聚乙烯。
通常,所述耐风化层包含至少50重量%的聚丙烯。优选地,所述耐风化层包含至少60重量%的聚丙烯,更优选至少70重量%,甚至更优选至少80重量%的聚丙烯,或甚至至少90重量%的聚丙烯。所述耐风化层包含至多98重量%的聚丙烯。优选地,所述耐风化层包含至多95重量%的聚丙烯;更优选至少92重量%的聚丙烯,或者甚至90重量%的聚丙烯。
优选地,所述耐风化层包含聚丙烯-聚乙烯共聚物。更优选地,所述耐风化层包含75重量%至90重量%的聚丙烯-聚乙烯共聚物。
所述耐风化层可包含内子层和外子层。外层可更抗外部条件,例如紫外辐射和湿气。通常,内子层和外子层的组成是相似的。例如,内子层和外子层的聚合物组成通常是相同的。通常,内子层和外子层的区别仅在于层中存在的添加剂的类型和/或数量。例如,两个子层中无机填料或二氧化钛的量可以不同。优选地,所述耐风化层包括包含无机填料的外子层和包含无机填料的内子层,其中所述外子层比所述内子层更低重量%的无机填料。优选地,外子层和内子层各自包含二氧化钛,并且所述外子层包含比所述内子层更高重量%的二氧化钛。
所述耐风化层包含紫外线稳定剂。典型的紫外线稳定剂是受阻胺光稳定剂。
所述耐风化层包含主抗氧化剂,所述主抗氧化剂是酚类抗氧化剂或芳族胺抗氧化剂。所述主抗氧化剂是自由基清除剂。通常,它是酚类抗氧化剂。
酚类抗氧化剂的示例是:苯丙酸,3,5-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-羟基-十八烷基酯;2-丙烯酸,2-异戊烷6[(3-异戊烷-2-羟基-5-异戊烷-苯基)-乙基]-4-异戊烷苯基酯;2-丙烯酸,2-(1,1-二甲基乙基)-6-[[3-1,1-二甲基乙基)-2-羟基-5-甲基苯基]甲基]-4-甲基苯基酯;3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基-苄基-磷酸的二乙酯;2,5,7,8-四甲基-2-(4',8',12'-三甲基-三癸基)-色原烷-6-醇;3,5-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-羟基-苯丙酸异辛酯;3,5-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-羟基-苯丙酸异十三烷基酯;3,5-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-羟基-C1345苯丙酸的支链和直链烷基酯;2,2'-亚甲基双(6-叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚);2,2'-亚甲基双(4-乙基-6-叔丁基苯酚);2,2'-亚甲基双6-(1-甲基环己基)-对甲酚;4,4'-亚丁基双(6-叔丁基-3-甲基-苯酚);2,2'-亚乙基双(4,6-二叔丁基苯酚)苯酚;4,4'-亚甲基双[2,6-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-2,2'-异亚丁基双(4,6-二甲基苯酚);N,N'-六亚甲基双(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基氢化肉桂酰胺);3,9-双(1,1-二甲基-2-(B-(3-叔丁基-4-羟基-5-甲基-苯基)-丙炔氧基)-乙基)-2,4,8,10-四氧杂螺;亚乙基双(氧亚乙基)双(3-叔丁基-4-羟基-5-甲基氢化肉桂酸酯)六亚甲基双(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基肉桂酸酯);N,N'-1,3-丙烷二基双[3,5-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-羟基-]苯丙酰胺钙双[单乙基(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基)膦酸酯];2,2'-亚甲基双[4-甲基-6-壬基-]苯酚1,1,3-三(2-甲基-4-羟基-5-叔丁基苯基)丁烷;4,4',4'"-[(2,4,6-三甲基-1,3,5-苯烷三基)-三-(亚甲基)]-三-2,6-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-苯酚双-[3,3-双-(4'-羟基-3'-叔丁基苯基丁酸]-二醇酯三(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基)异氰脲酸酯;1,3,5-三(4-叔丁基-3-羟基-2,6-二甲基苄基)-1,3,5-三嗪-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-三酮;3-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基-苯基)丙酸与1,3,5-三(2-羟基-乙基)-异氰尿酸酯的酯;四[亚甲基(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基氢化肉桂酸酯)]甲烷对甲酚/二环戊二烯丁基化反应产物;1,1,3-三[2-甲基-4-[3-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酰氧基]-5-叔丁基苯基]丁烷。
芳族胺的示例是:4,4'-二枯基二苯胺;N,N'-二苯基对苯二胺;2,2,4-三甲基-1,2-二氢喹啉聚合物4,4'-二辛基二苯胺;N,N'-双(1-甲基丙基)1,4-苯二胺;N-异丙基-N'-苯基-对苯二胺;N-1,3-二甲基丁基-N'-苯基-对苯二胺;N,N'-双(1,4-二甲基戊基)-对苯二胺2-萘胺;N-苯基-4-苯二胺;N-(1-甲基乙基)-N'-苯基苯胺;N-苯基与2,4,4-三甲基戊烷的反应产物;1,4-苯二胺;N,N'-双[4-(1-苯基乙基)苯基]-对-(对甲苯磺酰氨基)-二苯胺;苯胺;N-{4-[(1,3-二甲基丁基)亚氨基]-2,5-环己二烯-1-基亚基;N-苯基-N'-1-苯乙基-1,4-苯二胺;二苯胺与丙酮的反应产物。
优选地,主抗氧化剂是酚类抗氧化剂,并且选自苯丙酸,3,5-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-羟基-十八烷基酯;2,5,7,8-四甲基-2-(4',8',12'-三甲基-三癸基)-色原烷-6-醇;N,N'-六亚甲基双(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基氢化肉桂酰胺);亚乙基双(氧亚乙基)双(3-叔丁基-4-羟基-5-甲基氢化肉桂酸酯);六亚甲基双(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基肉桂酸酯);4,4',4"'-[(2,4,6-三甲基-1,3,5-苯三基)-三-(亚甲基)]-三-2,6-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-苯酚;双[3,3-双-(4'-羟基-3'-叔丁基苯基丁酸]-二醇酯;三(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基)异氰脲酸酯;3,9-双(2-(3-(3-叔丁基-4-羟基-5-甲基苯基)丙酰氧基-1,1-二甲基乙基)-2,4,8,10-四氧杂螺[5.5]十一烷;1,3,5-三(4-叔丁基-3-羟基-2,6-二甲基苄基)-1,3,5-三嗪-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-三酮;和四[亚甲基(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基氢化肉桂酸酯)]甲烷3-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸与1,3,5-三(2-羟基乙基)-异氰脲酸酯的酯。
耐风化层包含辅助抗氧化剂,所述辅助抗氧化剂是含三价磷的抗氧化剂或含硫醚的抗氧化剂。辅助抗氧化剂是氢过氧化物分解剂。通常,它是含硫醚的抗氧化剂。
含三价磷的抗氧化剂的示例有:亚磷酸三壬基苯酯;亚磷酸三月桂酯;亚磷酸三(2.4-二叔丁基苯基)酯;亚磷酸二异辛酯;亚磷酸三异癸酯;亚磷酸二异癸基苯酯;亚磷酸二苯基异癸酯;亚磷酸三苯酯;亚磷酸三(十三烷基)酯;亚磷酸二苯基异辛酯;12H-二苯并[d.g][1,3,2]二氧磷杂八环.2,4,8,10-四(1,1-二甲基乙基)-6-(辛氧基)-;2,2'-亚乙基双(4,6-二叔丁基苯基)氟亚膦酸酯;亚磷酸氢二钠;亚磷酸双[2,4-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-6-甲基苯基]乙酯;2,4,6-三叔丁基苯基-2-丁基-2-乙基-1,3-丙二醇-亚磷酸酯;亚磷酸三异辛酯;三(二丙二醇)亚磷酸酯;亚磷酸二异辛基辛苯酯;三-(2,4-二叔丁基-5-甲基苯基)-亚磷酸酯(苯基乙基)苯基亚磷酸酯;亚磷酸二苯酯;苯基新戊二醇亚磷酸酯亚磷酸三十八烷基酯;亚磷酸二壬基苯基双(壬基苯基)酯;亚磷酸2-乙基己基二苯基酯;9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物;亚磷酸二苯基十三烷基酯;膦酸二辛酯;亚磷酸2-乙基己基二苯酯;双(十八烷氧基)-2,4,8,10-四氧杂-3,9-二磷杂螺[5.5]十一烷;四-(2,4-二叔丁基苯基)-4,4'-二亚苯基二亚膦酸酯;双(2,4-二叔丁基苯基)季戊四醇二亚磷酸酯、双-(2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基-苯基)-季戊四醇-二亚磷酸酯;3,9-双[2,4,6-三(1,1-二甲基乙基)苯氧基]-2,4,8,10-四氧杂-3,9-二磷杂螺[5.5]十一烷;聚4,4'异亚丙基二苯酚C1245醇亚磷酸酯;4,4'-异亚丙基二磷酸四异癸酯;双-(2,4-二枯基苯基)-季戊四醇二亚磷酸酯;亚磷酸(1-甲基亚乙基)二-4,1-亚苯基-四十八烷基酯;亚磷酸氧双(甲基-2,1-乙烷二基)四苯基酯;二异癸基季戊四醇二亚磷酸酯、2,4,8,10-四氧杂-3,9-二磷杂螺[5.5]十一烷、3,9-双[2-(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-(1-甲基-1-苯乙基)苯氧基]-四(十三烷基)-4,4'-亚丁基-双(6-叔丁基-2-甲基二酚)二磷酸酯;[1,1'-联苯基]-3,3'-二基双-亚膦酸四[2,4-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-5-甲基苯基]酯;聚(二丙二醇)苯基亚磷酸酯;2,4,8,10-四氧杂-3,9-二磷杂螺[5.5]十一烷、3,9-双(壬基苯氧基)-2-[[2,4,8,10-四(1,1-二甲基乙基)二苯并[d,f][1,3,2]二氧杂磷杂卓-6-基]氧基]-N,N-双[2[[2,4,8,10-四(1,1-二甲基乙基)二苯并[d,f][1,3,2]二氧杂磷杂卓-6-基]氧乙基]乙胺、3,6,8,11,14,16,19,22,24,27-十氧杂-7,15,23-三磷酸二十九碳烷-1,29-二醇;亚磷酸P,P',P"-[(1-甲基-1-亚丙-3-基)三[2-(1,1-二甲基乙基)-5-甲基-4,1-亚苯基]];P,P,P',P',P”,P”-六十三烷基酯;和三硫代亚磷酸三月桂基酯。
含硫醚的抗氧化剂的示例有:硫代二丙酸二月桂酯;硫代二丙酸二肉豆蔻酯;硫代二丙酸二硬脂酯;硫代二丙酸双十三烷基酯;3,3-硫代二丙酸;硫代二丙酸月桂基硬脂酯;双十八烷基二硫化物;环己烷,1-(十八烷基硫代)-3-[2-(十八烷基硫代)乙基]-丙酸,3-(十二烷基硫代)-1,1'-[氧双(2,1-乙烷二基氧-2,1-乙烷二基)]酯;季戊四醇四(B-月桂基硫代丙酸酯);双[2-甲基-4-{3-正烷基(C12或C14)硫代丙酰氧基)-5-叔丁基苯基]硫化物;3,3'-硫代双丙酸1,1'-二甲酯,与1,4-环己烷二甲醇的聚合物,十八烷基酯。
优选地,辅助抗氧化剂是硫醚抗氧化剂,并且选自硫代二丙酸二月桂酯;硫代二丙酸二硬脂酯;季戊四醇四(β-月桂基硫代丙酸酯);和3,3'-硫代双丙酸1,1'-二甲酯,与1,4-环己烷二甲醇的聚合物,十八烷基酯。
主抗氧化剂和辅助抗氧化剂都减少氧化降解。通常,主抗氧化稳定剂的重量%与辅助抗氧化剂的重量%之比为0.05至2.0。优选地,主抗氧化稳定剂的重量%与辅助抗氧化剂的重量%之比为0.1至1.0;更优选0.3至0.6。可以看到此比率的抗氧化剂对高温稳定性的协同效应。
通常,主抗氧化剂以0.1重量%至3重量%的量存在。优选地,其以0.2重量%至2重量%,例如0.25重量%或0.5重量%的量存在。
通常,主抗氧化剂以0.1重量%至5重量%的量存在。优选地,其以0.2重量%至4重量%,例如0.75重量%、1.0重量%、1.5重量%、2.0重量%或3.0重量%的量存在。
除了紫外线稳定剂、主抗氧化剂和辅助抗氧化剂之外,耐风化层还可包含一种或多种添加剂。添加剂的示例包括紫外线吸收剂、热稳定剂和/或水解稳定剂。当使用此类添加剂时,耐风化层包含0.05重量%至10重量%,更优选至5重量%的添加剂。
根据本发明的耐风化层还可包含无机填料。这些无机填料的示例是碳酸钙、二氧化钛、硫酸钡、云母、滑石、高岭土、ZnO、ZnS、玻璃微珠和玻璃纤维。当使用此类填料时,耐风化层包含基于功能层中聚合物的总重量,0.05重量%至20重量%的填料,优选地所述功能层包含5重量%至15重量%的填料。
可以将例如TiO2、ZnO或ZnS的白色颜料添加到功能层中,以增加阳光的反向散射,从而提高太阳能电池模块的效率。出于美观的原因,也可以加入黑色颜料例如炭黑。
耐风化层的厚度通常是100μm至400μm。优选地,耐风化层的厚度是150μm至300μm;更优选200μm至250μm。
功能层位于背膜的一个面处。在光伏模块中使用时,此层与光伏电池的密封剂相邻并指向光伏电池。背膜的功能层的一种功能是粘附到密封剂上。另一个功能是将光反射到光伏电池上。
本发明的功能层包含至少50重量%的聚烯烃。功能层包含聚乙烯与聚乙烯共聚物的共混物。
通常,功能层包含至少50重量%的聚乙烯。优选地,功能层包含至少60重量%的聚乙烯,更优选至少70重量%,甚至更优选至少80重量%的聚乙烯,或甚至至少90重量%的聚乙烯。耐风化层包含至多98重量%的聚乙烯。优选地,耐风化层包含至多95重量%的聚乙烯;更优选至少92重量%的聚乙烯,或者甚至90重量%的聚乙烯。
通常,功能层包含1重量%至30重量%的聚丙烯。优选地,所述功能层包含5重量%至15重量%的聚丙烯。聚丙烯用于增加功能层的耐温性,从而减少在高操作温度下的分层或热收缩。
优选地,功能层包含聚丙烯、聚乙烯和聚乙烯共聚物的三元共混物。优选地,聚乙烯是直链低密度聚乙烯。
通常,聚乙烯共聚物是乙烯丙烯酸酯共聚物,优选乙烯甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物,例如来自DuPont的Elvaloy AC 1820。通常,功能层还包含乙酸乙烯酯共聚物。
通常,乙烯甲基丙烯酸酯聚合物以1重量%至40重量%;优选20重量%至30重量%的量存在。乙烯甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物用于增加功能层与EVA密封剂之间的粘合力。
通常,功能层包含如上文关于耐风化层所定义的紫外线稳定剂、主抗氧化剂、辅助抗氧化剂、紫外线吸收剂、热稳定剂和/或水解稳定剂、无机填料或颜料。
功能层的厚度通常是10μm至50μm。优选地,功能层的厚度为20μm至40μm;更优选25μm至30μm。功能层的厚度通常是光伏模块背膜的厚度的小于20%。优选地,功能层的厚度是光伏模块背膜的厚度的小于15%。更优选地,功能层的厚度是光伏背膜的小于10%,或者甚至是小于5%。光伏模块背膜的厚度通常是150μm至500μm。优选地,光伏模块背膜的厚度是200μm至400μm;更优选地250μm至350μm,例如约300μm。
根据本发明的光伏背膜包括连接层。连接层包含至少50重量%的聚烯烃。连接层位于功能层与耐风化层之间。
连接层将功能层连接至耐风化层。连接层通常包含聚乙烯。连接层更优选包含聚乙烯共聚物。
通常,连接层包含至少50重量%的聚乙烯。优选地,连接层包含至少60重量%的聚乙烯,更优选至少70重量%,甚至更优选至少80重量%的聚乙烯,或甚至至少90重量%的聚乙烯。连接层包含至多98重量%的聚乙烯。优选地,连接层包含至多95重量%的聚乙烯;更优选至少92重量%的聚乙烯,或者甚至90重量%的聚乙烯。
连接层可包含例如马来酸酐接枝的聚烯烃(例如马来酸酐接枝的聚乙烯或马来酸酐接枝的聚丙烯)、乙烯-丙烯酸类共聚物、乙烯-丙烯酸类三元共聚物或乙烯-丙烯酸酯-马来酸酐三元共聚物。连接层进一步优选地包含乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯/马来酸酐接枝的聚丙烯。
连接层优选包含聚乙烯-聚丙烯嵌段共聚物。更优选地,所述连接层包含聚乙烯-聚丙烯嵌段共聚物与聚烯烃的共混物。优选地,聚丙烯没有被接枝。
连接层可包含改性剂。例如,连接层可包含聚烯烃弹性体。连接层通常包含至多30重量%的聚烯烃弹性体。优选地,连接层包含10重量%至20重量%的聚烯烃弹性体。更优选地,连接层包含约25重量%的聚烯烃弹性体。
通常,连接层包含如上文关于耐风化层所定义的紫外线稳定剂、主抗氧化剂、辅助抗氧化剂、紫外线吸收剂、热稳定剂和/或水解稳定剂、无机填料或颜料。
连接层的厚度通常是10μm至50μm。优选地,连接层的厚度为20μm至40μm;更优选25μm至30μm。
用于光伏电池密封剂的适当聚合物材料通常具有如下特性的组合,例如高抗冲击性、高抗穿刺性、良好的抗紫外线(UV)光性、良好的长期热稳定性、对玻璃和/或其它刚性聚合物片材的足够粘合强度、高防潮性和良好的长期抗风化性。密封剂的示例是离聚物、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)、聚(乙烯醇缩醛)、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、茂金属催化的直链低密度聚乙烯、聚烯烃嵌段弹性体、聚(乙烯-共聚-丙烯酸甲酯)和聚(乙烯-共聚-丙烯酸丁酯)、硅酮弹性体或环氧树脂。EVA是最常用的密封材料。EVA片材通常插在太阳能电池与顶表面之间(称为前密封剂)以及太阳能电池与后表面之间(称为后密封剂)。
本发明提供了一种光伏模块,所述光伏模块包括如本文所定义的光伏模块背膜。所述光伏模块从前面向阳侧至后面非向阳侧按位置次序包括至少以下层:(1)透明窗格(代表前片材)、(2)前密封剂、(3)太阳能电池层、(4)后密封剂和(5)根据本发明的背膜。
前片材通常是玻璃板,或者在柔性模块的情况下是具有高透光率的聚合物片材。
本发明还涉及一种制备光伏模块背膜的方法。一种优选的方法包括:
i)将功能层组合物;连接层组合物;内部耐风化层组合物和外部耐风化层组合物独立地进料至多层膜共挤出设备;以及
ii)在所述多层膜共挤出设备中按照以下次序将组合物熔融并共挤出成光伏模块背膜:功能层、连接层、内部耐风化层和外部耐风化层。
现在借助于一系列实施例和对比实验来说明本发明。
实施例
用于制造光伏背膜的方法包括以下步骤:
将耐风化层、粘合剂层、结构增强层和功能层的材料分别通过挤出机造粒以获得相应的塑料粒料。
背膜是通过多层共挤出工艺制备的,由此将相应层的粒料加入到多个挤出机中,在高温下熔融挤出,流过适配器和模具,由冷却辊冷却并塑形以制造该多层背膜。表1中给出了多层背膜中的不同层的组成。
测量
于85℃和85%相对湿度下进行湿热老化持续200小时的时段。在湿热老化后测量样品的伸长率,并与未经历湿热老化的样品的伸长率进行比较。计算伸长保留率%。针对纵向方向和横向方向两者进行计算。
通过将样品加热至200℃达5小时来测定热稳定性。描述了加热后样品的外观。
于150℃进行热老化达300小时。在热老化后测量样品的伸长率,并与未经历热老化的样品的伸长率进行比较。计算伸长保留率%。针对纵向方向和横向方向两者进行计算。
这些测量的结果在表2中给出。
表1:
表2:
Claims (17)
1.一种光伏模块背膜,所述光伏模块背膜依次包括:功能层;连接层;和耐风化层,其中所述背膜的各层包含至少50重量%的聚烯烃,并且所述背膜不含氟化聚合物,其特征在于:
i)所述功能层包含聚乙烯与聚乙烯共聚物的共混物;并且
ii)所述耐风化层包含聚丙烯;紫外线稳定剂;主抗氧化剂,所述主抗氧化剂是酚类抗氧化剂或芳族胺抗氧化剂;和辅助抗氧化剂,所述辅助抗氧化剂是含三价磷的抗氧化剂或含硫醚的抗氧化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的光伏模块背膜,所述光伏模块背膜由功能层;连接层;和耐风化层组成。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的光伏模块背膜,其中所述耐风化层包含聚丙烯-聚乙烯共聚物。
4.根据权利要求3所述的光伏模块背膜,其中所述耐风化层包含75重量%至90重量%的聚丙烯-聚乙烯共聚物。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的光伏模块背膜,其中所述耐风化层包括含有无机填料的外子层和含有无机填料的内子层,其中所述外子层包含比所述内子层更低重量%的无机填料。
6.根据权利要求5所述的光伏模块背膜,其中所述外子层和所述内子层各自包含二氧化钛,并且所述外子层包含比所述内子层更高重量%的二氧化钛。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的光伏模块背膜,其中所述主抗氧化剂是酚类抗氧化剂,并且选自苯丙酸,3,5-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-羟基-十八烷基酯;2,5,7,8-四甲基-2-(4',8',12'-三甲基-三癸基)-色原烷-6-醇;N,N'-六亚甲基双(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基氢化肉桂酰胺);亚乙基双(氧亚乙基)双(3-叔丁基-4-羟基-5-甲基氢化肉桂酸酯);六亚甲基双(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基肉桂酸酯);4,4',4"'-[(2,4,6-三甲基-1,3,5-苯三基)-三-(亚甲基)]-三-2,6-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-苯酚;双[3,3-双-(4'-羟基-3'-叔丁基苯基丁酸]-二醇酯;三(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基)异氰脲酸酯;3,9-双(2-(3-(3-叔丁基-4-羟基-5-甲基苯基)丙酰氧基-1,1-二甲基乙基)-2,4,8,10-四氧杂螺[5.5]十一烷;1,3,5-三(4-叔丁基-3-羟基-2,6-二甲基苄基)-1,3,5-三嗪-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-三酮;和四[亚甲基(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基氢化肉桂酸酯)]甲烷3-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸与1,3,5-三(2-羟基乙基)-异氰脲酸酯的酯。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的光伏模块背膜,其中所述辅助抗氧化剂是硫醚抗氧化剂,并且选自硫代二丙酸二月桂酯;硫代二丙酸二硬脂酯;季戊四醇四(β-月桂基硫代丙酸酯);和3,3'-硫代双丙酸1,1'-二甲酯、与1,4-环己烷二甲醇的聚合物、十八烷基酯。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的光伏模块背膜,其中所述主抗氧化稳定剂的重量%与所述辅助抗氧化剂的重量%之比为0.1至1.0。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的光伏模块背膜,其中所述功能层包含聚丙烯、聚乙烯和聚乙烯共聚物的三元共混物。
11.根据权利要求10所述的光伏模块背膜,其中所述聚乙烯共聚物是乙烯甲基丙烯酸酯。
12.根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的光伏模块背膜,其中所述功能层的厚度是10μm至50μm。
13.根据权利要求1至12中任一项所述的光伏模块背膜,其中所述连接层的厚度是10μm至50μm。
14.根据权利要求1至13中任一项所述的光伏模块背膜,其中所述耐风化层的厚度是100μm至400μm。
15.一种光伏模块,所述光伏模块包括如权利要求1至14中任一项中所定义的太阳能模块背膜。
16.一种用于生产如权利要求1至14中任一项中所定义的光伏模块背膜的方法,所述方法包括:
i)将功能层组合物;连接层组合物;和耐风化层组合物独立地进料至多层膜共挤出设备;以及
ii)在所述多层膜共挤出设备中按照以下次序将所述组合物熔融并共挤出成光伏模块背膜:功能层、连接层、耐风化层。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,所述方法包括:
i)将功能层组合物;连接层组合物;内部耐风化层组合物和外部耐风化层组合物独立地进料至多层膜共挤出设备;以及
ii)在所述多层膜共挤出设备中按照以下次序将所述组合物熔融并共挤出成光伏模块背膜:功能层、连接层、内部耐风化层和外部耐风化层。
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