CN114703437A - Femtosecond laser abrasion-resistant and fatigue-resistant integrated strengthening method and device for metal part - Google Patents
Femtosecond laser abrasion-resistant and fatigue-resistant integrated strengthening method and device for metal part Download PDFInfo
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- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F3/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by special physical methods, e.g. treatment with neutrons
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of femtosecond laser surface modification, in particular to a key metal moving part aiming at single or composite damage faults such as abrasion, fatigue and the like, and provides a method for modifying the surface of the key metal moving part by femtosecond laser. Compared with the traditional coating and shot blasting technology, the device and the method provided by the invention have the advantages of simple process, high efficiency and high applicability, can be used for processing thin-wall components and other complex parts, and have remarkable technical advantages.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of femtosecond laser surface modification, in particular to a method and a device for realizing wear-resistant and fatigue-resistant integrated protection by utilizing femtosecond laser to perform surface modification on a metal part.
Background
Metal moving parts in automobiles, ships, airplanes and engines are easy to have single or composite damage faults such as abrasion, fatigue and the like, and the single or composite damage faults are always outstanding difficult problems influencing the service safety of equipment. For example, excessive crack accidents occur at the switching position of a hydraulic guide pipe of an airplane, so that a hydraulic system leaks, an over-the-air alarm and an emergency landing are caused, and the failure analysis is carried out on the crack fault guide pipe, so that the crack fault guide pipe is considered to be a crack fault which is compositely induced by abrasion and fatigue; the engine titanium alloy blade boss matching surface is easy to crack and fail under the action of abrasion and fatigue composite load, the cracked boss is easy to damage the engine, the damage is extremely large, the position is difficult to repair and can only be scrapped, but the titanium alloy blade is high in manufacturing cost and difficult to bear economically, failure analysis is carried out on the failed blade, the cracks are considered to be early abrasion induced fatigue crack sources, and then the cracks are expanded under the action of vibration stress; turbine blades and discs of an aero-engine are mainly connected by means of a tenon/mortise structure, but under the complex load environments of high temperature, high pressure, high rotating speed, alternating load and the like, the tenon structure is prone to fretting fatigue failure due to the effect of multi-axis load, and accordingly engine failure is caused. Therefore, a plurality of moving parts in the structure of the aero-engine have single or compound damage risks such as abrasion and fatigue, and the weak links of the aero-engine are urgently required to be strengthened.
At present, the single damage protection effect of typical technologies such as laser shock peening, laser phase change, coating, shot blasting, injection infiltration and the like is good, but the method has a certain limitation on composite damage. For example, coatings can better improve wear resistance of components, but can affect fatigue performance and risk flaking of the coating. The laser shot blasting and mechanical shot blasting technologies can form a gradient structure and gradient residual stress, can improve the high cycle fatigue performance of the part, but have limited improvement on the wear resistance, and are easy to cause impact deformation of the thin-walled part. Therefore, a new method for realizing wear-resistant and fatigue-resistant integrated protection is needed to be found.
In recent years, with the continuous development and progress of laser technology, the femtosecond laser surface modification technology provided based on the technical advantages of large femtosecond laser power density, high frequency, no thermal influence region processing and the like is widely concerned and developed, the laser power density of the femtosecond laser can reach TW/cm2 magnitude, ultrahigh pressure shock waves (hundred GPa magnitude) can be induced on the surface of a material under the condition of no constraint layer, high-value residual compressive stress is introduced through the principle of deformation strengthening, and the fatigue performance of the material is improved. In addition, the energy of the femtosecond laser is generally in mJ magnitude, the energy deposition amount on the surface of the material is small, and therefore the depth of the introduced residual compressive stress influence layer is shallow (10-100 mu m), and the problem of high-pressure plastic deformation of the thin-wall part can be effectively avoided. The repetition frequency of the femtosecond laser is in MHz magnitude, the processing efficiency is high, the speed is high, the diameter of a light spot is small, and a micro device can be processed. Meanwhile, when the femtosecond laser acts on the surface of the material, surface rarefaction waves and a strong electromagnetic field are induced to be generated, a surface periodic micro-nano structure with special functions is formed on the surface of the material under the composite action of the femtosecond laser, the functions of hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, ice prevention, sterilization, wear resistance and the like can be realized by adjusting process parameters, and the technical advantage is remarkable.
Therefore, aiming at the difficult problem of composite damage of abrasion and fatigue of key moving parts of automobiles, ships, airplanes and engines, the invention provides that the surfaces of the moving parts are modified by femtosecond laser, and the abrasion-resistant and fatigue-resistant integrated protection is realized by preparing a gradient organization structure and a gradient residual compressive stress layer of a periodic micro-nano structure, an abrasion-resistant oxide layer, fine grains and a high-density dislocation layer on the surface layer of the material. Meanwhile, a complex part femtosecond laser surface treatment self-adaptive processing module is developed, a laser scanning route and a laser head position can be actively and automatically adjusted according to the size characteristics of a processing part, and the femtosecond laser processing efficiency is greatly improved. This technique has the following advantages:
(1) the composite damage problem is solved: the periodic micro-nano structure and the oxide layer on the outermost layer are wear-resistant, the material wear mechanism can be changed, and the surface contact is changed into point contact; the gradient fine crystal structure and the residual compressive stress of the subsurface layer improve the fatigue resistance of the material;
(2) simple process, high efficiency: the femtosecond laser surface modification technology can process in the room-temperature air environment, the laser directly acts on the surface of the metal material, the trigger frequency is MHz, and the efficiency is greatly improved;
(3) the applicability is high, can handle thin wall component and complicated shape part: the residual stress optimization process control difficulty is high when the technologies such as laser shot blasting, mechanical shot blasting and the like are used for processing thin-wall components and complex components, and stress concentration and macroscopic deformation are easy to form. The femtosecond laser surface modification technology has a shallow influence layer (a compressive stress influence layer is hundreds of microns), is not easy to form stress concentration, and only needs to be covered and scanned.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a femtosecond laser surface modification process and a femtosecond laser surface modification device to realize the integrated protection of the metal moving part against abrasion and fatigue so as to solve the problems in the background technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
the invention is based on the following principle, as shown in fig. 1, when a high-energy femtosecond laser beam 1 acts on the surface of a metal material, only the free electrons 7 on the surface can get to absorb the laser energy due to the extremely short pulse width time, the electrons are heated to the extremely high temperature instantly, and the crystal lattice 6 still keeps the original temperature, so that the laser radiation area establishes the extremely strong temperature gradient, the heated electrons generate coulomb explosion 3 and are separated from the surface of the material, and simultaneously the parent ions are pushed to be separated from the crystal lattice system 5 through the electrostatic attraction mode, thereby removing the surface of the material, which is macroscopically represented as an ablation phenomenon. Meanwhile, the temperature gradient can induce the ultrahigh-pressure shock wave 4 to be transmitted to the interior of the material, so that the surface of the material is subjected to severe plastic deformation, residual compressive stress with a higher numerical value is introduced, in addition, under the combined action of subsequent sparse waves and an electromagnetic field, a periodic micro-nano structure 2 is formed on the surface, and the size and the distribution characteristics of the periodic micro-nano structure on the surface are adjusted through process design, so that the material surface macroscopically shows a specific function.
According to the invention, the wear and fatigue performance of the processed material can be improved simultaneously by optimizing and regulating the microstructure morphology of the material surface through process parameters, and the strengthening mechanism mainly comprises the following aspects, as shown in figure 2, (i) the contact area between a friction pair and the material surface is reduced by the femtosecond laser induced surface periodic micro-nano structure 1, so that the wear is changed from surface contact to point contact. In addition, the gully-shaped surface periodic micro-nano structure can control the movement of abrasive dust, can effectively protect the soft material inside from directly contacting with a friction pair, and avoids the occurrence of heavy tearing in the friction and wear process; (ii) because the femtosecond laser irradiation causes the rapid temperature rise of the material surface, the material surface is oxidized, and a compact oxide layer film 2 is generated on the top surface, thereby improving the hardness and the deformation resistance of the material surface layer; (iii) the ultrahigh-pressure shock wave induced by the femtosecond laser introduces high-value residual compressive stress on the surface layer of the material, so that the initiation and the expansion of cracks in the friction and wear process are effectively inhibited; (iv) the shock wave induces the distribution of gradient crystal grains and dislocation in the depth direction of the material, thereby realizing smooth transition of mechanical properties in the depth direction of the material, improving the load bearing capacity of the material and avoiding stress concentration risks.
The femtosecond laser processing system structure provided by the invention is shown in fig. 3 and mainly comprises a femtosecond laser light source system, a precision processing system and a control system. The femtosecond laser source system adopts a Yb/KGW solid femtosecond laser 1, the output is linearly polarized light 2, the pulse width is 290fs, the wavelength is 1064nm, and the laser energy is continuously adjustable between 0 and 300 muJ. Output laser enters an optical parametric amplifier 4 through exceeding an optical switch 3 to realize wavelength conversion, laser linear polarization direction conversion is realized through a Glan Taylor prism 5, output laser pulse energy is subjected to combined modulation through the Glan Taylor prism 5 and a half-wave plate 6 and then is reflected through a multi-time reflector 7/8/9 to enter a precision machining system, wherein a high-precision scanning galvanometer is adopted by a galvanometer system 10, a high-precision five-axis motion platform is adopted by a moving platform, after the laser pulse enters the scanning galvanometer, a focusing spot with the diameter of 20 mu m is formed through focusing of an achromatic focusing lens and acts on the surface of a test piece 11, the effective machining area of the system is 200 multiplied by 200mm, in addition, the defocusing amount of the laser is measured through a laser displacement sensor 13, and adaptive control of the focus is realized through algorithm compensation. The control system mainly comprises a photoelectric cooperative control system and a software system 12, the mobile platform adopts a direct PWM control mode, the resolution ratio is better than 5nm, the steady-state error is better than +/-3 ppr, and the accurate processing of the material can be realized.
The processing flow of the femtosecond laser surface modification technology provided by the invention is shown in figure 4,
s1: firstly, starting a femtosecond laser source system for preheating, and checking whether the operation of each device is normal;
s2: then, fixedly mounting the processing part on a processing platform, scanning the geometric shape of the part to obtain dimension information, and determining a laser scanning processing area;
s, 3: then confirming a component processing scheme, inputting laser parameters, loading laser, and independently planning a laser scanning path by processing software according to the input processing area and parameters;
s4: then, performing a pre-experiment before processing, pasting a protective layer black adhesive tape on a substitute processing area, operating a processing system, checking whether a laser spot track is proper or not in the processing process, whether laser energy is accurate or not, whether the position of a laser spot on a curved surface component realizes self-adaptive control or not and the like, and confirming the processing effect;
s5: and if the pre-experimental result meets the requirement, performing femtosecond laser treatment, and after the treatment is finished, preliminarily determining the processing effect by checking the state of the processed surface to determine whether the expected processing requirement is met. If the established processing scheme is finished, the whole technician system is shut down after the laser is cooled, and if the processing scheme is not finished or processing deviation occurs, parameter adjustment and pre-experiment are carried out again until the requirements are met.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the processing principle of the femtosecond laser surface modification technology of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the femtosecond laser surface modification mechanism of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the femtosecond laser surface modification technique apparatus according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram of the femtosecond laser surface modification technique of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a stainless steel hydraulic thin-walled tube of the present invention for processing an aircraft engine;
FIG. 6 is a test result chart of the present invention for processing a stainless steel hydraulic thin-walled conduit;
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of the present invention for processing a boss of a titanium alloy blade and a tenon of a nickel-based alloy for an aircraft engine;
FIG. 8 is a test result chart of the present invention for processing a titanium alloy blade boss;
FIG. 9 is a graph showing the results of testing the processed tenons of Ni-based alloys according to the present invention.
In the figure: the device comprises a femtosecond laser 1, linearly polarized light 2, an optical switch 3, an optical parametric amplifier 4, a Glan Taylor prism 5, a half-wave plate 6, a multiple reflector 7/8/9, a vibrating mirror system 10, a test piece 11, a photoelectric cooperative control system 12, a software system and a laser displacement sensor 13.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a stainless steel hydraulic pressure thin-wall conduit for an aircraft engine processed by the method, as shown in the figure, in the actual service process of the stainless steel hydraulic pressure thin-wall conduit 3, the joint of the conduit is subjected to the combined action of the abrasion of a stainless steel joint sleeve and fatigue load, and crack failure is easy to occur within a range of 2cm from the port of the conduit, so that the femtosecond laser processing area is an annular cylindrical area 1 within a range of 2cm from the port of the conduit. In femto second laser beam machining process, the position of mirror system 2 that shakes keeps unchangeable, and on the pipe was fixed in the processing platform through miniature electronic three-jaw anchor clamps 4, the pipe can follow three-jaw anchor clamps and do the axial and orbit, realized the accurate processing of this position through femto second laser light source and precision finishing system's cooperation, and the laser beam machining parameter is: the wavelength is 1064nm, the pulse width is 290fs, the spot diameter is 20 μm, the repetition frequency is 50KHz, the laser energy is set to be 20/50/100/150 μ J, the distance between adjacent spots is 5 μm, and the scanning path 5 of the laser spot is shown in the figure. FIG. 6 is a graph of the results of testing a stainless steel hydraulic thin-walled catheter after femtosecond laser surface modification, from which it can be seen that the surface of the catheter after femtosecond laser treatment is ablated into black, and that the wear and fatigue resistance of the catheter after surface modification is verified by a rotating bending fatigue test, with a test load of 60% σ b stress level, a catheter oil pressure of 28MPa, a rotation speed of 2160r/min, and a simulated working condition under actual catheter service conditions, from which it can be seen that the fatigue life of the untreated catheter is 98594 times, and when the femtosecond laser energy is 100 μ J, the fatigue life of the catheter is the highest, reaching 465199 times, and is increased by 4.7 times compared with the fatigue life of the untreated catheter, indicating that the femtosecond laser surface modification can significantly improve the wear and fatigue resistance of the stainless steel hydraulic thin-walled catheter of an aircraft engine.
FIG. 7 is a femtosecond laser surface modification processing aircraft engine titanium alloy blade boss and nickel base alloy tenon sketch map, because titanium alloy blade boss running-in face is comparatively flat, consequently, only need the position of fixed blade make the running-in face perpendicular to laser light source can, through vibrating mirror scanning and moving platform's cooperation in coordination can accomplish the scanning of running-in face and process, through preferred, the femtosecond laser surface modification processing parameter of titanium alloy material is: the wavelength is 1064nm, the pulse width is 290fs, the spot diameter is 20 μm, the repetition frequency is 50KHz, the laser energy is set to be 100 μ J, the distance between adjacent spots is 5 μm, and the scanning path of the laser spot is still in a zigzag shape. The shape of the tenon of the nickel-based alloy is a curved surface, so that the tenon needs to be processed by adopting a focus adaptive control technology, the laser displacement sensor measures the position information of the galvanometer system and a processing part in real time and feeds the position information back to the central processing unit, and the central processing unit controls and scans the scanning direction of the galvanometer and the position of the mobile platform through algorithm compensation so that laser is accurately focused on the surface of the tenon, thereby realizing accurate processing. The femtosecond laser surface modification treatment parameters of the nickel-based alloy material are as follows: the wavelength is 1030nm, the pulse width is 290fs, the spot diameter is 16 mu m, the repetition frequency is 50KHz, the laser energy is set to be 10/100/240 mu J, the distance between adjacent spots is 10 mu m, and the scanning path of the laser spot is in a zigzag shape.
Fig. 8 shows the results of the frictional wear performance of the titanium alloy boss after the femtosecond laser surface modification treatment, and it can be seen that the average friction coefficient of the titanium alloy boss is reduced from 0.44 to 0.14, which is 68.2% after the femtosecond laser surface modification treatment. The abrasion loss is reduced from 10mg to 1mg by 90%, and test results show that the frictional abrasion performance of the titanium alloy boss after the femtosecond laser surface modification treatment is obviously improved. FIG. 9 is a graph showing the fretting fatigue test wear loss of a nickel-based alloy tenon after femtosecond laser surface modification treatment, and it can be seen from the graph that the wear loss of an untreated test piece is 7.1 × 10, and under different femtosecond laser parameters, the wear loss of the treated part is reduced compared with that of the untreated part, and the maximum reduction value is within the energy range of 10 μ J and is reduced by 48%.
The results show that the femtosecond laser surface modification treatment technology can effectively improve the wear and fatigue properties of the stainless steel hydraulic thin-wall conduit, the titanium alloy material and the DD6 nickel-based superalloy material of the engine, and better solve the problem of composite wear and fatigue damage of metal parts, so the technology has obvious industrial application value.
Claims (6)
1. The metal part femtosecond laser anti-abrasion and anti-fatigue integrated strengthening device is characterized by comprising a femtosecond laser light source system, a precision machining system and a control system, wherein the femtosecond laser light source system comprises a femtosecond laser (1), an optical switch (3), an optical parameter amplifier (4), a Glan Taylor prism (5), a half-wave plate (6) and a multi-reflector (7/8/9), the femtosecond laser (1) outputs linearly polarized light (2), the precision machining system comprises a vibrating mirror system (10), a test piece (11) and a laser displacement sensor (13), and the control system mainly comprises a photoelectric cooperative control system and a software system (12);
the output laser of the femtosecond laser device (1) enters an optical parametric amplifier (4) through an optical switch (3) to realize wavelength conversion, the linear polarization direction conversion of the laser is realized through a Glan Taylor prism (5), the output laser pulse energy is modulated through the combination of the Glan Taylor prism (5) and a half-wave plate (6), and then the output laser pulse energy is reflected through a multi-reflector (7/8/9) to enter a precision machining system, wherein the control system mainly comprises a photoelectric cooperative control system and a software system (12).
2. The femtosecond laser integrated abrasion-resistant and fatigue-resistant reinforcing device for metal parts according to claim 1, wherein the effective processing area of the precision processing system is 200 x 200 mm.
3. The femtosecond laser integrated abrasion-resistant and fatigue-resistant strengthening device for metal parts according to claim 1, wherein the femtosecond laser light source system adopts a Yb KGW solid femtosecond laser (1), the output is linearly polarized light (2), the pulse width is 290fs, the wavelength is 1064nm, and the laser energy is continuously adjustable between 0 and 300 μ J.
4. The femtosecond laser abrasion-resistant and fatigue-resistant integrated strengthening device for metal parts according to claim 1, wherein the galvanometer system (10) adopts a high-precision scanning galvanometer, the moving platform adopts a high-precision five-axis motion platform, laser pulses enter the scanning galvanometer and are focused by an achromatic focusing lens to form a focusing spot with the diameter of 20 μm to act on the surface of the test piece (11), in addition, the defocusing amount of the laser is measured by a laser displacement sensor (13), and adaptive control of the focus is realized by algorithm compensation.
5. The femtosecond laser integrated abrasion-resistant and fatigue-resistant strengthening device for metal parts according to claim 1, wherein the photoelectric cooperative control system and the mobile platform in the software system (12) adopt a direct PWM control mode, the resolution is better than 5nm, the steady-state error is better than +/-3 ppr, and the precise processing of materials can be realized.
6. The femtosecond laser abrasion-resistant and fatigue-resistant integrated strengthening method for the metal part is characterized by comprising the following main processes:
s1: firstly, starting a femtosecond laser source system for preheating, and checking whether the operation of each device is normal;
s2, fixedly mounting the processing part on the processing platform, scanning the geometric shape of the part to obtain dimension information, and determining a laser scanning processing area;
s3: then confirming a component processing scheme, inputting laser parameters, loading laser, and independently planning a laser scanning path by processing software according to the input processing area and parameters;
s4: then, performing a pre-experiment before processing, pasting a protective layer black adhesive tape on a substitute processing area, operating a processing system, checking whether a laser spot track is proper or not in the processing process, whether laser energy is accurate or not, whether the position of a laser spot on a curved surface component realizes self-adaptive control or not and the like, and confirming the processing effect;
s5: if the pre-experiment result meets the requirement, performing femtosecond laser processing, after the processing is finished, primarily determining the processing effect by checking the state of the processing surface, determining whether the processing requirement is expected to be met, if the established processing scheme is finished, cooling the laser, then closing the whole technician system, and if the processing scheme is not finished or processing deviation occurs, re-performing parameter adjustment and pre-experiment until the requirement is met.
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