CN114674277B - Deep mining earth surface subsidence monitoring method by combining full-field survey lines - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
技术领域Technical field
本发明涉及一种全场测线联合的深部开采地表沉陷监测及土地复垦适宜性评价方法，此方法适用于深部采动下地表沉陷监测及土地复垦适宜性分析，属于矿区开采沉陷技术领域。The invention relates to a method for deep mining surface subsidence monitoring and land reclamation suitability evaluation method combined with full-site survey lines. This method is suitable for surface subsidence monitoring and land reclamation suitability analysis under deep mining, and belongs to the technical field of mining subsidence in mining areas. .
背景技术Background technique
矿区土地和生态环境破坏的源头来自于开采引起的地表沉陷。在大采深高应力条件下，深部开采地表沉陷呈现出与浅部开采不同的时空演化规律，日益称为岩层移动控制领域的研究热点。开展深部采动下地表沉陷精确监测与土地复垦适宜性评价，具有重要现实意义。The source of land and ecological environment damage in mining areas comes from surface subsidence caused by mining. Under the conditions of large mining depth and high stress, surface subsidence in deep mining shows different spatiotemporal evolution rules from that in shallow mining, and is increasingly becoming a research hotspot in the field of rock formation movement control. It is of great practical significance to carry out accurate monitoring of surface subsidence and land reclamation suitability evaluation under deep mining.
地表移动变形具有复杂的空间场分布和非定常特性。传统测线法观测技术，在系统化、高精化、集成化等方面有了很大提高，但由于获取的是点参数，难以解决地表移动复杂的全区域时空动态变化特征；近年来发展较快的InSAR监测技术，具有覆盖范围广、全场全天候成像的特点，但具有机动性不强、精度不高的弱点；UAV-LiDAR(无人机机载雷达)监测具有成本低、机动性强的特点，但精度不高、监测范围和深度有限。可见，采用单一方法不足以精准掌握地表沉陷情况，因此多种方法相结合的综合监测方法成为地表沉陷监测的客观要求。Surface movement and deformation have complex spatial field distribution and unsteady characteristics. The traditional surveying line observation technology has been greatly improved in terms of systematization, high precision, and integration. However, because it obtains point parameters, it is difficult to solve the complex spatial and temporal dynamic change characteristics of the surface movement in the entire region; it has developed more in recent years. The fast InSAR monitoring technology has the characteristics of wide coverage and all-weather all-weather imaging, but it has the weaknesses of low mobility and low accuracy; UAV-LiDAR (UAV airborne radar) monitoring has the characteristics of low cost and strong mobility characteristics, but the accuracy is not high and the monitoring range and depth are limited. It can be seen that using a single method is not enough to accurately grasp the surface subsidence situation. Therefore, a comprehensive monitoring method that combines multiple methods has become an objective requirement for surface subsidence monitoring.
为此，本发明将以上三种监测方法有机结合，开展地表沉陷时空变化的全场精准监测，具有全面、准确、快速、机动等特点，为地表沉陷监测工作提供方法与思路；基于综合监测地表沉陷的结果，实现矿区土地复垦适宜性评价，为矿区治理与修复提供可靠依据。To this end, the present invention organically combines the above three monitoring methods to carry out full-site accurate monitoring of spatiotemporal changes in surface subsidence, which has the characteristics of comprehensive, accurate, fast, and maneuverable, and provides methods and ideas for surface subsidence monitoring work; based on comprehensive monitoring of the surface The results of subsidence can be used to evaluate the suitability of land reclamation in mining areas and provide reliable basis for mining area management and restoration.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是解决单一监测方法难以精准掌握地表沉陷情况的问题，提供一种InSAR、UAV-LiDAR和测线法相结合的矿区地表沉陷监测及土地复垦适宜性分析方法，综合以上三种方法的监测优势开展精准监测，具有全面、准确、快速等特点，为地表沉陷监测工作提供方法与思路；基于监测结果对矿区土地复垦适宜性进行可行性分析，为矿区生态环境修复提供理论支撑。The purpose of this invention is to solve the problem that a single monitoring method is difficult to accurately grasp the surface subsidence situation, and to provide a mining area surface subsidence monitoring and land reclamation suitability analysis method that combines InSAR, UAV-LiDAR and survey line methods, integrating the above three methods The advantages of monitoring are to carry out precise monitoring, which is comprehensive, accurate and fast, and provides methods and ideas for surface subsidence monitoring. Based on the monitoring results, the feasibility analysis of the suitability of land reclamation in mining areas is carried out to provide theoretical support for ecological environment restoration in mining areas.
一种全场测线联合的深部开采地表沉陷监测方法，其步骤为：A deep mining surface subsidence monitoring method combined with full-field survey lines, the steps are:
1)确定矿区地表沉陷监测区域；依据切眼位置、测区煤层倾角、地层岩性信息，得出走向观测线和倾向观测线位置与长度；1) Determine the surface subsidence monitoring area in the mining area; based on the position of the cut hole, the dip angle of the coal seam in the measurement area, and the stratigraphic lithology information, obtain the location and length of the strike observation line and the dip observation line;
2)采用25m间距布设观测点，在重点监测区域布设GNSS连续监测点；2) Use 25m spacing to arrange observation points, and arrange GNSS continuous monitoring points in key monitoring areas;
3)采用InSAR技术全天候、全天时的监测地表沉陷；3) Use InSAR technology to monitor surface subsidence around the clock;
4)采用UAV-LiDAR监测地表沉陷情况，获取两个时刻地表的数字地面模型DEM；4) Use UAV-LiDAR to monitor surface subsidence and obtain the digital ground model DEM of the surface at two moments;
5)将UAV-LiDAR得到的沉陷区域与InSAR获得沉陷边界区域融合，得到完整的沉陷盆地。5) Fusion of the subsidence area obtained by UAV-LiDAR and the subsidence boundary area obtained by InSAR to obtain a complete subsidence basin.
所述的步骤1)中，监测区域为工作面边界倾向延长1000m，走向延长1000m的长方形区域。In the described step 1), the monitoring area is a rectangular area extending 1000m toward the boundary of the working surface and 1000m toward the direction.
所述的步骤2)中，采用钢筋混凝土钢筋的方法制作露头式测点，高出地0.25m，间距25m。In the described step 2), the method of reinforced concrete steel bars is used to make outcropping measuring points, 0.25m above the ground and 25m apart.
所述的步骤3)中，采用InSAR技术进行监测，利用遥感卫星多时相的复雷达图像相干信息进行地表垂直形变量的提取，通过影像配准、干涉图生成、去平地效应、相位解缠、地理编码生成监测区域的DEM。In the described step 3), InSAR technology is used for monitoring, and the coherent information of multi-temporal complex radar images of remote sensing satellites is used to extract the vertical deformation amount of the surface. Through image registration, interference pattern generation, flattening effect, phase unwrapping, Geocoding generates a DEM of the monitored area.
所述的步骤4)中，采用UAV-LiDAR监测方式，对监测地表在不同时段进行两侧扫描，获取两个时刻地表的数字地面模型DEM，用两期DEM相减，得到监测区域的地表下沉值。In the described step 4), the UAV-LiDAR monitoring method is used to scan both sides of the monitored surface at different time periods to obtain the digital ground model DEM of the surface at two times. The two periods of DEM are subtracted to obtain the subsurface of the monitored area. sink value.
一种全场测线联合的深部开采地表沉陷监测方法进行地复垦适宜性评价的方法，依据地表沉陷监测分析结果，结合土地利用现状、坡度、土壤基本数据，构建土地复垦适宜性评价体系，对矿区土地复垦适宜性进行可行性分析。A method for evaluating the suitability of land reclamation using the deep mining surface subsidence monitoring method combined with full-site survey lines. Based on the surface subsidence monitoring and analysis results, combined with the current land use, slope, and basic soil data, a land reclamation suitability evaluation system is constructed , conduct a feasibility analysis on the suitability of land reclamation in the mining area.
具体方法为：依据地表沉陷监测结果，获得地形地貌变化特征，结合土地利用现状、土壤植被基本数据，构建土地适宜类—土地质量二级评价体系，分别从林地、园地、耕地、草地四个复垦方向确定评价指标、评价等级及分类标准，进而得到土地复垦适宜性评价结果。The specific method is: based on the surface subsidence monitoring results, obtain the topographic and landform change characteristics, combined with the current land use status and basic soil vegetation data, construct a land suitability category-land quality two-level evaluation system, from the four complex areas of woodland, garden land, cultivated land, and grassland. The reclamation direction determines the evaluation indicators, evaluation levels and classification standards, and then obtains the land reclamation suitability evaluation results.
本发明创造的有益效果：Beneficial effects created by the invention:
1、InSAR技术具有全天候、全天时的成像能力，成像面积大，信息量丰富，精度高；UAV-LiDAR技术成本低，机动灵活；测线法可提升地表沉陷监测整体精度，便于验证方法可行性。1. InSAR technology has all-weather and all-weather imaging capabilities, with a large imaging area, rich information, and high accuracy; UAV-LiDAR technology is low-cost and mobile and flexible; the survey line method can improve the overall accuracy of surface subsidence monitoring and facilitate verification of the feasibility of the method sex.
2、InSAR技术可以监测沉陷盆地边缘0.1m以内的变形；UAV-LiDAR技术能在中等尺度区域内快速获取高质量地表沉陷盆地信息，可监测沉陷盆地中心大于0.1m的沉陷变形；测线法可监测全部测区的沉陷变形；三者结合可获得完整的地表下沉盆地数据。2. InSAR technology can monitor deformation within 0.1m of the edge of a subsidence basin; UAV-LiDAR technology can quickly obtain high-quality surface subsidence basin information in a medium-scale area, and can monitor subsidence deformation greater than 0.1m in the center of a subsidence basin; the survey line method can Monitor the subsidence deformation of all survey areas; the combination of the three can obtain complete surface subsidence basin data.
3、多种监测方法相结合，弥补了单一监测方法存在的缺点与不足，适用于深部开采矿区的地表沉陷监测，可提供较精准的综合监测结果，对相关条件下地表沉陷监测及分析方法具有重要参考价值。3. The combination of multiple monitoring methods makes up for the shortcomings and deficiencies of a single monitoring method. It is suitable for surface subsidence monitoring in deep mining areas, can provide more accurate comprehensive monitoring results, and has the ability to monitor and analyze surface subsidence under relevant conditions. Important reference value.
4、通过评价分析深部采动下矿区土地复垦适宜性，为矿区生态环境致力于修复提供理论支撑。4. Through evaluation and analysis of the suitability of land reclamation in mining areas under deep mining, it provides theoretical support for the restoration of the ecological environment in mining areas.
附图说明Description of the drawings
图1为本发明的方法流程图。Figure 1 is a flow chart of the method of the present invention.
图2为本发明一实施例中矿区地表沉陷监测方法的空间布局图。Figure 2 is a spatial layout diagram of the surface subsidence monitoring method in a mining area in one embodiment of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面将结合本发明创造实施例中的附图，对本发明创造实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明创造一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some of the embodiments of the present invention, not all implementations. example.
一种全场测线联合的深部开采地表沉陷监测方法，其步骤为：A deep mining surface subsidence monitoring method combined with full-field survey lines, the steps are:
1)确定矿区地表沉陷监测区域；依据切眼位置、测区煤层倾角、地层岩性信息，得出走向观测线和倾向观测线位置与长度；1) Determine the surface subsidence monitoring area in the mining area; based on the position of the cut hole, the dip angle of the coal seam in the measurement area, and the stratigraphic lithology information, obtain the location and length of the strike observation line and the dip observation line;
2)采用25m间距布设观测点，在重点监测区域布设GNSS连续监测点；2) Use 25m spacing to arrange observation points, and arrange GNSS continuous monitoring points in key monitoring areas;
3)采用InSAR技术全天候、全天时的监测地表沉陷；3) Use InSAR technology to monitor surface subsidence around the clock;
4)采用UAV-LiDAR监测地表沉陷情况，获取两个时刻地表的数字地面模型DEM；4) Use UAV-LiDAR to monitor surface subsidence and obtain the digital ground model DEM of the surface at two moments;
5)将UAV-LiDAR得到的沉陷区域与InSAR获得沉陷边界区域融合，得到完整的沉陷盆地。5) Fusion of the subsidence area obtained by UAV-LiDAR and the subsidence boundary area obtained by InSAR to obtain a complete subsidence basin.
所述的步骤1)中，监测区域为工作面边界倾向延长1000m，走向延长1000m的长方形区域。In the described step 1), the monitoring area is a rectangular area extending 1000m toward the boundary of the working surface and 1000m toward the direction.
所述的步骤2)中，采用钢筋混凝土钢筋的方法制作露头式测点，高出地0.25m，间距25m。In the described step 2), the method of reinforced concrete steel bars is used to make outcropping measuring points, 0.25m above the ground and 25m apart.
所述的步骤3)中，采用InSAR技术进行监测，利用遥感卫星多时相的复雷达图像相干信息进行地表垂直形变量的提取，通过影像配准、干涉图生成、去平地效应、相位解缠、地理编码生成监测区域的DEM。In the described step 3), InSAR technology is used for monitoring, and the coherent information of multi-temporal complex radar images of remote sensing satellites is used to extract the vertical deformation amount of the surface. Through image registration, interference pattern generation, flattening effect, phase unwrapping, Geocoding generates a DEM of the monitored area.
所述的步骤4)中，采用UAV-LiDAR监测方式，对监测地表在不同时段进行两侧扫描，获取两个时刻地表的数字地面模型DEM，用两期DEM相减，得到监测区域的地表下沉值。In the described step 4), the UAV-LiDAR monitoring method is used to scan both sides of the monitored surface at different time periods to obtain the digital ground model DEM of the surface at two times. The two periods of DEM are subtracted to obtain the subsurface of the monitored area. sink value.
一种全场测线联合的深部开采地表沉陷监测方法进行地复垦适宜性评价的方法，依据地表沉陷监测分析结果，结合土地利用现状、坡度、土壤基本数据，构建土地复垦适宜性评价体系，对矿区土地复垦适宜性进行可行性分析。A method for evaluating the suitability of land reclamation using the deep mining surface subsidence monitoring method combined with full-site survey lines. Based on the surface subsidence monitoring and analysis results, combined with the current land use, slope, and basic soil data, a land reclamation suitability evaluation system is constructed , conduct a feasibility analysis on the suitability of land reclamation in the mining area.
具体方法为：依据地表沉陷监测结果，获得地形地貌变化特征，结合土地利用现状、土壤植被基本数据，构建土地适宜类—土地质量二级评价体系，分别从林地、园地、耕地、草地四个复垦方向确定评价指标、评价等级及分类标准，进而得到土地复垦适宜性评价结果。The specific method is: based on the surface subsidence monitoring results, obtain the topographic and landform change characteristics, combined with the current land use status and basic soil vegetation data, construct a land suitability category-land quality two-level evaluation system, from the four complex areas of woodland, garden land, cultivated land, and grassland. The reclamation direction determines the evaluation indicators, evaluation levels and classification standards, and then obtains the land reclamation suitability evaluation results.
实施例1：Example 1:
如图1所示，一种全场测线联合的深部开采地表沉陷监测方法及行地复垦适宜性评价方法，包括以下步骤：As shown in Figure 1, a deep mining surface subsidence monitoring method and land reclamation suitability evaluation method combined with full-site survey lines include the following steps:
1、确定地表沉陷监测区域：监测区域确定为工作面地表投影边界倾向延长1000m，走向延长1000m的长方形区域，可保证覆盖全部地表沉陷影响区域。1. Determine the surface subsidence monitoring area: The monitoring area is determined as a rectangular area extending 1000m in tendency and 1000m in direction of the surface projection boundary of the working surface, which can ensure that the entire surface subsidence affected area is covered.
2、依据：2. Basis:
得出走向观测线和倾向观测线长度。其中，h为表土层厚度，H1和H2为采深，H0为平均采深，11、12分别为工作面走向倾向长度，为表土移动角，δ为走向移动角，γ、β别为上山和下山移动角，Δδ、Δβ、Δγ别为相应角量的修改值。Obtain the length of the strike observation line and the dip observation line. Among them, h is the thickness of the topsoil layer, H1 and H2 are the mining depth, H0 is the average mining depth, 11 and 12 are the trend and inclination lengths of the working face respectively. is the movement angle of the topsoil, δ is the strike movement angle, γ and β are the uphill and downhill movement angles respectively, and Δδ, Δβ and Δγ are the modified values of the corresponding angles.
依据切眼位置、测区煤层倾角、最大下沉角等信息，得出走向观测线和倾向观测线位置；依据煤层开采深度决定采用25m间距布设观测点，在重点监测区域布设GNSS连续监测点。Based on information such as the position of the cut hole, the inclination angle of the coal seam in the measurement area, and the maximum subsidence angle, the positions of the strike observation line and the inclination observation line were obtained. Based on the mining depth of the coal seam, it was decided to arrange observation points at a distance of 25m, and GNSS continuous monitoring points were deployed in key monitoring areas.
采用InSAR技术监测地表沉陷情况，依据哨兵1号卫星成像数据，运用二轨法与DEM干涉测量法相结合的方式，将开采前后的成像数据进行干涉处理生成干涉相位图，再利用外部DEM反演干涉模拟像对在空间几何条件下的地形相位，利用干涉相位减去地形相位得到形变相位；再经过后续的相位解缠、地理编码，得到地理坐标下开采沉陷引起的形变信息。InSAR technology is used to monitor surface subsidence. Based on the Sentinel-1 satellite imaging data, the two-orbit method is combined with the DEM interferometry method to perform interference processing on the imaging data before and after mining to generate an interference phase map, and then use an external DEM to invert the interference. To simulate the terrain phase of the image pair under spatial geometric conditions, the deformation phase is obtained by subtracting the terrain phase from the interference phase; and then through subsequent phase unwrapping and geocoding, the deformation information caused by mining subsidence under geographical coordinates is obtained.
采用UAV-LiDAR监测地表沉陷情况，对同一监测区域进行不同时段的扫描，通过IE解算、点云融合及精度验证、点云滤波等步骤，快速获取两个时刻地表的数字地面模型DEM，用两期DEM相减，可得到监测区域的地表下沉值，同时根据动态求参原理，获得地表移动变形参数。UAV-LiDAR is used to monitor surface subsidence, and the same monitoring area is scanned for different periods of time. Through IE calculation, point cloud fusion and accuracy verification, point cloud filtering and other steps, the digital ground model DEM of the surface at two times is quickly obtained. By subtracting the two periods of DEM, the surface subsidence value of the monitoring area can be obtained. At the same time, based on the principle of dynamic parameter seeking, the surface movement deformation parameters can be obtained.
用测线法监测地表沉陷情况，通过分析定期获取的观测结果得到地表沉陷情况，在关键区域布设GNSS连续观测点，以确定该点高精度的平面坐标和高程。The surface subsidence situation is monitored using the survey line method, and the surface subsidence situation is obtained by analyzing regularly obtained observation results. GNSS continuous observation points are arranged in key areas to determine the high-precision plane coordinates and elevation of the point.
3、将UAV-LiDAR沉陷区域与InSAR获得沉陷边界区域融合，得到高精度的完成的沉陷盆地，最后通过测线法中各个测点的精确下沉值与下沉盆地等值线进行对比分析，验证该方法可行性。3. Fusion of the UAV-LiDAR subsidence area and the subsidence boundary area obtained by InSAR to obtain a high-precision completed subsidence basin. Finally, the precise subsidence value of each measuring point in the survey line method is compared and analyzed with the subsidence basin isoline. Verify the feasibility of this method.
4、依据地表沉陷监测分析结果，结合土地利用现状、坡度、土壤等基本数据，构建土地适宜类—土地质量等二级评价体系，分别从林地、园地、耕地、草地四个复垦方向确定评价指标、评价等级及分类标准，进而得到土地复垦适宜性评价结果。4. Based on the results of surface subsidence monitoring and analysis, combined with basic data such as land use status, slope, soil, etc., construct a secondary evaluation system such as land suitability category-land quality, and determine the evaluation from the four reclamation directions of woodland, garden land, cultivated land, and grassland. Indicators, evaluation levels and classification standards are used to obtain land reclamation suitability evaluation results.
如图2所示，一实施例中矿区地表沉陷监测方法的空间布局图。a、b、c、d四点组成的矩形区域为深部工作面在地表的投影区域，将区域沿倾向延长1000m，沿走向延长1000m得到的矩形区域作为本方法的监测区域。依据切眼位置、测区煤层倾角、最大下沉角等信息，确定一条走向测线L1、两条倾向测线L2的位置；其中黑色圆形测点A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、I、J、K、L、M、N为关键区域测点，布设GNSS连续监测站，测点间距为25m；UAV-LiDAR技术与InSAR技术对监测区域进行全场监测，融合UAV-LiDAR沉陷区域与InSAR沉陷边界区域得到高精度的完整沉陷盆地；测线法监测对监测区域进行局部监测，可精准验证该方法可行性。As shown in Figure 2, a spatial layout diagram of the surface subsidence monitoring method in a mining area in one embodiment. The rectangular area composed of four points a, b, c, and d is the projection area of the deep working surface on the surface. The rectangular area obtained by extending the area by 1000m along the inclination and 1000m along the strike is used as the monitoring area of this method. Based on the position of the cutting hole, the inclination angle of the coal seam in the survey area, the maximum subsidence angle and other information, the positions of one strike survey line L1 and two inclination survey lines L2 are determined; among them, the black circular survey points A, B, C, D, E, and F , G, H, I, J, K, L, M, and N are key area measurement points, and GNSS continuous monitoring stations are deployed. The distance between measurement points is 25m; UAV-LiDAR technology and InSAR technology conduct full-field monitoring and integration of the monitoring area. The UAV-LiDAR subsidence area and the InSAR subsidence boundary area obtain a high-precision complete subsidence basin; the line method monitoring performs local monitoring of the monitoring area, which can accurately verify the feasibility of this method.
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