CN114665131A - H for representing oxygen electrode material3O+Transmission method - Google Patents
H for representing oxygen electrode material3O+Transmission method Download PDFInfo
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- CN114665131A CN114665131A CN202210180389.7A CN202210180389A CN114665131A CN 114665131 A CN114665131 A CN 114665131A CN 202210180389 A CN202210180389 A CN 202210180389A CN 114665131 A CN114665131 A CN 114665131A
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- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 114
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
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- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
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- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
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- 229910002400 SrCoO3−δ Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
- G01N27/407—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes for investigating or analysing gases
- G01N27/409—Oxygen concentration cells
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N13/00—Investigating surface or boundary effects, e.g. wetting power; Investigating diffusion effects; Analysing materials by determining surface, boundary, or diffusion effects
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N13/00—Investigating surface or boundary effects, e.g. wetting power; Investigating diffusion effects; Analysing materials by determining surface, boundary, or diffusion effects
- G01N2013/003—Diffusion; diffusivity between liquids
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for characterizing an oxygen electrode material3O+A method of transmissibility, comprising the steps of: step 1, spraying an oxygen electrode material on one side of a Nafion membrane, and then hot-pressing the Nafion membrane on one side of the oxygen electrode material; respectively spraying Pt/C electrodes on the outer sides of the Nafion films to form a Pt/C | Nafion | cathode material | Nafion | Pt/C structure; assembling carbon paper on two sides of the structure to form a proton exchange membrane fuel cell; step 2, respectively introducing hydrogen and air to two sides of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell to perform single cell test, performing impedance test under open circuit voltage, and calculating H through impedance3O+Electrical conductivity. The method utilizes the electronic insulation characteristic of the Nafion film to isolate the electronic transmission on two sides of the oxide layer and realize H3O+And evaluating the result.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a novel preparation and high-temperature in-situ characterization method for a four-phase conductor proton conductor oxygen electrode material, in particular to a cathode material of a proton conductor solid oxide fuel cell and optimization of an oxygen electrode material of a proton conductor solid oxide electrolytic cell.
Background
Due to the urgent need for protecting the ecological environment and obtaining clean energy, the solid oxide fuel cell receives worldwide attention, on one hand, the solid oxide fuel cell is clean and pollution-free in operation and has the advantages of extremely high energy conversion efficiency, various fuel selectivities and the like, and on the other hand, the solid oxide fuel cell can be operated reversibly to form a solid oxide electrolytic cell, and hydrogen can be obtained by electrolyzing water. The traditional solid oxide fuel cell/electrolytic cell seriously hinders the development of large-scale industrialization due to extremely high operation temperature (800-1000 ℃). Therefore, in order to improve the stability of the fuel cell/electrolytic cell, reduce the material cost and promote the large-scale industrial application of the fuel cell/electrolytic cell, the development trend is to lower the working temperature (400-700 ℃). The superiority of proton conductors appears with decreasing operating temperature, and compared with oxygen ion conductors, proton conductor solid oxide fuel cells/electrolyzers have the following advantages: the proton has smaller ionic radius, so the proton has smaller activation energy in the transmission process; as the temperature decreases, the proton transport number increases; for a proton conductor solid oxide fuel cell, water is generated at a cathode, so that fuel gas is not diluted, and the recycling property of the fuel is improved; for proton conductor solid oxide electrolytic cells, the hydrogen electrode is capable of producing dry pure hydrogen without the need for subsequent processes to remove water vapor. Therefore, the development of cathode (oxygen electrode) materials for proton conductor fuel cells (electrolyzers) is a breakthrough in fuel cell research.
However, the conventional proton conductor oxygen electrode material still has the problems of low oxygen reduction capability, proton conductivity and electron conductivity.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a high-performance Na material which can be simultaneously used as a cathode of a proton conductor solid oxide fuel cell and an oxygen electrode of a proton conductor solid oxide electrolytic cell0.3Sr0.7Ti0.1Fe0.9O3-δ(NSTF0.3) and its preparation method and application.
The invention also provides H capable of testing the solid oxide material3O+The method utilizes the electronic insulation characteristic of the Nafion film to isolate the electronic transmission on two sides of the oxide layer and realize H3O+And evaluating the result.
The invention also provides a method for detecting whether water vapor enters a bulk phase in the working process of the proton conductor solid oxide fuel cell cathode material. Through the synchrotron radiation test, the electronic structure change and the metal valence state change of the material are observed when the electrode reaction occurs, and finally the detection of the water vapor affinity condition is realized.
An oxide material having a molecular structure of: na (Na)xSr1-xTi0.1Fe0.9O3-δ，x＝0.05<x<0.5, delta represents the oxygen vacancy content, and the main phase in the oxide is a perovskite phase and an additional phase beta-NaFeO is also included2(NF)。
0≤δ≤1。
The preparation method of the oxide material is prepared by a sol-gel method.
The preparation process of the sol-gel method comprises the following steps: adding tetrabutyl titanate and citric acid monohydrate into deionized water, heating for dissolving, mixing the tetrabutyl titanate and the citric acid monohydrate with sodium nitrate and ferric nitrate, dissolving, heating and stirring; adding ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, then dropwise adding ammonia water until the pH value of the solution is 7-8, and volatilizing water under the condition of heating and stirring to obtain a gel substance; and (3) drying the gel substance in an oven to obtain a cathode material precursor, and roasting the precursor in a muffle furnace to obtain the oxide material.
The total molar ratio of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and citric acid to metal ions (sodium, strontium, titanium and iron) is 2:0.5-1.5: 0.5-1.5.
The roasting parameters are 950 ℃ and 1050 ℃ for 1-10 h.
Use of the oxide material described above in a solid oxide fuel cell and/or a solid oxide electrolysis cell.
In the solid oxide fuel cell, BaZr is used as electrolyte0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3。
In the solid oxide electrolytic cell, NiO and BaZr are used as hydrogen electrode materials0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3The composite electrode is composed of (BZCYb), and the mass ratio of NiO to BZCYb in the composite hydrogen electrode is (3-5) to (5-7).
H for representing oxygen electrode material3O+A method of transmissibility, comprising the steps of:
The oxygen electrode material loading is 0.025gcm-2The Pt loading in the Pt/C catalyst was 0.1mgcm-2。
The test temperature of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is 60-80 ℃, and 1-5 vol.% of water vapor is added to both sides of the cathode and the anode simultaneously.
When the Pt/C electrode is sprayed, the mass ratio of Pt/C to the solvent in the slurry is 0.1-5: 100, wherein the solvent is an alcohol solvent.
When the oxygen electrode material is sprayed, the proportion of the oxygen electrode material to the solvent in the slurry is 0.5g of the oxygen electrode material: 5-20mL of solvent; the solvent is an alcohol solvent.
A method for detecting the proton absorption capacity of a proton conductor solid oxide fuel cell cathode material in an operating state comprises the following steps:
if the valence state of Fe is increased under the condition of carrying water vapor, the material phase can absorb the proton.
In the step 1, the step of spraying the oxygen electrode material is as follows: preparing slurry containing oxygen electrode powder, and spraying the slurry on one side of an electrolyte; the concentration of the oxygen electrode powder in the slurry is 5-20 wt%.
The slurry adopts an alcohol solvent, an ether solvent, a benzene solvent or an ester solvent.
In the step 1, the calcination condition is 800-1200 ℃ for 1-5 h; the electrolyte is BZCYb.
In the step 2, the low temperature is room temperature, and the high temperature is 400-500 ℃.
In step 2, the water-vapor environment refers to 1-5 vol.% water-vapor environment.
Advantageous effects
(1) Tests of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell show that the intermediate layer of the fuel cell takes NSTF0.3 oxide, and the intermediate layer has excellent performance, and reaches 126mW/cm at 70 DEG C2And has H3O+The conductivity was 0.022S/cm.
(2) Solid oxide fuel cell cathode/solid prepared by sol-gel methodOxide cell oxygen electrode material NSTF 0.3. The single cell prepared by taking Ni-BZCYb as the anode support has the output power reaching 1118mW cm respectively under the optimal water vapor of 650 ℃, 600 ℃, 550 ℃, 500 ℃, 450 ℃ and 400 DEG C-2，807mW cm-2，605mW cm-2，427mW cm-2，268mW cm-2，143mW cm-2。
(3) Through a proton exchange membrane fuel cell test method, H3O + transmission exists between NSTFx two phases, and the improvement of the cathode proton transmission capability is realized.
(4) For proton conductor solid oxide fuel cells, cathode water vapor generation will dilute air and thus lower oxygen partial pressure, adversely affect surface diffusion of oxygen, and seek the highest performance of the cathode by controlling the surface water vapor concentration.
(5) Passing through a surface oxygen active substance SrCoO3-δThe surface oxygen activity capability is strengthened by the impregnation, and a proton conductor material with both proton transmission and high oxygen activation capability is obtained;
(6) in the electrolysis mode, the solid oxide electrolytic cell taking NSTFx as an oxygen electrode also obtains excellent performance, and the excellent proton transport capability also enables the solid oxide electrolytic cell to be used as an oxygen electrode material of the solid oxide electrolytic cell.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an XRD refinement pattern at room temperature for NSTFx;
FIG. 2 is an SEM and FIB-TEM image of NSTF 0.3;
FIG. 3 shows the performance of a PEM fuel cell with an oxide intermediate layer and H for each material3O+Electrical conductivity;
FIG. 4 is a SEM image of an oxide layer of a PEM fuel cell;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing elevated temperature water removal after water treatment of NSTF0.3 and a comparative material at 250 deg.C and 500 deg.C, respectively;
FIG. 6 is a high temperature in situ synchrotron radiation data plot and field device plot of NSTF0.3 and NSTF0 cathode materials;
FIG. 7 is a cathode material with active site distribution at 600 ℃;
FIG. 8 is a graph of the impedance of the cathode material at 5% water vapor at various temperatures;
fig. 9 is a performance graph of cathode NSTF0.3 under different cathode atmospheres;
fig. 10 is a graph of impedance and best cell performance of the cathode NSTF0.3 after SC impregnation, a cross-sectional view of a single cell, and a plot of cathode channel morphology after SC impregnation.
FIG. 11 is an I-V plot of a solid oxide electrolytic cell at different water partial pressures on the oxygen electrode side at 600 degrees.
Figure 12 is a graph of faradaic efficiency as a function of current density at 500 and 550 c for a solid oxide cell with a partial pressure of water at the oxygen electrode side of 80%.
Fig. 13 is a schematic view of the technical idea of this patent.
Detailed Description
The invention relates to a series of design optimization strategies for proton conductor oxygen electrode materials, which are used for designing iron-based perovskite SrTi0.1Fe0.9O3-δA-site Na doping is carried out to prepare Na with the molecular formulaxSr1-xTi0.1Fe0.9O3-δ(NSTFx, x ═ 0,0.1,0.2,0.3, and 0.4) oxygen electrode materials, where δ represents the oxygen vacancy content, are in the field of solid oxide fuel cell cathode and solid oxide electrolysis cell oxygen electrode materials. The performance of the single cell is improved by three optimization strategies of ion doping, surface water vapor partial pressure regulation and oxygen active substance impregnation. By preparation, NSTF0.3 achieves the best performance, and the main phase perovskite phase and the additional phase beta-NaFeO2(NF) to form the composite oxygen electrode material. And we have discovered a novel form of proton transport, H3O+Inter-layer transmission of (2), such a four-phase conductivity (H)3O+/H+/O2-/e-) The performance of the oxygen electrode is greatly improved, and an optimization idea is provided for the design of the proton conductor solid oxide fuel cell cathode and the oxygen electrode material of the solid oxide electrolytic cell. Meanwhile, the material is characterized by high-temperature in-situ synchrotron radiation, and the structural change of the electrode of the material in a working environment is analyzed.
Of the above materialsThe design concept is as follows: NSTFx adopts parent material Sr0.9Ti0.1Fe0.9O3-δThe proton conductor solid oxide fuel cell has certain oxygen activation capacity and is applied to the oxygen ion solid oxide fuel cell, but is not optimized and applied in the fields of proton conductor solid oxide fuel cells and proton conductor solid oxide electrolytic cells. The invention discovers that the function of the Na element is strengthened in proton absorption and transmission by doping the A site of the Na element with low price; and a second phase beta-NaFeO desolventized during high-temperature phase formation2(NF), enhanced proton absorption capability, while providing ion transport between the two phases is desirable; meanwhile, the second phase can provide dispersed oxygen and water vapor active sites under specific water vapor, and the maximum utilization of the active sites is realized. Through multiphase material modification, the defects of the proton conductor electrode are continuously compensated, and the excellent proton conductor electrode material is obtained.
Example 1 Low temperature proton conductor oxygen electrode Material NaxSr1-xTi0.1Fe0.9O3-δ(x ═ 0,0.1,0.2,0.3, and 0.4) preparation
(1) 1.7015g of tetrabutyl titanate and 42g of citric acid monohydrate are weighed, 50mL of deionized water is added, and the mixture is heated, stirred and dissolved until a clear solution is obtained;
(2) then 0.4250g, 0.8499g, 1.2749g and 1.6999g of sodium nitrate (when x is 0, no sodium nitrate is added), 7.4071g of strontium nitrate and 18.18g of ferric nitrate are respectively weighed and put into the clear solution to be heated and stirred until the strontium nitrate, the strontium nitrate and the ferric nitrate are dissolved;
(3) weighing 29g of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid as a complexing agent, adding the ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid into a solution dissolved with metal ions, dropwise adding a proper amount of ammonia water to enable the pH of the solution to reach 7-8, and stirring under a magnetic stirring condition to enable water to be completely evaporated to obtain a gel-like substance;
(4) calcining the gel-like substance in an oven at 180 ℃ for 5h to obtain a required foam-like precursor;
(5) and calcining the precursor in a high-temperature muffle furnace at 1000 ℃ for 5 hours to obtain the required oxygen electrode powder.
EXAMPLE 2 comparative Material beta-NaFeO2Preparation of
(1) 4.2495g of sodium nitrate and 20.2g of ferric nitrate are respectively weighed and put into deionized water to be stirred until the sodium nitrate and the ferric nitrate are dissolved;
(2) weighing 29g of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and 42g of citric acid monohydrate as complexing agents, adding the complexing agents into a solution dissolved with metal ions, dropwise adding a proper amount of ammonia water to enable the pH value of the solution to reach 7-8, and stirring under the condition of magnetic stirring until water is completely evaporated to obtain a gel-like substance;
(3) calcining the gel-like substance in an oven at 180 ℃ for 5h to obtain a required foam-like precursor;
(4) and calcining the precursor in a high-temperature muffle furnace at 1000 ℃ for 5 hours to obtain the required oxygen electrode powder.
Characterization of materials
Characterization by XRD
The region a in fig. 1 is an XRD pattern of the NSTFx series cathode material at room temperature, and it can be seen from the figure that NSTF0 presents a cubic perovskite single-phase material when not doped with Na element, NSTF0.1 can still maintain a pure cubic perovskite phase by a little Na doping, but when the Na proportion exceeds 0.2, a second phase is exsolved from the matrix, and XRD verifies that the second phase is an NF phase, and the relative peak intensity of the second phase is increased as the Na doping proportion is increased.
The areas b, c, d, e and f in fig. 1 are the XRD refinement results of NSTF0-NSTF0.4 respectively, and the proportion of NF phase is correspondingly increased by increasing the doping proportion of Na.
By doping Na, the matrix single-phase cubic perovskite is subjected to desolventizing to form a second phase, so that the composite oxygen electrode material is formed, and the addition of the second phase can strengthen the proton absorption capacity of the oxygen electrode material and form interlayer proton species transmission.
2. Powder morphology characterization analysis
FIG. 2, panel a, is an SEM of NSTF0.3 with the second phase NF nano-platelet coated on the perovskite macroparticles.
B, c and d in FIG. 2 are FIB-TEM images, and it is found that there is no NF phase on the surface, but a nano-scale NF phase embedded in the perovskite phase near the inner surface of the perovskite.
FIG. 2, panel e, is an elemental mapping analysis of the FIB-SEM, demonstrating the formation of NF phases at the surface and bulk phase surfaces.
Proton exchange membrane cell testing of oxides as ion transport layers
(1) Pouring 0.5g of oxygen electrode powder and 10mL of isopropanol into a high-energy ball mill, carrying out ball milling for 30min under the condition of 400r/min, and transferring to a strain bottle by using a suction pipe to obtain the required oxygen electrode slurry;
(2) adding commercial Pt/C and isopropanol into a strain bottle according to the mass ratio of 1:99, and uniformly dispersing by using ultrasonic;
(3) oxygen electrode material was sprayed using a thermal spray machine (Siansonic UC 320) at 75 ℃ with 2mL of slurry sprayed onto commercial Nafion membrane (Dupont, USA) with an effective area of 4cm2；
(4) Covering the oxide layer with another Nafion film and pressing the film into a sandwich structure (Nafion | oxide layer | Nafion) by a hot press;
(5) Pt/C slurry (6mg of 20% Pt/C, 40mg of Nafion and 2mL of isopropanol ultrasonically mixed) was sprayed on both sides of the three-layer film using a thermal sprayer to achieve a Pt loading of 0.1mg cm on both sides-2；
(6) Finally, polytetrafluoroethylene edges are used for sealing, and carbon paper is used as an electron current collector and a gas diffusion layer on two sides of the polytetrafluoroethylene edges to assemble the proton exchange membrane fuel cell with the solid oxide as a middle interlayer;
(7) the single cell test was performed by passing high purity hydrogen and high purity air through both sides, and the impedance test was performed at open circuit voltage.
FIG. 3 a is a schematic structural diagram of a proton exchange membrane, which is a proton exchange membrane cell using an oxide as a proton species diffusion layer, and is designed to isolate the electron conductivity of the oxide and simultaneously study whether H exists between oxide layers3O+Diffusion of (2). Due to the electronic insulation property of the Nafion membrane, the electronic transmission on two sides of the oxide layer is isolated, and the electronic insulation requirement of the electrolyte in the proton exchange membrane battery is met. Meanwhile, protons are expressed as H in the Nafion membrane3O+In the form of (1) at low temperatures, proton transport in the oxidic bulk phase is hardly achievable, surface proton diffusion is the optimum choice, H3O+Is the maximum possible for its proton transport. Due to the water absorption capacity of the oxide, protons on the surface take water as a transmission medium to realize H3O+And due to the difference in water adsorption capacity, there is a difference in proton transport capacity.
B, c, d and e in FIG. 3 are performance graphs of proton exchange membrane single cells with various oxides as intermediate layers, and through single cell tests, the performance of the proton exchange membrane single cell without the oxide intermediate layer is found to be much higher than that of other proton exchange membrane single cells with the oxides as intermediate layers, and is 291mW/cm2NSTF0.3, NSTF0 and beta-NaFeO2The performance of the single proton exchange membrane cell as the middle layer is 126mW/cm respectively2、5mW/cm2And 13.5mW/cm2From the results, it can be seen that H is hardly present in the single-phase perovskite phase and at the grain boundaries3O+Conductive, also beta-NaFeO2H in bulk and grain boundaries3O+Conduction is also weak, however, when the two phases are combined, excellent H exists between the two phase layers3O+And (4) conducting.
FIG. 3, plot f, is the ohmic impedance of each PEM cell tested at open circuit voltage, from which it can be seen that NSTF0.3 has the best H3O+And (4) conducting.
Graph g of FIG. 3 is H calculated from impedance3O+Conductivity, H existing between two NSTF0.3 phase layers far exceeding that of other two single-phase materials3O+And (4) conducting.
Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an oxide layer of each single proton exchange membrane cell with an oxide as the middle layer, a cross-sectional view with a relatively good appearance can be obtained by placing the single proton exchange membrane cell in liquid nitrogen for 30s and then taking a cross section by cutting with a blade, and the thicknesses of the NF, NSTF0 and NSTF0.3 oxide layers are 23.8 microns, 48 microns and 65.2 microns respectively as can be seen from an SEM image, and the ion conductivity can be calculated by measuring the thicknesses.
Effect of Water vapor Presence on oxygen transport
The influence of the material on oxygen transmission in the presence of water vapor is examined through a temperature programmed desorption experiment of water and oxygen.
Panel a of FIG. 5 shows a powder sample passing through 250 deg.C, 20 vol.% H2O-80 vol.% air treatment for 3 hours, followed by quenching to room temperature, and H-treatment of the sample2And (4) performing temperature programmed desorption experiment on O. We found that NSTF0.3 possesses the largest and sharp desorption peak, demonstrating its bulk water vapor storage at the two-phase interface, and rapid interlayer water vapor transport capability.
FIG. 5 b is a graph of powder sample passing through 500 deg.C, 20 vol% H2O-80 vol% air treatment for 3 hours, then quenching to room temperature, and subjecting the sample to H2And (4) performing temperature programmed desorption experiment on O. With the increase of the NF phase of the second phase, the material has stronger and stronger water vapor storage capacity, which proves that water vapor still exists in the interface of the two phases under the condition of 500 ℃, thereby conforming to the water vapor absorption condition which can occur in the operating temperature range of the battery.
FIG. 5 c is a graph of powder sample at 250 ℃ in 20 vol% H2O-80 vol% air treatment for 3 hours, then quenching to room temperature, and then subjecting the sample to O2The temperature programmed desorption experiment of (1). We have found that NSTF0.3 also has an O at 271 deg.C2The desorption peak of (1) indicates that water vapor and oxygen are desorbed simultaneously, and the two species have different adsorption sites.
FIG. 5 d is a graph of powder sample at 250 ℃ and 20 vol% H2O-80 vol% air treatment for 3 hours, then quenching to room temperature, and then subjecting the sample to O2The temperature programmed desorption experiment and the direct O treatment without water vapor treatment2Comparing the temperature programmed desorption experiments. We found that the desorption temperature of NSTF0 shifts backwards after water vapor treatment, which indicates that water vapor absorption affects the desorption of oxygen and that two species have competitive adsorption.
It can be seen that the NSTF0.3 material may be able to effectively avoid H2The effect on the oxygen transport properties of the material in the presence of O. Testing of electronic structural changes of proton conductor solid oxide fuel cell cathode material under working environment
In-situ synchrotron radiation testing by adopting a high-temperature proton conductor oxygen electrode:
(1) weighing 1g of the oxygen electrode powder NSTF0.3 prepared in the example 1, 10ml of isopropanol, 2ml of ethylene glycol and 0.8ml of glycerol, pouring the mixture into a high-energy ball mill, carrying out ball milling for 30min at the speed of 400r/min, and transferring the mixture into a strain bottle by using a suction pipe to obtain the required oxygen electrode slurry.
(2) Grinding the edge of a BZCYb electrolyte sheet into a wafer with the diameter of 1cm, placing the wafer on a heating table to preheat at 200 ℃, uniformly spraying the prepared oxygen electrode slurry on the surface of one side of the electrolyte by using a spray gun under the pushing of inert gas, and after the liquid is completely volatilized, placing the sprayed half cell in a high-temperature muffle furnace to calcine for 2 hours at 1000 ℃;
(3) coating silver paste on the other side of the BZCYb battery, and connecting silver wires on two sides for leading out to form a (NSTF0.3| BZCYb | Ag) battery structure;
(4) placing the battery in a high-temperature in-situ synchrotron radiation device, and connecting an oxygen electrode side and an Ag electrode side lead with an electrochemical workstation for testing;
(5) current was applied to both sides at room temperature and elevated temperature of 450 ℃ respectively, with dry air and humid air (3 vol.% H) in the high temperature device cavity2O) carrying out oxygen reduction reaction on the oxygen electrode material side, carrying out synchrotron radiation test on the surface of the oxygen electrode, and testing Fe element K-edge under a test condition in a fluorescence mode; the target material is used as a cathode, Ag is used as an anode, cathode electron outflow and anode electron outflow are realized through directional current output and input, the electron transmission state is the same as the electron transmission state in the actual working state, and the cathode reaction replication is realized. Through a synchrotron radiation test, the electronic structure change and the metal valence change of a material when an electrode reaction occurs are observed, a K-edge test of Fe is often used for observing the valence state and the electronic structure of Fe ions, high-energy deviation of a peak position is the rise of the valence state, the height of a diffraction peak of an R space represents the change of the coordination number of anions/cations bonded with the Fe ions, the coordination number of Fe-O is changed, and the upward shift of the peak is the increase of the coordination number of Fe-O.
The a and b diagrams of fig. 6 are the synchrotron radiation patterns of the NSTF0 material at room temperature and high temperature in-situ states. After the temperature is raised, the valence state of Fe is reduced, which is caused by the generation of oxygen vacancy, the valence state of Fe is improved after water is introduced, but the valence state is not obvious enough, the b diagram shows that the coordination peak of Fe-O is weakened along with the temperature rise, the loss of coordination bonds caused by the temperature-raising desorption of lattice oxygen is not obviously increased along with the increase of water vapor, which indicates that the water vapor does not enter the bulk phase in the actual process of the NSTF0 cathode, and the competitive adsorption with oxygen is highly possible.
The c and d diagrams of fig. 6 are the synchrotron radiation patterns of the NSTF0.3 material in the room temperature and high temperature in-situ states. After the temperature is raised, the valence state of Fe is reduced, which is caused by the generation of oxygen vacancy, the obvious increase of the valence state of Fe is found after water is introduced, the d diagram shows that the coordination peak of Fe-O is weakened along with the temperature rise, the loss of coordination bonds caused by the temperature-raising desorption of lattice oxygen is obviously increased along with the increase of water vapor, which indicates that in the actual process of the NSTF0.3 cathode, the water vapor generates violent hydration reaction on the surface, the filling of the oxygen vacancy enables the valence state of the surrounding Fe to be increased. Proves that NSTF0.3 is extremely attached to water vapor, which is beneficial to H3O+Surface formation and adsorption.
ASR testing under moisture conditions
(1) Weighing 1g of the oxygen electrode powder NSTF0.3 prepared in the example 1, 10ml of isopropanol, 2ml of ethylene glycol and 0.8ml of glycerol, pouring the mixture into a high-energy ball mill, carrying out ball milling for 30min at the speed of 400r/min, and transferring the mixture into a strain bottle by using a suction pipe to obtain the required oxygen electrode slurry.
(2) Placing the prepared BZCYb and SDC electrolyte on a heating table to be preheated at 200 ℃, uniformly spraying the prepared oxygen electrode slurry on two sides of the electrolyte under the pushing of inert gas by using a spray gun, placing the sprayed electrolyte in a high-temperature muffle furnace to be calcined for 2 hours at 1000 ℃ after the liquid is completely volatilized, and preparing the required symmetrical battery for testing the polarization impedance of the oxygen electrode material within the temperature range of 500-700 ℃.
(3) Weighing 6.3489g of strontium nitrate, 8.7309g of cobalt nitrate and 6.7563g of glycine, dissolving the strontium nitrate, the 8.7309g of cobalt nitrate and the 6.7563g of glycine into a clear solution by using 100mL of deionized water, and measuring 20mL of the solution and 5mL of anhydrous ethanol to form an impregnation solution;
(4) the soaking solution is taken by a dropper and is dripped into the cathode framework for 3 times, the first two times are 400 ℃, 30min, and the last time is 700 ℃, 2 h. Preparing the required symmetrical battery, and testing the polarization impedance of the oxygen electrode material at the temperature of 500-700 ℃.
Figure 7, panel a, is a graph of the electrode polarization ASR of the SDC supported symmetric cell under dry air for each electrode material, and the ORR activity of each material was evaluated in the absence of proton carriers. Under these conditions, the single-phase STF electrode produced the lowest ASR, and ASR increased with increasing Na content in the NSTFx nanocomposite electrode, until ASR began to decrease after x reached 0.2. The b-plot of fig. 7 represents the DRT analysis of dry air at 600 ℃, with the DRT spectrum showing three distinct peaks, corresponding to three distinct electrocatalytic processes. A small peak in the high frequency band around 1000Hz may be associated with charge transfer processes at the electrode/electrolyte interface. The peaks appearing in the frequency range of 100-300Hz are likely to be related to ion diffusion within the porous oxygen electrode bulk. Finally, we attribute the large peak in the frequency range from 1-100Hz to O2Adsorption/desorption, dissociation, surface O2-Diffusion and O2The gas diffusion is combined. The size and shape of the high and medium frequency peaks were similar for all samples. However, the size and location of the low band peaks shifted significantly with Na content, suggesting that Na incorporation (and/or formation of ORR inactive NF second phase) may adversely affect oxygen ion surface transport and reaction of surface active oxygen species. As the Na doping amount increases, the low-frequency band peak increases (until x becomes 0.2) and then decreases while its position is continuously shifted toward the low frequency. In the c-h plot of fig. 7, the low frequency peaks in the DRT plot were most affected, and it can be concluded that the adsorbed water negatively affected the oxygen adsorption and surface reaction processes. The i plot of fig. 7 shows that for the SDC symmetric cell, ASR under different water vapor compared to dry air, ASR increases with increasing water vapor content, and for most electrode composites the relative ASR increase is typically between 1.5-2.5 times. However, the ASR increase at low water vapor content for NSTF0.3 electrodes was significantly smaller, at 2.5 vol.% H2A relative increase in O of 1.17 fold in 5 vol.% H2The relative increase in O was 1.23 fold. This indicates that the NSTF0.3 electrode can achieve an optimal balance between the ORR activity provided by the NSTF phase and the water absorption capacity provided by the NF phase, thereby minimizing the oxygen and water adsorbates under low water vapor partial pressure conditionsCompetition between the two, this finding is also related to H2The results for O-TPD are consistent.
Proton conductor Performance test
Preparation of single cells and electrolytic cells
(1) Weighing 1g of powder NSTF0.3 prepared in the embodiment 1, 10ml of isopropanol, 2ml of glycol and 0.8ml of glycerol, pouring the powder NSTF, the glycol and the glycerol into a high-energy ball mill, performing ball milling for 30min under the condition of 400r/min, and transferring the powder NSTF to a strain bottle by using a suction pipe to obtain the required oxygen electrode slurry.
(2) The prepared dry-pressed battery piece is placed on a heating table and preheated at the temperature of 200 ℃, the prepared oxygen electrode slurry is uniformly sprayed on the surface of an electrolyte of the dry-pressed battery piece under the pushing of inert gas by using a spray gun, after the liquid is completely volatilized, the sprayed dry-pressed battery is placed in a high-temperature muffle furnace and calcined at the temperature of 1000 ℃ for 2 hours to prepare the required single battery, and the single battery is used for testing the performance of the single battery and the electrolytic cell of the oxygen electrode material within the temperature range of 400-650 ℃.
(3) The soaking solution is taken by a dropper and is dripped into the cathode framework for 3 times, the first two times are 400 ℃, 30min, and the last time is 700 ℃, 2 h. And preparing the required symmetrical battery for testing the performance of the single cell of the oxygen electrode material within the temperature range of 400-600 ℃. The preparation method of the impregnation solution comprises the steps of respectively preparing 0.3mol L of strontium nitrate, 0.3mol L of cobalt nitrate and 0.3mol L of glycine-1,0.3mol L-1And 0.9mol L-1The concentration of (2) was dissolved in 100mL of deionized water, and 20mL of the ionic solution was mixed with 5mL of absolute ethanol.
Fig. 8 is a graph showing the impedance of the oxygen electrode material at each temperature under 5% water vapor, in which case ORR and hydration reactions occur simultaneously and the proton carriers play a role in electrochemistry. Under these conditions, the single-phase STF electrode produced the largest ASR, with a significant decrease in ASR for a range of NSTFx cathodes, and the ASR for NSTF0.3 reached a minimum.
FIG. 9 is a performance diagram of oxygen electrode material NSTF0.3 in different oxygen electrode atmospheres, under static air, NSTF0.3 respectively obtained 97mW cm at temperature range of 400-650 deg.C-2To 770mW cm-2The power output of (1). After flowing air is introduced, 143mW cm is obtained at the temperature range of 400-650 DEG C-2To 1116mW cm-2It follows that optimum performance can be achieved when the moisture content in the cathode cavity is controlled to a certain extent.
FIG. 10, graph a, shows the impedance of the oxygen electrode material NSTF0.3 after SC impregnation and the best cell performance, with the PPD of the NSTF0.3@ SC single cell at 600 ℃ being 966mW cm-2The optimal air flow rate is 550mL min-1While the standard NSTF0.3 cell had an optimum air flow rate of 400mL min-1When PPD is 807mW cm-2. And b, a figure is a pattern diagram of the oxygen electrode pore channel. The higher optimum air flow rate that SC-impregnated cells can withstand also indicates that the three-phase oxygen electrode has better water absorption capacity than the two-phase NSTF 0.3. On BZCYb electrolyte, humid air (5 vol.% H)2NSTF0.3@ SC in O) and ASR of the symmetric cell on SDC electrolyte in dry air both show that impregnation of the SC catalyst significantly improves ORR activity.
Fig. 11 is a graph showing the electrolytic performance of the oxygen electrode material NSTF0.3 in different oxygen electrode atmospheres. At 600 ℃, when the partial pressure of air and water on the oxygen electrode side is increased from 10 vol.% to 80 vol.%, the power density of the electrolytic cell at 1.28V is from-1.22A cm-2Rise to-1.42A cm-2This is because the ohmic resistance and polarization resistance of the electrolytic cell are decreased with the increase in humidity on the oxygen electrode side.
Figure 12 shows the faradaic efficiencies of solid oxide electrolytic cells with NSTF0.3 as oxygen electrode, bzcyb as electrolyte, and NiO + bzcyb as hydrogen electrode at different temperatures and different current densities. As the current density increases, the faraday efficiency increases rapidly and then decreases gradually. At a current density of-0.5A cm-2Then, the Faraday efficiency is as high as 98%, and the hydrogen yield is more than 3.3mL min-1cm-2The NSTF0.3 has great advantages as an oxygen electrode of a solid oxide electrolytic cell.
Claims (9)
1. H for representing oxygen electrode material3O+A method of transmissibility, comprising the steps of:
step 1, spraying an oxygen electrode material on one side of a Nafion membrane, and then hot-pressing the Nafion membrane on one side of the oxygen electrode material; respectively spraying Pt/C electrodes on the outer sides of the Nafion films to form a Pt/C | Nafion | cathode material | Nafion | Pt/C structure; assembling carbon paper on two sides of the structure to form a proton exchange membrane fuel cell;
step 2, respectively introducing hydrogen and air to two sides of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell to perform single cell test, performing impedance test under open circuit voltage, and calculating H through impedance3O+Electrical conductivity.
2. H characterizing an oxygen electrode material according to claim 13O+A transport method characterized in that the oxygen electrode material loading is 0.025gcm-2。
3. H characterizing an oxygen electrode material according to claim 13O+A transport process characterized in that the Pt loading in the Pt/C catalyst is 0.1mgcm-2。
4. H characterizing an oxygen electrode material according to claim 13O+The transmission method is characterized in that the test temperature of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is 60-80 ℃.
5. H characterizing an oxygen electrode material according to claim 13O+A transport method, characterized in that 1-5 vol.% water vapor is added simultaneously to both sides of the cathode and anode of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
6. H characterizing an oxygen electrode material according to claim 13O+The transmission method is characterized in that when the Pt/C electrode is sprayed, the mass ratio of Pt/C to solvent in the slurry is 0.1-5: 100.
7. h characterizing an oxygen electrode material according to claim 63O+A delivery method, characterized in that said solvent is an alcoholic solvent.
8. H characterizing an oxygen electrode material according to claim 13O+The transmission method is characterized in that when the oxygen electrode material is sprayed, the proportion of the oxygen electrode material to the solvent in the slurry is 0.5g of the oxygen electrode material: 5-20mL of solvent.
9. H characterizing an oxygen electrode material according to claim 83O+The method of transferring is characterized in that the solvent is an alcohol solvent.
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